REXULTI

Partial Dopamine Receptor Agonist Antipsychotics

Oral Administration

May administer without regard to meals.

Severe

neuroleptic malignant syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
tardive dyskinesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
seizures / Delayed / Incidence not known
suicidal ideation / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
diabetic ketoacidosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
stroke / Early / Incidence not known
water intoxication / Delayed / Incidence not known
SIADH / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

akathisia / Delayed / 4.0-14.0
constipation / Delayed / 0-3.0
orthostatic hypotension / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
dystonic reaction / Delayed / Incidence not known
pseudoparkinsonism / Delayed / Incidence not known
dysphagia / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
neutropenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
depression / Delayed / Incidence not known
blurred vision / Early / Incidence not known
hyperprolactinemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperthermia / Delayed / Incidence not known
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / Incidence not known
diabetes mellitus / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperglycemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoglycemia / Early / Incidence not known
hyperlipidemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypercholesterolemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypertriglyceridemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
impulse control symptoms / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known

Mild

headache / Early / 0-9.0
weight gain / Delayed / 3.0-8.0
pharyngitis / Delayed / 1.0-7.0
dyspepsia / Early / 0-6.0
tremor / Early / 2.0-5.0
dizziness / Early / 0-5.0
drowsiness / Early / 2.0-5.0
insomnia / Early / 0-5.0
fatigue / Early / 0-5.0
restlessness / Early / 0-4.0
anxiety / Delayed / 2.0-4.0
diarrhea / Early / 0-3.0
appetite stimulation / Delayed / 2.0-3.0
infection / Delayed / 0-3.0
syncope / Early / 0.1-0.2
flatulence / Early / Incidence not known
abdominal pain / Early / Incidence not known
xerostomia / Early / Incidence not known
hypersalivation / Early / Incidence not known
abnormal dreams / Early / Incidence not known
weight loss / Delayed / Incidence not known
rash / Early / Incidence not known
urticaria / Rapid / Incidence not known
hyperhidrosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
myalgia / Early / Incidence not known
hypothermia / Delayed / Incidence not known
polydipsia / Early / Incidence not known

Dementia, geriatric, stroke

Brexpiprazole is indicated for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; for these patients, it should be administered routinely and not on an "as needed" basis. Brexpiprazole is not indicated for treatment of those with dementia-related psychosis without agitation. All antipsychotic medications carry a warning for an increased risk of death when used in the treatment of dementia-related psychosis in geriatric adults; deaths have typically resulted from heart failure, sudden death, or infections (primarily pneumonia). An increased incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatal events, has also been reported. In general, initiate treatment at the low end of the dosage range, with careful titration. The Beers Criteria consider antipsychotics to be potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in elderly patients except for treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and nausea/vomiting during chemotherapy. The Beers panel recommends avoiding antipsychotics in geriatric patients with delirium, dementia, or Parkinson's disease. Non-pharmacological strategies are first-line options for treating delirium- or dementia-related behavioral problems unless they have failed or are not possible and the patient is a substantial threat to self or others. If antipsychotic use is necessary in geriatrics with a history of falls or fractures, consider reducing the use of other CNS depressants and implement other fall risk strategies. Due to the potential for antipsychotic-induced hyponatremia and SIADH, sodium levels should be closely monitored when brexpiprazole is initiated and after dose changes. According to the federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulations in residents of long-term care facilities, antipsychotic therapy should only be initiated in a patient with behavioral or psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) when the patient is a danger to self or others or has symptoms due to mania or psychosis. For acute conditions persisting beyond 7 days, appropriate non-pharmacologic interventions must be attempted, unless clinically contraindicated and documented. OBRA provides general dosing guidance for antipsychotic treatment of BPSD. Antipsychotics are subject to periodic review for effectiveness, medical necessity, gradual dose reduction (GDR), or rationale for continued use. Refer to the OBRA guidelines for complete information.

Children, suicidal ideation

Safety and efficacy have not been established for brexpiprazole in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age. Because brexpiprazole is approved for the adjunct treatment of major depression in adults, a boxed warning in the product label describes the risk of suicidality and suicidal ideation in children, adolescent, and young adult patients receiving antidepressants. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants (n = 4,500 pediatrics and 77,000 adults), there was an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in patients 24 years of age and younger receiving an antidepressant versus placebo, with considerable variation in the risk of suicidality among drugs. The difference in absolute risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across different indications was highest in those with major depression. The need for an antidepressant in children, adolescents, or young adults for any use must be weighed against the risk of suicidality; it is unknown if this risk extends to long-term use. All patients should be monitored for symptom worsening or suicidality, especially at treatment initiation or after dose changes. Caregivers and/or patients should immediately notify the prescriber of changes in behavior or suicidal ideation. A change to the treatment regimen or discontinuation of brexpiprazole may be necessary in patients with emerging suicidality or worsening depression.

REXULTI

Rx

Oral atypical antipsychotic of dopamine system stabilizers subclass
Used as adjunctive treatment for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), as monotherapy for schizophrenia in adolescents (13 to 17 years old) and adults, or for treating agitation related to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease
Boxed warnings related to an increased risk of suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults, and for an increased mortality risk in elderly patients treated for dementia-related psychosis

For the treatment of schizophrenia. Oral dosage Adults

1 mg PO once daily, initially. On Day 5, may increase to 2 mg PO once daily. On Day 8, may increase to 4 mg PO once daily based on response and tolerability. Recommended dose range: 2 to 4 mg once daily. Max: 4 mg/day PO. For geriatric adults, initate at the low end of dose range. Periodically reassess need of continued therapy. ADJUSTMENTS: Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions. POOR METABOLIZERS: In patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 (CYP2D6 PMs), administer one-half of the usual dose. For CYP2D6 PMs receiving a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor: give one-quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose. If the co-administered drug is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose accordingly.

