Nitropress

Peripheral Vasodilators, Plain

Injectable Administration

Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. Nitroprusside is a clear, colorless to red/brown solution; do not use if the solution is blue, green, or bright red.
Do not administer other drugs in the same solution as nitroprusside.[51247] [61817]

Intravenous Administration

Single-dose vials
 
Dilution
Do not administer by direct IV injection. Further dilution is necessary before infusion.
Dilute 50 mg in 250 to 1,000 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection.
Protect the diluted solution from light using an opaque sleeve, aluminum foil, or other opaque material.
Storage: Diluted solution is stable for 24 hours when properly protected from light.[51247]
 
Ready-to-use vials
Further dilution is not necessary before infusion.[61817]
 
Continuous IV Infusion
Infuse via a volumetric infusion pump.
Do not use flexible container in series connections.
Protect the diluted solution from light during administration using an opaque sleeve, aluminum foil, or other opaque material. It is not necessary to cover the infusion drip chamber or tubing.
Monitor blood pressure continuously, preferably using an intraarterial pressure sensor.
Confirm the drug effect at any infusion rate after an additional 5 minutes before titrating to a higher dose.
Monitor urine output in addition to hemodynamics when nitroprusside is used for the treatment of acute heart failure.[51247] [61817]

Severe

methemoglobinemia / Early / 0-1.0
thiocyanate toxicity / Delayed / Incidence not known
cyanide toxicity / Delayed / Incidence not known
bradycardia / Rapid / Incidence not known
ileus / Delayed / Incidence not known
increased intracranial pressure / Early / Incidence not known

Moderate

metabolic acidosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / Incidence not known
palpitations / Early / Incidence not known
hypotension / Rapid / Incidence not known
hypothyroidism / Delayed / Incidence not known

Mild

vomiting / Early / Incidence not known
diaphoresis / Early / Incidence not known
dizziness / Early / Incidence not known
nausea / Early / Incidence not known
restlessness / Early / Incidence not known
headache / Early / Incidence not known
abdominal pain / Early / Incidence not known
flushing / Rapid / Incidence not known
injection site reaction / Rapid / Incidence not known
rash / Early / Incidence not known

Cyanide toxicity

Nitroprusside metabolism produces dose-related cyanide. Nitroprusside infusion rates more than 2 mcg/kg/minute generate cyanide ion faster than the body can normally dispose of it. A patient's ability to buffer cyanide will be exceeded in less than 1 hour at the maximum dose rate (10 mcg/kg/minute); limit infusions at the maximum rate to as short a duration as possible. Discontinue nitroprusside and consider specific treatment (e.g., sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate) if cyanide toxicity develops. Most of the cyanide produced during the metabolism of nitroprusside is eliminated in the form of thiocyanate. Thiocyanate is life-threatening when concentrations reach approximately 200 mg/L; therefore, routine monitoring of plasma thiocyanate concentrations is recommended in patients with normal renal function when cumulative nitroprusside doses exceed 7 mg/kg/day.[51247] [61817]

NIPRIDE RTU, Nitropress

Rx

Intravenous direct-acting vasodilator
Used for treatment of hypertensive crises, induction and maintenance of controlled hypotension during surgery, and treatment of acute heart failure
Use limited by the potential for cyanide and/or thiocyanate toxicity

For the treatment of hypertensive emergency or hypertensive urgency. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

0.3 to 0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate by 0.5 mcg/kg/minute every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [61817] [65597] [65598] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[65609] [65771]

Infants, Children, and Adolescents

0.3 to 3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Usual dose: 0.5 to 8 mcg/kg/minute. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52076] [52081] [61817] [62353] [64934] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

Neonates

0.2 to 0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 to 20 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52082] [52170] [61817] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

For controlled hypotension induction during anesthesia. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.

Infants, Children, and Adolescents

0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.