Adolescents

0.5 mg PO once daily, initially. On Day 5, may increase to 1 mg PO once daily. On Day 8, may further increase to 2 mg PO daily. Further titration may be made weekly in 1 mg increments based on response and tolerability. Recommended range: 2 to 4 mg once daily. Max: 4 mg/day PO. Periodically reassess need of continued therapy. ADJUSTMENTS: Certain drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions. In patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 (CYP2D6 PMs), administer one-half of the usual brexpiprazole dose. In patients who are CYP2D6 PMs and receiving a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, administer one-quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose. If the co-administered drug is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose accordingly.

For the adjunctive treatment of major depression. Oral dosage Adults

Initially, 0.5 to 1 mg PO once daily. After titration to 1 mg/day, increase to the target dose of 2 mg PO once daily. Titrate dosage at weekly intervals based on response and tolerability. In general, initiate treatment at the low end of the dosage range for geriatric patients. Max: 3 mg/day PO. Assess patients periodically for need of continued maintenance therapy. Coadministration of certain other drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions. In clinical trials for adjunct treatment in major depression, the dosage was not adjusted for strong CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine); therefore, CYP considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations and brexpiprazole may be administered without CYP2D6 dosage adjustments in patients with major depression.

For the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.
NOTE: This medication is not indicated as an "as needed" treatment for agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.
Oral dosage Adults

Initially, 0.5 mg PO once daily for 7 days. On Day 8, increase dose to 1 mg PO once daily for an additional 7 days. On Day 15, increase to 2 mg PO once daily, the recommended target dose. May increase to 3 mg PO once daily after at least 14 more days based on clinical response and tolerability. Max: 3 mg PO/day.

For the treatment of severe behavioral or psychological symptoms of dementia† (BPSD)† not due to agitation due to Alzheimer's disease. Oral dosage Geriatric Adults

Dosage not established. Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at increased risk of death and this drug is not FDA-approved for the treatment of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis without agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Brexpiprazole was not commercially available during the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) atypical antipsychotic off-label use review in 2011. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions. The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulates the use of antipsychotics in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents with dementia-related behavioral symptoms. No OBRA Max brexpiprazole dosage guidance is available. Consult the OBRA guidance for the most current recommendations.

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

Mild hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustments are needed.
Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 or more): The maximum recommended dosage is 2 mg PO once daily for major depression or agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and 3 mg PO once daily for schizophrenia.

Renal Impairment

CrCl 60 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustments are needed.
CrCl less than 60 mL/minute, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD): The maximum recommended dose is 2 mg PO once daily for major depression or agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and 3 mg PO once daily for schizophrenia.
 
Intermittent hemodialysis:
See dosing recommendations for CrCl less than 60 mL/minute. Hemodialysis is unlikely to be useful for reducing drug exposure because brexpiprazole is highly bound to plasma proteins.

Abiraterone: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, patients should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions during concurrent use of a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor such as abiraterone. If abiraterone is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Abiraterone is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. There are no dosing recommendations for brexpiprazole during use of a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor alone.
Acarbose: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Acebutolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: (Moderate) Drugs that can cause CNS depression, including dichloralphenazone, can increase both the frequency and the intensity of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, and dizziness if used concomitantly with atypical antipsychotics.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Adagrasib: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to one quarter of the usual dose if coadministered with adagrasib. If adagrasib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Concomitant use may increase brexpiprazole exposure. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate and adagrasib is a strong CYP3A and moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors with or without a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Alfentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Alogliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Alpha-blockers: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Alprazolam: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution should be used when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including benzodiazepines and other anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics.
Amifampridine: (Major) Carefully consider the need for concomitant treatment with atypical antipsychotics and amifampridine, as coadministration may increase the risk of seizures. If coadministration occurs, closely monitor patients for seizure activity. Seizures have been observed in patients without a history of seizures taking amifampridine at recommended doses. Atypical antipsychotics may increase the risk of seizures.
Amiloride: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amiodarone: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Amiodarone is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If amiodarone is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor patients closely for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions and consider a dosage reduction of brexpiprazole if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. Celecoxib may enhance the systemic exposure and toxicity of brexpiprazole. In vitro studies indicate that celecoxib is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Brexpiprazole is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Amobarbital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Amoxapine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including heterocyclic antidepressants.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as clarithromycin. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing clarithromycin such as amoxicillin; clarithromycin; lansoprazole or amoxicillin; clarithromycin; omeprazole.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Apalutamide: (Major) Double the usual dose of brexpiprazole over 1 to 2 weeks if coadministration with apalutamide is necessary. If apalutamide is discontinued, reduce the brexpiprazole dose to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate and apalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased brexpiprazole exposure by 73%.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, brexpiprazole and apomorphine may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. Additive CNS depressant effects are also possible. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with Parkinson's disease treatments than traditional antipsychotics. Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, sedation, and diminished effectiveness of either agent during coadministration.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, such as multi-day administration of oral aprepitant, in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If a multi-day regimen of aprepitant is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Aripiprazole: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of brexpiprazole and aripiprazole should be avoided. Aripiprazole and brexpiprazole are both atypical antipsychotics of the dopamine system stabilizer subclass and have similar mechanisms of action. In addition, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use.
Armodafinil: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as modafinil or armodafinil may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Artemether; lumefantrine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Asenapine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as asenapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Atazanavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as atazanavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as atazanavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Atenolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Azilsartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Barbiturates: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Barium Sulfate: (Major) Use of medications that lower the seizure threshold should be carefully evaluated when considering intrathecal radiopaque contrast agents. Antipsychotics such as brexpiprazole should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours post procedure.
Belladonna; Opium: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Benazepril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Berotralstat: (Major) Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose and monitor for adverse effects if coadministered with berotralstat. If berotralstat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; berotralstat is a moderate CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Beta-adrenergic blockers: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Betaxolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Bexarotene: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as bexarotene may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients.
Bisoprolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Bromocriptine: (Moderate) The effectiveness of bromocriptine may be reduced by most of the atypical antipsychotics, via their action as dopamine antagonists. Monitor the patient for reduced response to bromocriptine. The atypical antipsychotics elevate prolactin to various degrees. Atypical antipsychotics may also aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes including hyperglycemia; use caution if bromocriptine is taken for diabetes. If bromocriptine is taken for diabetes, monitor for worsening glycemic control.
Bumetanide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Buprenorphine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including buprenorphine or buprenorphine; naloxone.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including buprenorphine or buprenorphine; naloxone.
Bupropion: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related increase in seizures; antipsychotics may increase this risk. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related increase in seizures; antipsychotics may increase this risk. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Buspirone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increase, during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and buspirone use. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome.
Butabarbital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level. (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level. (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Butorphanol: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including butorphanol.
Cabergoline: (Moderate) Cabergoline should not be coadministered with brexpiprazole due to mutually antagonistic effects on dopaminergic function. The dopamine antagonist action of brexpiprazole may diminish the prolactin-lowering ability of cabergoline while the dopamine agonist effects of cabergoline may exacerbate a psychotic disorder, reducing the effectiveness of antipsychotics such as brexpiprazole.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Candesartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of cannabidiol and brexpiprazole. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Captopril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Carbamazepine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as carbamazepine, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Carbidopa; Levodopa: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or levodopa during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and levodopa may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with levodopa and other antiparkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics.
Carbidopa; Levodopa; Entacapone: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or COMT inhibitor during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and COMT inhibitors may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with COMT inhibitors and other Parkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease. (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or levodopa during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and levodopa may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with levodopa and other antiparkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics.
Cariprazine: (Moderate) The risk of adverse effects may be increased during concurrent use of cariprazine with other antipsychotics, such as brexpiprazole. Similar to other antipsychotics, cariprazine administration has been associated with drowsiness, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and seizures. The likelihood of these pharmacodynamic interactions varies based upon the individual properties of the co-administered antipsychotic agent. The incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, but the risk appears to be increased.
Carteolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Carvedilol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor patients closely for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions and consider a dosage reduction of brexpiprazole if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. Celecoxib may enhance the systemic exposure and toxicity of brexpiprazole. In vitro studies indicate that celecoxib is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Brexpiprazole is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and increased risk of seizures. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures. (Moderate) Monitor patients closely for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions and consider a dosage reduction of brexpiprazole if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. Celecoxib may enhance the systemic exposure and toxicity of brexpiprazole. In vitro studies indicate that celecoxib is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Brexpiprazole is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Cenobamate: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of cenobamate and brexpiprazole. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Central-acting adrenergic agents: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Ceritinib: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with ceritinib. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If ceritinib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Ceritinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Cetirizine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of atypical antipsychotics and cetirizine due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of atypical antipsychotics and cetirizine due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Cetrorelix: (Moderate) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia results in down-regulation of the number of pituitary GnRH receptors and may interfere with the response to any of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs including cetrorelix.
Chloramphenicol: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as chloramphenicol. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Chlordiazepoxide; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Chlorothiazide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as phenothiazines. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and phenothiazines; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. The likelihood of these pharmacodynamic interactions varies based upon the individual properties of the coadministered antipsychotic agent, with low-potency agents (e.g., thioridazine, chlorpromazine) having an increased likelihood of causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects, and high-potency agents (e.g., fluphenazine) having an increased likelihood of causing extrapyramidal effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Cinacalcet: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of cinacalcet with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and cinacalcet are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A. If cinacalcet is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; cinacalcet is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP2D6 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ciprofloxacin is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If ciprofloxacin is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as clarithromycin. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing clarithromycin such as amoxicillin; clarithromycin; lansoprazole or amoxicillin; clarithromycin; omeprazole.
Clobazam: (Moderate) Clobazam, a benzodiazepine, should be combined cautiously with atypical antipsychotics because of the potential for additive CNS depressant effects. Antipsychotics may also lower the seizure threshold, which might effect the efficacy of clobazam to treat seizures. Clobazam is a weak inducer of CYP3A4 and may reduce the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics that are significantly metabolized by CYP3A4; consult the atypical antipsychotic product labeling for clinical relevance.
Clomipramine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Clonidine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Clozapine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as clozapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Cobicistat: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole and promethazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and promethazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if promethazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because promethazine is a phenothiazine, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use. It may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole and promethazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and promethazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if promethazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because promethazine is a phenothiazine, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use. It may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
COMT inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or COMT inhibitor during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and COMT inhibitors may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with COMT inhibitors and other Parkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Conivaptan: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of conivaptan with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and conivaptan are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If conivaptan is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; conivaptan is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Crizotinib: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of crizotinib with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and crizotinib are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If crizotinib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Crizotinib is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Dacomitinib: (Major) A brexpiprazole dosage reduction may be needed for some indications if brexpiprazole is coadministered with dacomitinib. For patients with schizophrenia, reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose; reduce the brexpiprazole dose to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and dacomitinib are also coadministered with a strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitor. No brexpiprazole dosage adjustment is needed for patients who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder. Concomitant use may increase brexpiprazole exposure and risk for brexpiprazole-related adverse effects. Brexpiprazole is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A substrate; dacomitinib is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Danazol: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Danazol is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If danazol is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin:<