Neonates

0.25 to 0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 to 20 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52082] [61817]

For the treatment of acute heart failure. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

0.1 to 0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs.[51247] [61817] [65612] Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [61817] Doses more than 400 mcg/minute generally do not produce added benefit.[65612] [65779] Guidelines suggest nitroprusside as an adjuvant to diuretics for relief of dyspnea in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure if symptomatic hypotension is absent.[51038] [57101] [62661]

Infants, Children, and Adolescents

0.3 to 0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52082] [52102] [61817] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

Neonates

0.2 to 0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every 5 to 20 minutes until desired effect or blood pressure cannot be further reduced without compromising the perfusion of vital organs. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52082] [52102] [52170] [61817] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

For the treatment of postoperative hypertension†. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate by 0.5 to 1.5 mcg/kg/minute every 5 minutes until goal blood pressure is attained. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[24773] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[65609] [65771]

Infants, Children, and Adolescents

0.3 to 0.5 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every few minutes until goal blood pressure is attained. Usual dose: 0.5 to 8 mcg/kg/minute. Average dose: 3 to 4 mcg/kg/minute. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[51247] [52078] [52081] [52106] [64934] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

Neonates

0.2 to 0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every few minutes until goal blood pressure is attained. Usual dose: 0.5 to 8 mcg/kg/minute. Average dose: 3 to 4 mcg/kg/minute. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes. Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.

For the treatment of acute mitral regurgitation†. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

15 mcg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate by 10 to 15 mcg/minute every 2 minutes until mean arterial pressure decreases by 10 to 20 mmHg. Max: 100 mcg/minute. Nitroprusside reduces afterload and regurgitation fraction.

For acute vasodilator testing in pulmonary hypertension diagnosis†. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Adults

Dosage not established. Guidelines recommend against use.

For the treatment of low cardiac output after cardiopulmonary resuscitation†, cardiac surgery†, or in patients with cardiogenic shock† and high SVR. Continuous Intravenous Infusion dosage Infants, Children, and Adolescents

0.3 to 1 mcg/kg/minute continuos IV infusion, initially. Titrate every few minutes until desired effect. Usual dose: 0.5 to 8 mcg/kg/minute. Average dose: 3 to 4 mcg/kg/minute. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[43713] [51247] [51950] [52173] [60636] [64934] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075] Nitroprusside is recommended as a first-line vasodilator in patients with epinephrine-resistant septic shock and normal blood pressure.[52079]

Neonates

0.2 to 0.3 mcg/kg/minute continuous IV infusion, initially. Titrate every few minutes until desired effect. Usual dose: 0.5 to 8 mcg/kg/minute.[52082] [52106] [52170] Average dose: 3 to 4 mcg/kg/minute. Max: 10 mcg/kg/minute for 10 minutes.[43713] [51247] [51950] [52173] [60636] [64934] Doses more than 2 mcg/kg/minute for more than 24 hours are associated with an increased risk of cyanide toxicity.[52075]

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed. Use caution when administering nitroprusside to patients with hepatic disease; patients with hepatic dysfunction are more susceptible to cyanide toxicity.[51247] [61817]

Renal Impairment

eGFR 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
eGFR less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Limit mean infusion rate to less than 3 mcg/kg/minute.
Anuria: Limit the mean infusion rate to 1 mcg/kg/minute.

Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine : (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Vasodilators may potentiate the hypotension seen with aldesleukin, IL 2.
Alemtuzumab: (Moderate) Alemtuzumab may cause hypotension. Careful monitoring of blood pressure and hypotensive symptoms is recommended especially in patients with ischemic heart disease and in patients on antihypertensive agents.
Aliskiren: (Moderate) Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Alpha-blockers: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Alprostadil: (Minor) The concomitant use of systemic alprostadil injection and antihypertensive agents, such as the vasodilators, may cause additive hypotension. Caution is advised with this combination. Systemic drug interactions with the urethral suppository (MUSE) or alprostadil intracavernous injection are unlikely in most patients because low or undetectable amounts of the drug are found in the peripheral venous circulation following administration. In those men with significant corpora cavernosa venous leakage, hypotension might be more likely. Use caution with in-clinic dosing for erectile dysfunction (ED) and monitor for the effects on blood pressure. In addition, the presence of medications in the circulation that attenuate erectile function may influence the response to alprostadil. However, in clinical trials with alprostadil intracavernous injection, anti-hypertensive agents had no apparent effect on the safety and efficacy of alprostadil.
Ambrisentan: (Moderate) Although no specific interactions have been documented, ambrisentan has vasodilatory effects and may contribute additive hypotensive effects when given with other antihypertensive agents. Patients receiving ambrisentan in combination with other antihypertensive agents should be monitored for decreases in blood pressure.
Amifostine: (Major) Patients receiving antihypertensive agents should be closely monitored during amifostine infusions due to additive effects. If possible, patients should not take their antihypertensive medication 24 hours before receiving amifostine. Patients who can not stop their antihypertensive agents should not receive amifostine or be closely monitored during the infusion and, possibly, given lower doses.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Amobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent use of amobarbital with antihypertensive agents may lead to hypotension. Monitor for decreases in blood pressure during times of coadministration.
Amphetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of apomorphine and vasodilators can cause greater decreases in blood pressure than use of apomorphine alone. Patients receiving a combination of apomorphine and vasodilators should be closely monitored for hypotension and orthostasis.
Apraclonidine: (Minor) Alpha blockers as a class may reduce heart rate and blood pressure. While no specific drug interactions have been identified with systemic agents and apraclonidine during clinical trials, it is theoretically possible that additive blood pressure reductions could occur when apraclonidine is combined with the use of antihypertensive agents. Patients using cardiovascular drugs concomitantly with apraclonidine should have their pulse and blood pressure monitored periodically.
Aripiprazole: (Minor) Aripiprazole may enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Articaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Asenapine: (Moderate) Secondary to alpha-blockade, asenapine can produce vasodilation that may result in additive effects during concurrent use of antihypertensive agents. The potential reduction in blood pressure can precipitate orthostatic hypotension and associated dizziness, tachycardia, and syncope. If concurrent use of asenapine and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Avanafil: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and avanafil is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension. If the patient has taken avanafil, at least 12 hours must elapse before nitroprusside administration is considered; monitor hemodynamics closely. In addition, avanafil may potentiate the nitric oxide-mediated platelet anti-aggregatory effect of nitroprusside.
Azilsartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Baclofen: (Moderate) Baclofen has been associated with hypotension. Concurrent use with baclofen and antihypertensive agents may result in additive hypotension. Dosage adjustments of the antihypertensive medication may be required.
Benzphetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Beta-blockers: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Bortezomib: (Moderate) Patients on antihypertensive agents receiving bortezomib treatment may require close monitoring of their blood pressure and dosage adjustment of their medication. During clinical trials of bortezomib, hypotension was reported in roughly 12 percent of patients.
Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Brompheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Bupivacaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Cabergoline: (Moderate) Cabergoline should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents, including sodium nitroprusside. Cabergoline has been associated with hypotension. Initial doses of cabergoline higher than 1 mg may produce orthostatic hypotension. It may be advisable to monitor blood pressure.
Calcium-channel blockers: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Candesartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Carbidopa; Levodopa: (Moderate) Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Carbidopa; Levodopa; Entacapone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Cariprazine: (Moderate) Orthostatic vital signs should be monitored in patients who are at risk for hypotension, such as those receiving cariprazine in combination with antihypertensive agents. Atypical antipsychotics may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope, most commonly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. Patients should be informed about measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning, or rising slowly from a seated position. Consider a cariprazine dose reduction if hypotension occurs.
Central-acting adrenergic agents: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chloroprocaine: (Moderate) Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Clonidine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Clozapine used concomitantly with the antihypertensive agents can increase the risk and severity of hypotension by potentiating the effect of the antihypertensive drug.
Cocaine: (Major) Use of cocaine with antihypertensive agents may increase the antihypertensive effects of the antihypertensive medications or may potentiate cocaine-induced sympathetic stimulation.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Co-Enzyme Q10, Ubiquinone: (Moderate) Co-enzyme Q10, ubiquinone (CoQ10) may lower blood pressure. CoQ10 use in combination with antihypertensive agents may lead to additional reductions in blood pressure in some individuals. Patients who choose to take CoQ10 concurrently with antihypertensive medications should receive periodic blood pressure monitoring. Patients should be advised to inform their prescriber of their use of CoQ10.
Conjugated Estrogens: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Dapsone: (Moderate) Coadministration of dapsone with sodium nitroprusside may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Advise patients to discontinue treatment and seek immediate medical attention with any signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia.
Desloratadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Dexbrompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of dexmedetomidine and vasodilators could lead to additive hypotension and bradycardia; use together with caution. In clinical trials where vasodilators were co-administered with dexmedetomidine an additive pharmacodynamic effect was not observed. However, both vasodilators and dexmeditomidine may cause symptomatic hypotension. If hypotension occurs, dose reduction of one or both drugs may be needed and supportive measures instituted.