/strong> (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Darifenacin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of darifenacin with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and darifenacin are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. If darifenacin is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Darifenacin is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of moderate CYP2D6 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Darunavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as darunavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as darunavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as darunavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Degarelix: (Major) Avoid coadministration of degarelix with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of degarelix. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; degarelix is a GnRH analog.
Delavirdine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Delavirdine is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Desipramine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Deutetrabenazine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), restlessness, and agitation. If NMS is diagnosed, immediately discontinue deutetrabenazine, and provide intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring. Recurrence of NMS has been reported with resumption of drug therapy. If akathisia or parkinsonism develops during treatment, the deutetrabenazine dose should be reduced; discontinuation may be required. The risk for parkinsonism, NMS, or akathisia may be increased with concomitant administration. Concurrent use of deutetrabenazine and drugs that cause CNS depression, such as brexpiprazole, may have additive effects and worsen drowsiness or sedation. Advise patients about worsened somnolence and not to drive or perform other tasks requiring mental alertness until they know how deutetrabenazine affects them.
Dextromethorphan; Bupropion: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related increase in seizures; antipsychotics may increase this risk. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Quinidine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Difelikefalin: (Moderate) Monitor for dizziness, somnolence, mental status changes, and gait disturbances if concomitant use of difelikefalin with CNS depressants is necessary. Concomitant use may increase the risk for these adverse reactions.
Diltiazem: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Diltiazem is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If diltiazem is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Diuretics: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Doxazosin: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Doxepin: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Dronabinol: (Moderate) Drugs that can cause CNS depression such as dronabinol, if used concomitantly with atypical antipsychotics, can increase both the frequency and the intensity of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, and dizziness.
Dronedarone: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dronedarone is a moderate inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Duloxetine: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Duloxetine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If duloxetine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) Decreased brexpiprazole blood levels may occur when brexpiprazole is coadministered with inducers of CYP3A4, such as efavirenz. Monitor the patient carefully for efficacy if these agents are used in combination. Dosage adjustments of brexpiprazole may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing efavirenz such as efavirenz; emtricitabine; tenofovir.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Decreased brexpiprazole blood levels may occur when brexpiprazole is coadministered with inducers of CYP3A4, such as efavirenz. Monitor the patient carefully for efficacy if these agents are used in combination. Dosage adjustments of brexpiprazole may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing efavirenz such as efavirenz; emtricitabine; tenofovir.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Decreased brexpiprazole blood levels may occur when brexpiprazole is coadministered with inducers of CYP3A4, such as efavirenz. Monitor the patient carefully for efficacy if these agents are used in combination. Dosage adjustments of brexpiprazole may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing efavirenz such as efavirenz; emtricitabine; tenofovir.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Moderate) Administering brexpiprazole with grazoprevir may result in elevated brexpiprazole plasma concentrations. Brexpiprazole is a substrate of CYP3A4 and grazoprevir is a weak CYP3A inhibitor. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for signs of adverse events.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Cobicistat is a moderate to strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If cobicistat is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Enalapril, Enalaprilat: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Entacapone: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or COMT inhibitor during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and COMT inhibitors may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with COMT inhibitors and other Parkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Enzalutamide: (Major) Double the usual dose of brexpiprazole over 1 to 2 weeks if coadministration with enzalutamide is necessary. If enzalutamide is discontinued, reduce the brexpiprazole dose to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate and enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased brexpiprazole exposure by 73%.
Eprosartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Erythromycin: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Erythromycin is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If erythromycin is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Esketamine: (Major) Closely monitor patients receiving esketamine and brexpiprazole for sedation and other CNS depressant effects. Instruct patients who receive a dose of esketamine not to drive or engage in other activities requiring alertness until the next day after a restful sleep.
Esmolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Eszopiclone: (Moderate) A reduction in the dose of eszopiclone should be considered during co-administration of other CNS depressants, such as antipsychotics, to minimize additive sedative effects. In addition, the risk of next-day psychomotor impairment is increased during co-administration of eszopiclone and other CNS depressants, which may decrease the ability to perform tasks requiring full mental alertness such as driving. Antipsychotics with a higher incidence of sedation, such as olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, lurasidone, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine, are more likely to interact with eszopiclone. In one evaluation, concurrent use of eszopiclone and olanzapine reduced psychomotor function as measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).
Ethacrynic Acid: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to avoid alcohol consumption while taking CNS depressants. Alcohol consumption may result in additive CNS depression.
Ethotoin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Etravirine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as etravirine, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Everolimus: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of everolimus with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and everolimus are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. If everolimus is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Everolimus is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of moderate CYP2D6 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Exenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Fedratinib: (Major) Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and fedratinib are coadministered. If fedratinib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Fedratinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Fenfluramine: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of fenfluramine and brexpiprazole. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Fentanyl: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Fluoxetine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Fluoxetine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Fluphenazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as phenothiazines. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and phenothiazines; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. The likelihood of these pharmacodynamic interactions varies based upon the individual properties of the coadministered antipsychotic agent, with low-potency agents (e.g., thioridazine, chlorpromazine) having an increased likelihood of causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects, and high-potency agents (e.g., fluphenazine) having an increased likelihood of causing extrapyramidal effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Fluvoxamine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If fluvoxamine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Food: (Major) Advise patients to avoid cannabis use while taking CNS depressants due to the risk for additive CNS depression and potential for other cognitive adverse reactions.
Fosamprenavir: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of fosamprenavir with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and fosamprenavir are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If fosamprenavir is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; fosamprenavir is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Fosinopril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Fosphenytoin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Furosemide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Gabapentin: (Major) Initiate gabapentin at the lowest recommended dose and monitor patients for symptoms of sedation and somnolence during coadministration of gabapentin and brexpiprazole. Concomitant use of gabapentin with brexpiprazole may cause additive CNS depression. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ganirelix: (Moderate) Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia results in down-regulation of the number of pituitary GnRH receptors and may interfere with the response to ganirelix, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Goserelin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of goserelin with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of goserelin. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; goserelin is a GnRH analog.
Grapefruit juice: (Moderate) Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4 and grapefruit and grapefruit juice inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism in gut enterocytes; therefore, brexpiprazole metabolism may be decreased. Patients should not significantly adjust their intake of grapefruit or grapefruit juice while taking brexripiprazole. As with drugs that significantly inhibit the CYP3A4 pathway, consideration should be given to decreasing the brexpiprazole dose.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Guanfacine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Haloperidol: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as haloperidol. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and haloperidol is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer of brexpiprazole recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if haloperidol is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of haloperidol and brexpiprazole; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Heterocyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including heterocyclic antidepressants.