Dexmethylphenidate: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Moderate) Quinidine can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents due to the potential for additive hypotension.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Diethylpropion: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Diethylstilbestrol, DES: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dobutamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Dopamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Doxapram: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Doxazosin: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Duloxetine: (Moderate) Orthostatic hypotension and syncope have been reported during duloxetine administration. The concurrent administration of antihypertensive agents and duloxetine may increase the risk of hypotension. Monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Ephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Ephedrine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Epinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Eplerenone: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Epoprostenol: (Major) Further reductions in blood pressure may occur when vasodilators are combined with epoprostenol.
Eprosartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Esterified Estrogens: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estradiol; Progesterone: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estrogens: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Estropipate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Etomidate: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Finasteride; Tadalafil: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and tadalafil is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension. If the patient has taken tadalafil, at least 48 hours must elapse before nitroprusside administration is considered; monitor hemodynamics closely. In addition, tadalafil may potentiate the nitric oxide-mediated platelet anti-aggregatory effect of nitroprusside.
Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Dietary Supplements): (Moderate) High doses of fish oil supplements may produce a blood pressure lowering effect. It is possible that additive reductions in blood pressure may be seen when fish oils are used in a patient already taking antihypertensive agents.
General anesthetics: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Guanfacine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Haloperidol: (Moderate) In general, haloperidol should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents due to the possibility of additive hypotension.
Hydralazine; Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: (Moderate) Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Iloperidone: (Moderate) Secondary to alpha-blockade, iloperidone can produce vasodilation that may result in additive effects during concurrent use with antihypertensive agents. The potential reduction in blood pressure can precipitate orthostatic hypotension and associated dizziness, tachycardia, and syncope. If concurrent use of iloperidone and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Iloprost: (Moderate) Vasodilators may have additive hypotensive effects when given with other antihypertensive agents.
Indapamide: (Moderate) The effects of indapamide may be additive when administered with other antihypertensive agents or diuretics. This may be desirable, but occasionally orthostatic hypotension may occur. Dosages should be adjusted based on clinical response.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsions: (Moderate) High doses of fish oil supplements may produce a blood pressure lowering effect. It is possible that additive reductions in blood pressure may be seen when fish oils are used in a patient already taking antihypertensive agents.
Irbesartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Isocarboxazid: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with vasodilators.
Isoflurane: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Isoproterenol: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: (Moderate) Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Isosorbide Mononitrate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Ketamine: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Levodopa: (Moderate) Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Lidocaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Lisdexamfetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Lofexidine: (Major) Because the central alpha-2 agonist effects of lofexidine can cause hypotension and orthostasis, the drug should be avoided, if possible, in combination with other medications that can decrease blood pressure such as systemic vasodilators. If coadministration is required, blood pressure should be monitored, particularly after dose changes of either agent. Adjustments should be made as clinically indicated.
Loop diuretics: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Loratadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Losartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Lurasidone: (Moderate) Due to the antagonism of lurasidone at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents. If concurrent use of lurasidone and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Mecamylamine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Methamphetamine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Methohexital: (Moderate) Concurrent use of methohexital and antihypertensive agents increases the risk of developing hypotension.
Methyldopa: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Methylphenidate: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Midodrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Milrinone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of antihypertensive agents could lead to additive hypotension when administered with milrinone. Titrate milrinone dosage according to hemodynamic response.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Nesiritide, BNP: (Moderate) The potential for hypotension may be increased when coadministering nesiritide with vasodilators. Reduce the dose of or discontinue nesiritide in patients who develop hypotension. In clinical trials, no drug interactions were detected except for an increase in symptomatic hypotension in patients receiving afterload reducers, such as vasodilators.
Niacin, Niacinamide: (Moderate) Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially peripheral vasodilators. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. The interaction is harmless unless niacin augments the hypotensive actions of clonidine.
Niacin; Simvastatin: (Moderate) Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially peripheral vasodilators. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. The interaction is harmless unless niacin augments the hypotensive actions of clonidine.
Nitrates: (Moderate) Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Nitroglycerin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Norepinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the effects of antihypertensive agents.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the effects of antihypertensive agents.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Moderate) Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the effects of antihypertensive agents.
Olmesartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Olmesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Oxymetazoline: (Major) The vasoconstricting actions of oxymetazoline, an alpha adrenergic agonist, may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by vasodilators. Also vasodilators can antagonize the effectiveness of oxymetazoline. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for changes in blood pressure.
Paliperidone: (Moderate) Paliperidone may cause orthostatic hypotension, thereby enhancing the hypotensive effects of nitrates. Orthostatic vital signs should be monitored in patients receiving paliperidone and sodium nitroprusside who are susceptible to hypotension.
Pentoxifylline: (Moderate) Pentoxifylline has been used concurrently with antihypertensive drugs (beta blockers, diuretics) without observed problems. Small decreases in blood pressure have been observed in some patients treated with pentoxifylline; periodic systemic blood pressure monitoring is recommended for patients receiving concomitant antihypertensives. If indicated, dosage of the antihypertensive agents should be reduced.
Phendimetrazine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Phenelzine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with vasodilators.
Phenoxybenzamine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Phentermine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Phentolamine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Prazosin: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Prilocaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.