Histrelin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of histrelin with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of histrelin. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; histrelin is a GnRH analog.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Hydantoins: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Avoid prescribing opioid cough medications in patients taking brexpiprazole. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Hydromorphone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Idelalisib: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as idelalisib. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Iloperidone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as iloperidone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Imatinib: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Imatinib, STI-571 is a potent inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Imipramine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Indapamide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Indinavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as indinavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and insulin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Irbesartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Isavuconazonium is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If isavuconazonium is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Itraconazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as itraconazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Ketoconazole: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with ketoconazole. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If ketoconazole is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Labetalol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as clarithromycin. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing clarithromycin such as amoxicillin; clarithromycin; lansoprazole or amoxicillin; clarithromycin; omeprazole.
Lasmiditan: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of lasmiditan and brexpiprazole. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Lefamulin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of oral lefamulin with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and oral lefamulin are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If oral lefamulin is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Oral lefamulin is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; an interaction is not expected with intravenous lefamulin. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Lemborexant: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of lemborexant and atypical antipsyhotics. Dosage adjustments of lemborexant and the atypical antipsychotic may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS effects. The risk of next-day impairment, including impaired driving, is increased if lemborexant is taken with other CNS depressants.
Lenacapavir: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of lenacapavir with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and lenacapavir are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If lenacapavir is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; lenacapavir is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Letermovir: (Moderate) Administering letermovir with brexpiprazole may increase brexpiprazole concentration and risk for adverse events. The magnitude of this interaction may be increased in patients who are also receiving cyclosporine. When administering brexpiprazole with letermovir and cyclosporine, the dose should be reduced to one-half of the normal dose. In patients who are 2D6 poor metabolizers, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to one-quarter of the normal dose when administered with letermovir with or without cyclosporine. The dose should be reduced to one-quarter of the normal dose in patients who are receiving brexpiprazole and letermovir with a strong or moderate CY2D6 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a substrate of CYP3A4. Letermovir is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. The combined effect of letermovir and cyclosporine on CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Leuprolide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of leuprolide with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of leuprolide. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; leuprolide is a GnRH analog.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of leuprolide with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of leuprolide. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; leuprolide is a GnRH analog.
Levobunolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Levocetirizine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of atypical antipsychotics and cetirizine due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Levodopa: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or levodopa during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and levodopa may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with levodopa and other antiparkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics.
Levoketoconazole: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with ketoconazole. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If ketoconazole is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Levorphanol: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Reduce the initial dose of levorphanol by approximately 50% or more. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possib le mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Lisinopril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Lisinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Lithium: (Moderate) Although some atypical antipsychotics are considered first-line adjunctive therapy to mood stabilizers such as lithium, it is advisable to monitor patients for neurotoxicity during co-administration of lithium and brexpiprazole. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been observed occasionally during concurrent use of lithium and either atypical or conventional antipsychotics. Additive extrapyramidal effects have also been noted. Early case reports described an encephalopathic syndrome consisting of delirium, tremulousness, dyskinesia, seizures, leukocytosis, weakness, hyperpyrexia, confusion, extrapyramidal symptoms, elevations in laboratory values (e.g., liver function tests, blood urea nitrogen, fasting blood sugar) and, in some cases, irreversible brain damage, during use of lithium and conventional antipsychotics, particularly haloperidol. Subsequent rare reports of NMS or NMS-like reactions have been described during co-administration of lithium and atypical antipsychotics. Following resolution of NMS, there are isolated instances of re-emergence of symptoms following re-initiation of lithium as monotherapy. Lithium may be a risk factor for antipsychotic-induced NMS; however, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. In many reported cases, confounding factors have been present (e.g., previous history of NMS, high dose therapy). The ability of antipsychotics alone to precipitate NMS and the rarity of the condition further complicate assessment of lithium as a risk factor.
Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Lofexidine: (Major) Monitor for excessive hypotension and sedation during coadministration of lofexidine and brexpiprazole. Lofexidine can potentiate the effects of CNS depressants.
Lonafarnib: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with lonafarnib. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If lonafarnib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; lonafarnib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 inhibitor in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Losartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Loxapine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as loxapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may reduce the efficacy of brexpiprazole by significantly decreasing its systemic exposure; if used together, gradually double the usual brexpiprazole dose over 1 to 2 weeks. If lumacaftor; ivacaftor is subsequently discontinued, reduce the brexpiprazole dose back to the original dose over 1 to 2 weeks. Brexpiprazole is a primary substrate of CYP3A4 (and CYP2D6). Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Lumateperone: (Moderate) Coadministration of antipsychotics, such as lumateperone and brexpiprazole, may increase the risk of adverse effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from antipsychotic combinations has not been established and data are very limited, the risk may be increased during combined use versus use of an antipsychotic alone.
Lurasidone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as lurasidone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including heterocyclic antidepressants.
Meglitinides: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Meperidine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Meprobamate: (Moderate) The CNS-depressant effects of meprobamate can be potentiated with concomitant administration of other drugs known to cause CNS depression including antipsychotics.
Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Methadone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Methohexital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Methyclothiazide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Methyldopa: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Metoclopramide: (Contraindicated) Avoid metoclopramide in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics. There is a potential for additive effects, including increased frequency and severity of tardive dyskinesia (TD), other extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Some manufacturer labels for metoclopramide contraindicate the use of these drugs together, while others state avoidance is necessary. If these agents must be used together, monitor closely for movement disorders and additive CNS effects. There also may be additive sedation. Discontinue these medications at the first signs of dyskinesia.
Metolazone: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Metoprolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Mifepristone: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Mifepristone is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 in vitro. If mifepristone is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, reduce the brexpiprazole dose and carefully monitor the patient for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Miglitol: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including mirtazapine.
Mitotane: (Major) If coadministration of mitotane and brexpiprazole is necessary, the brexpiprazole dose should be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks and the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. If mitotane is discontinued, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate; coadministration may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole.
Modafinil: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as modafinil or armodafinil may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients.
Moexipril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Molindone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as molindone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and brexpiprazole due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Morphine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. For extended-release morphine tablets, start with 15 mg every 12 hours. Morphine; naltrexone should be initiated at 1/3 to 1/2 the recommended starting dosage. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. For extended-release morphine tablets, start with 15 mg every 12 hours. Morphine; naltrexone should be initiated at 1/3 to 1/2 the recommended starting dosage. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Nabilone: (Moderate) Drugs that can cause CNS depression, if used concomitantly with atypical antipsychotics, can increase both the frequency and the intensity of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, and dizziness.
Nadolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Nafarelin: (Moderate) Antipsychotics may cause hyperprolactinemia and should not be administered concomitantly with nafarelin since hyperprolactinemia down-regulates the number of pituitary GnRH receptors.
Nalbuphine: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of lumateperone and nalbuphine. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Nebivolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Nefazodone: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as nefazodone. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Nelfinavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as nelfinavir. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Nevirapine: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of brexpiprazole if coadministration with nevirapine is necessary; a dose adjustment may be needed. Concomitant use may decrease brexpiprazole exposure. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A substrate and nevirapine is a weak CYP3A inducer.
Nicardipine: (Major) Monitor for evidence of brexpiprazole-associated adverse reactions if coadministered with nicardipine. Concurrent use may increase brexpiprazole exposure. Brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Nicardipine inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
Nilotinib: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Nilotinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. If nilotinib is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. A reduction of the brexpiprazole dose to 25% of the usual dose is also recommended in patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and are receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Niraparib; Abiraterone: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, patients should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions during concurrent use of a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor such as abiraterone. If abiraterone is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Abiraterone is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. There are no dosing recommendations for brexpiprazole during use of a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor alone.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 inhibitor in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Non-Ionic Contrast Media: (Major) Use of medications that lower the seizure threshold should be carefully evaluated when considering intrathecal radiopaque contrast agents. Antipsychotics such as brexpiprazole should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours post procedure.
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Olanzapine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as olanzapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Fluoxetine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations. (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as olanzapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as olanzapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Oliceridine: (Major) Concomitant use of oliceridine with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of oliceridine with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Olmesartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Olmesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Opicapone: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or COMT inhibitor during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and COMT inhibitors may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with COMT inhibitors and other Parkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Oxcarbazepine: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, systemic exposure to brexpiprazole may be decreased during co-administration of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as oxcarbazepine. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy and dose adjustments made accordingly.
Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Oxymorphone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Reduce the initial oxymorphone dosage by 1/3 to 1/2. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Paliperidone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of antipsychotics including brexpiprazole and paliperidone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is necessary.
Panobinostat: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, use caution when co-administering moderate inhibitors of CYP2D6 such as panobinostat. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If panobinostat is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Paroxetine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Paroxetine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, use caution when co-administering moderate inhibitors of CYP2D6 such as peginterferon Alfa-2b. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If peginterferon alfa-2b is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Pentazocine: (Moderate) Coadministration of pentazocine with atypical antipsychotics may result in additive respiratory and CNS depression and anticholinergic effects, such as urinary retention and constipation. Use pentazocine with caution in any patient receiving medication with CNS depressant and/or anticholinergic activity.
Pentazocine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Coadministration of pentazocine with atypical antipsychotics may result in additive respiratory and CNS depression and anticholinergic effects, such as urinary retention and constipation. Use pentazocine with caution in any patient receiving medication with CNS depressant and/or anticholinergic activity.
Pentobarbital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Perindopril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Perphenazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with antipsychotics such as perphenazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and perphenazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer of brexpiprazole recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if perphenazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. However, no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and perphenazine; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Perphenazine has a high potential for causing extrapyramidal symptoms and a low potential for causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with antipsychotics such as perphenazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and perphenazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer of brexpiprazole recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if perphenazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. However, no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and perphenazine; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Perphenazine has a high potential for causing extrapyramidal symptoms and a low potential for causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone. (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Phenobarbital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Phenoxybenzamine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as topiramate may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing topiramate such as phentermine; topiramate.
Phentolamine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Phenytoin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Pimozide: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as pimozide. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Pindolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Pioglitazone; Metformin: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and metformin use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Posaconazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as posaconazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Pramipexole: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or pramipexole during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and pramipexole may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. Additive CNS depressant effects are also possible. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with pramipexole than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Prazosin: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Pregabalin: (Major) Initiate pregabalin at the lowest recommended dose and monitor patients for symptoms of sedation and somnolence during coadministration of pregabalin and brexpiprazole. Concomitant use of pregabalin with brexpiprazole may cause additive CNS depression. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Primidone: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Prochlorperazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as phenothiazines. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and phenothiazines; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. The likelihood of these pharmacodynamic interactions varies based upon the individual properties of the coadministered antipsychotic agent, with low-potency agents (e.g., thioridazine, chlorpromazine) having an increased likelihood of causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects, and high-potency agents (e.g., fluphenazine) having an increased likelihood of causing extrapyramidal effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Promethazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole and promethazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and promethazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if promethazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because promethazine is a phenothiazine, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use. It may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole and promethazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and promethazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if promethazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because promethazine is a phenothiazine, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use. It may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole and promethazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and promethazine is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if promethazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because promethazine is a phenothiazine, the risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use. It may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Propranolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Propranolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Protriptyline: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Quetiapine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as quetiapine. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Quinapril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Quinidine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Quinidine is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Quinine: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Quinine is a moderate inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Ramipril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ranolazine and/or its metabolites are moderate inhibitors of CYP2D6. If ranolazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Rasagiline: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or rasagiline during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and rasagiline may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with rasagiline than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Remifentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. The atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Ribociclib: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with ribociclib. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor CYP2D6 metabolizer. If ribociclib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with ribociclib. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor CYP2D6 metabolizer. If ribociclib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Rifampin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Rifapentine: (Major) Double the usual dose of brexpiprazole over 1 to 2 weeks if coadministration with rifapentine is necessary. If rifapentine is discontinued, reduce the brexpiprazole dose to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifapentine is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased brexpiprazole exposure by 73%.