ng>Procainamide: (Moderate) Procainamide can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents. Intravenous administration of procainamide is more likely to cause hypotensive effects.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Propofol: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Pseudoephedrine; Triprolidine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Quinidine: (Moderate) Quinidine can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents due to the potential for additive hypotension.
Racepinephrine: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Rasagiline: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with vasodilators. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Riociguat: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and riociguat is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Risperidone may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. Lower initial doses or slower dose titration of risperidone may be necessary in patients receiving antihypertensive agents concomitantly.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Minor) The administration of estrogens may increase blood pressure, and thereby antagonizing the antihypertensive effects of nitroprusside.
Serdexmethylphenidate; Dexmethylphenidate: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Sevoflurane: (Moderate) General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Sildenafil: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and sildenafil is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension. If the patient has taken sildenafil, at least 24 hours must elapse before nitroprusside administration is considered; monitor hemodynamics closely. In addition, sildenafil may potentiate the nitric oxide-mediated platelet anti-aggregatory effect of nitroprusside.
Silodosin: (Moderate) During clinical trials with silodosin, the incidence of dizziness and orthostatic hypotension was higher in patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive treatment. Thus, caution is advisable when silodosin is administered with antihypertensive agents.
Sympathomimetics: (Moderate) Use sympathomimetic agents with caution in patients receiving therapy for hypertension. Patients should be monitored to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. Sympathomimetics can increase blood pressure and heart rate, and antagonize the antihypertensive effects of vasodilators when administered concomitantly. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present.
Tadalafil: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and tadalafil is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension. If the patient has taken tadalafil, at least 48 hours must elapse before nitroprusside administration is considered; monitor hemodynamics closely. In addition, tadalafil may potentiate the nitric oxide-mediated platelet anti-aggregatory effect of nitroprusside.
Telmisartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Telmisartan; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Terazosin: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Tetracaine: (Moderate) Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Use extreme caution with the concomitant use of tetracaine and antihypertensive agents.
Thiazide diuretics: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Thiothixene: (Moderate) Thiothixene should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents. Additive hypotensive effects are possible.
Tizanidine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tizanidine with antihypertensive agents can result in significant hypotension. Caution is advised when tizanidine is to be used in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive therapy.
Tranylcypromine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Trazodone: (Minor) Due to additive hypotensive effects, patients receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with trazodone may have excessive hypotension. Decreased dosage of the antihypertensive agent may be required when given with trazodone.
Treprostinil: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Valsartan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure.
Vardenafil: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of nitroprusside and vardenafil is contraindicated due to the risk of additive hypotension. A suitable time interval after vardenafil dosing for the safe administration of nitrates has not been determined. In addition, vardenafil may potentiate the nitric oxide-mediated platelet anti-aggregatory effect of nitroprusside.
Ziprasidone: (Minor) Ziprasidone is a moderate antagonist of alpha-1 receptors and may cause orthostatic hypotension with or without tachycardia, dizziness, or syncope. Additive hypotensive effects are possible if ziprasidone is used concurrently with antihypertensive agents.