Risperidone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as risperidone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Ritlecitinib: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of ritlecitinib with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the do se of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and ritlecitinib are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If ritlecitinib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; ritlecitinib is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Ritonavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 inhibitor in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Rolapitant: (Moderate) Use caution if brexpiprazole and rolapitant are used concurrently, and monitor for increased brexpiprazole-related adverse effects. Brexpiprazole is a CYP2D6 substrate and rolapitant is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of rolapitant lasts for at least 7 days, and may last longer after single dose administration. The Cmax and AUC of another CYP2D6 substrate, dextromethorphan, were increased by 120% and 160%, respectively, on day 1 with rolapitant, and by 180% and 230%, respectively, on day 8 after rolapitant administration. In addition, the manufacturer of brexpiprazole recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if rolapitant is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Ropinirole: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or ropinirole during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and ropinirole may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with ropinirole than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus and cause metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia. Monitor patients on antidiabetic agents for worsening glycemic control. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Aggravation of diabetes mellitus has been reported. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Rotigotine: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, excess sedation, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or rotigotine during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and rotigotine may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. Additive CNS depressant effects are also possible. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with rotigotine than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Safinamide: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or safinamide during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and safinamide may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with safinamide than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Secobarbital: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as barbiturates and primidone, are added to brexpiprazole therapy. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced over 1 to 2 weeks to the original level.
Selegiline: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of selegiline efficacy, signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increase, and unusual drowsiness and sedation during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and selegiline use. Dopamine antagonists, such as atypical antipsychotics, may diminish the effectiveness of selegiline. Concomitant use may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome or additive CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Semaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, increased brexpiprazole plasma concentrations may occur during concurrent use of inhibitors of CYP2D6. Sertraline is generally considered a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, but has the potential for clinically important interactions with CYP2D6 substrates, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index. Decreased metabolism of brexpiprazole may lead to clinically important adverse reactions such as sedation or extrapyramidal symptoms.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Sotagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and SGLT2 inhibitor use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Spironolactone: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be doubled over 1 to 2 weeks when a strong CYP3A4 inducer, such as St. John's Wort, is added to brexpiprazole therapy. When the CYP3A4 inducer is withdrawn from the combination therapy, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks.
Stiripentol: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of stiripentol and brexpiprazole. CNS depressants can potentiate the effects of stiripentol.
Sufentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and sulfonylurea use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Suvorexant: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of suvorexant and atypical antipsyhotics. Dosage adjustments of suvorexant and the atypical antipsychotic may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS effects. The risk of next-day impairment, including impaired driving, is increased if suvorexant is taken with other CNS depressants.
Tapentadol: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Telmisartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Telmisartan; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Terazosin: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Both brexpiprazole and tetrabenazine antagonize the effects of dopamine. If possible, concurrent use of brexpiprazole and tetrabenazine should be avoided since the risk of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or extrapyramidal symptoms may be increased.
Thioridazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as thioridazine. Brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and thioridazine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. The manufacturer of brexpiprazole recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Therefore, if thioridazine is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and thioridazine; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Thioridazine has a high potential to cause sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects, and a low potential of causing extrapyramidal effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Thiothixene: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as thiothixene. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Timolol: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Tipranavir: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Tipranavir is a strong inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Tirzepatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant atypical antipsychotic and incretin mimetic use. Atypical antipsychotic therapy may aggravate diabetes mellitus. Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic changes, including hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic states, and diabetic coma. Possible mechanisms include atypical antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance or direct beta-cell inhibition.
Tolcapone: (Moderate) Monitor for movement disorders, unusual changes in moods or behavior, and diminished effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic or COMT inhibitor during coadministration. Due to mutually opposing effects on dopamine, atypical antipsychotics and COMT inhibitors may interfere with the effectiveness of each other. In general, atypical antipsychotics are less likely to interfere with COMT inhibitors and other Parkinson's treatments than traditional antipsychotics. The Beers Criteria recognize quetiapine and clozapine as exceptions to the general recommendation to avoid all antipsychotics in older adults with Parkinson's disease.
Topiramate: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as topiramate may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing topiramate such as phentermine; topiramate.
Torsemide: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Tramadol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and increased risk of seizures. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures.
Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and increased risk of seizures. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures.
Trandolapril: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, systemic exposure may be increased during use of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor such as verapamil and careful monitoring is advisable. In addition, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If verapamil is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Trazodone: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including trazodone. Sedation may occur.
Triamterene: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Trifluoperazine: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as phenothiazines. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use of brexpiprazole and phenothiazines; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary. The likelihood of these pharmacodynamic interactions varies based upon the individual properties of the coadministered antipsychotic agent, with low-potency agents (e.g., thioridazine, chlorpromazine) having an increased likelihood of causing sedation, orthostasis, and anticholinergic effects, and high-potency agents (e.g., fluphenazine) having an increased likelihood of causing extrapyramidal effects. Although the incidence of tardive dyskinesia from combination antipsychotic therapy has not been established and data are very limited, the risk appears to be increased during use of a conventional and atypical antipsychotic versus use of a conventional antipsychotic alone.
Trimipramine: (Moderate) Due to the CNS effects of brexpiprazole, caution is advisable when brexpiprazole is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sedation is generally more pronounced with tertiary TCAs such as amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, and clomipramine.
Triptorelin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of triptorelin with brexpiprazole due to the risk of reduced efficacy of triptorelin. Brexpiprazole can cause hyperprolactinemia, which reduces the number of pituitary gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors; triptorelin is a GnRH analog.
Tucatinib: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with tucatinib. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If tucatinib is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; tucatinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Valsartan: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Verapamil: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, systemic exposure may be increased during use of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor such as verapamil and careful monitoring is advisable. In addition, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If verapamil is used in combination with brexpiprazole and a moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be adjusted and the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as clarithromycin. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Because brexpiprazole is also metabolized by CYP2D6, patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or patients receiving a combination of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate to strong CYP2D6 inhibitor should have their brexpiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing clarithromycin such as amoxicillin; clarithromycin; lansoprazole or amoxicillin; clarithromycin; omeprazole.
Voriconazole: (Major) Reduce the brexpiprazole dose to half the usual dose if coadministered with voriconazole. Administer one quarter of the usual brexpiprazole dose if the patient is also receiving a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor or is a known poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If voriconazole is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; voriconazole is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Voxelotor: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of voxelotor with brexpiprazole is necessary, as the systemic exposure of brexpiprazole may be increased resulting in an increase in brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Reduce the dose of brexpiprazole to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose if brexpiprazole and voxelotor are coadministered with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 or if the patient is a poor metabolizer of CYP2D6. If voxelotor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dosage to its original level. Brexpiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; voxelotor is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A inhibitors with a strong or moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the exposure of brexpiprazole compared to use of brexpiprazole alone.
Zaleplon: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of atypical antipsychotics and zaleplon due to the risk for additive CNS depression and next-day psychomotor impairment; dose adjustments may be necessary.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Caution is advisable during concurrent use of brexpiprazole with other antipsychotics such as ziprasidone. The risk of drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, or seizures may be increased during combined use; therefore, it may be advisable to initiate treatment with lower dosages if combination therapy is deemed necessary.
Zolpidem: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of atypical antipsychotics and zolpidem due to the risk for additive CNS depression and next-day psychomotor impairment; dose adjustments may be necessary. Limit the dose of Intermezzo sublingual tablets to 1.75 mg/day.
Zonisamide: (Moderate) Zonisamide may cause decreased sweating (oligohidrosis), elevated body temperature (hyperthermia), heat intolerance, or heat stroke. The manufacturer recommends caution in using concurrent drug therapies that may predispose patients to heat-related disorders such as antipsychotics. Monitor patients for heat intolerance, decreased sweating, or increased body temperature if zonisamide is used with any of these agents.