NIPRIDE RTU/Nitropress/Nitroprusside/Sodium Nitroprusside Intravenous Inj Sol: 0.2mg, 0.5mg, 1mL, 25mg

Adults

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

Geriatric

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

Adolescents

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

Children

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

Infants

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

Neonates

10 mcg/kg/minute IV for 10 minutes.

The peripheral vasodilatory effects of nitroprusside are due to a direct action of the drug on arterial and venous smooth muscle. Other smooth muscle tissue in the body is not affected, and myocardial contractility is unaffected. Nitroprusside-induced peripheral vasodilation results in a reduced left ventricular afterload, and this, along with a reduced venous return to the heart (due to venous pooling of the blood and decreased arteriolar resistance), results in a slight increase in heart rate and decrease in cardiac output in hypertensive patients. In patients with congestive heart failure, nitroprusside improves left ventricular heart performance, with increases in cardiac index, cardiac output, and stroke volume. Heart rate also slows in these patients, and arrhythmias can be reduced or abolished. Nitroprusside also can decrease myocardial oxygen demand, which is beneficial to patients with ischemia.[51247] [52094] [52097]

Nitroprusside is administered intravenously. It is rapidly distributed to a volume that is approximately coextensive with the extracellular space. The circulatory half-life of nitroprusside is about 2 minutes. Nitroprusside is metabolized by combination with hemoglobin to produce cyanide and cyanmethemoglobin. Methemoglobin, obtained from hemoglobin, can sequester cyanide as cyanmethemoglobin. Nitroprusside metabolism can lead to methemoglobin formation through dissociation of cyanmethemoglobin formed in the original reaction of nitroprusside with hemoglobin and by direct oxidation of hemoglobin by the released nitroso group. Relatively large quantities of nitroprusside are required to produce significant methemoglobinemia. Some cyanide is eliminated from the body as expired hydrogen cyanide, but most is converted to thiocyanate by thiosulfate-cyanide sulfur transferase (rhodanase), a mitochondrial enzyme. This reaction is rate-limited by the availability of sulfur donors (i.e., thiosulfate, cystine, and cysteine). Thiocyanate is eliminated in the urine, with a half-life of about 3 days. A patient with a normal red cell mass and methemoglobin concentrations can buffer approximately 175 mcg/kg of cyanide, which corresponds to a little less than 500 mcg/kg of infused nitroprusside.[51247] [52094] [61817]
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: none

Intravenous Route

Hypotensive effects occur within 1 to 2 minutes of intravenous administration and persist for 1 to 10 minutes after discontinuing the infusion.

Pregnancy

Prolonged use and large doses of nitroprusside during pregnancy may lead to cyanide toxicity that may be fatal to the fetus. In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to nitroprusside, advise any pregnant woman of the potential risk to the fetus. Postmarketing reports of nitroprusside use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. A small number of cases have reported adverse events, including stillbirths, in pregnant women with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension who were treated with nitroprusside. Studies in pregnant sheep demonstrate that nitroprusside crosses the placenta and that fetal cyanide concentrations were dose-related to maternal concentrations of nitroprusside. The metabolic transformation of nitroprusside administered to pregnant sheep led to fatal concentrations of cyanide in the fetuses.[61817]

Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-feeding infants, discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue nitroprusside, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. There is no information about the presence of nitroprusside in breast milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant, or the effects on milk production. Thiocyanate, a metabolite of nitroprusside, is present in human milk. It is unknown how long, if ever, concentrations of thiocyanate in milk are clinically relevant.[51247] [61817]