REXULTI Oral Tab: 0.25mg, 0.5mg, 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 4mg

Adults

4 mg/day PO.

Geriatric

4 mg/day PO.

Adolescents

4 mg/day PO.

Children

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Infants

Not indicated.

Neonates

Not indicated.

Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, brexpiprazole may exert its therapeutic effects through a combination of partial agonist activity at dopaminergic D2 receptors and serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors, and antagonist activity at serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors. Brexpiprazole is also a partial agonist at dopaminergic D3 receptors and an antagonist at a1A, a1B, a1D, and a2C alpha receptors, as well as 5-HT2B, 5-HT7, histamine H1, and muscarinic M1 receptors. Brexpiprazole has a high affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, D2, D3, a1B, and a2C receptors, and a moderate affinity for H1 receptors. Actions at muscarinic, alpha-1, and histamine receptors likely explain some adverse effects of antipsychotics such as orthostatic hypotension and somnolence.
 
At a dose 3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for the treatment of schizophrenia and 4 times the MRHD for adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder or agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, brexpiprazole does not result in a clinically relevant prolongation of the QTc interval.

Brexpiprazole is administered orally. Brexpiprazole has a high volume of distribution and is highly protein bound in plasma (greater than 99%) to serum albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and its protein binding is not affected by renal or hepatic impairment. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the metabolism of brexpiprazole is primarily mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. After single and multiple doses, brexpiprazole and its major metabolite, DM-3411, are the predominant drug moieties in the systemic circulation. At steady-state, DM-3411 represents 23% to 48% of brexpiprazole exposure (AUC) in plasma. DM-3411 does not contribute to the therapeutic effects of brexpiprazole. The half-lives of brexpiprazole and DM-3411 are 91 hours and 86 hours, respectively. Approximately 25% of a single oral dose is recovered in the urine and 46% is excreted in feces. Less than 1% of a dose is excreted as unchanged brexpiprazole in the urine and approximately 14% of a dose is excreted unchanged in the feces.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP2D6, CYP3A4
Based on in vitro metabolism studies of brexpiprazole evaluating CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4, the metabolism of brexpiprazole is primarily mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Because CYP2D6 is one of the primary metabolic pathways of brexpiprazole, one-half of the brexiprazole dose is recommended in known CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. One-half of the dose is recommended during concurrent use of a strong CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inhibitor, and one-quarter of the dose is recommended during combined use of a moderate to strong CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor with brexpiprazole. If the co-administered drug is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level. A doubling of the brexpiprazole dose over 1 to 2 weeks is recommended during concurrent use of a strong CYP3A4 inducer. If the co-administered CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, reduce the brexpiprazole dose to the original level over 1 to 2 weeks. One-quarter of the brexpiprazole dose is recommended in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers who are receiving a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In vitro data indicate that brexpiprazole is not a substrate of efflux transporters such as P-gp or BCRP and there is no clinically relevant inhibition of CYP450 isoenzymes. No dosage adjustment of brexpiprazole is required when administered concomitantly with CYP2B6 inhibitors (e.g., ticlopidine) or gastric pH modifiers (e.g., omeprazole). Additionally, no dosage adjustment for substrates of CYP2D6 (e.g., dextromethorphan), CYP3A4 (e.g., lovastatin), CYP2B6 (e.g., bupropion), BCRP (e.g., rosuvastatin), or P-gp (e.g., fexofenadine) is required when administered concurrently with brexpiprazole.

Oral Route

Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations occur within 4 hours and the absolute oral bioavailability is 95%. Steady-state concentrations are attained within 10 to 12 days of dosing. Brexpiprazole can be administered with or without food. Administration of a 4-mg tablet with a standard high fat meal did not significantly affect the Cmax or AUC of brexpiprazole. After single and multiple once daily doses, brexpiprazole exposure (Cmax and AUC) increased in proportion to the dose administered.

Pregnancy

Brexpiprazole is recommended for use during pregnancy only when the benefits outweigh the risks. Animal studies have not shown evidence of teratogenicity; however, there are no data regarding the use of brexpiprazole in human pregnancy. Neonates exposed to antipsychotics during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery. There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress and feeding disorder in these neonates. These complications have varied in severity and have ranged from self-limited to those requiring intensive care unit support and prolonged hospitalization. Neonates exhibiting signs or symptoms of extrapyramidal effects or withdrawal should be carefully monitored. The knowledge about long-term neurobehavioral effects in offspring is limited for all antipsychotic agents and requires further investigation. According to the American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines for schizophrenia, consider pregnancy testing in women of childbearing potential prior to initiation of an antipsychotic. It is not known if antipsychotics, through their effect on prolactin, would affect labor or delivery. There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors outcomes in pregnant patients exposed to brexpiprazole; information about the registry can be obtained at womensmentalhealth.org/clinical-and-research-programs/pregnancyregistry or by calling 1-866-961-2388.