Ultram ER

Opioid Agonists

Oral Administration

Storage: Keep tramadol secured in a location not accessible by others.
Disposal: Mix tramadol with an unpalatable substance (e.g., dirt, cat litter, used coffee grounds), place in a sealed container, and throw away the container in the household trash when the medication is no longer needed if a drug take-back option is not readily available. Do not crush tablets or capsules when mixing.

Oral Solid Formulations

Immediate-release tablets
Administer without regard to food.
 
Extended-release tablets and capsules
NOTE: Different formulations of extended-release tramadol are NOT interchangeable; pharmacokinetics and dosage titration schedules differ.
Administer extended-release capsules without regard to food.
Administer the coated extended-release tablets in a consistent manner, taken regularly either with food or without food.
Swallow whole; do not break, chew, dissolve, or crush. Taking broken, chewed, dissolved, or crushed extended-release products leads to rapid release and absorption of a potentially fatal dose of tramadol.

Oral Liquid Formulations

Oral solution
Administer without regard to food.
Always use a calibrated oral syringe or other oral dosing device, with metric units of measurements (i.e., mL), to correctly measure the prescribed amount of medication.

Severe

visual impairment / Early / 1.0-4.9
seizures / Delayed / 0-1.0
suicidal ideation / Delayed / 0-1.0
bradycardia / Rapid / 0-1.0
GI bleeding / Delayed / 0-1.0
hepatic failure / Delayed / 0-1.0
pancreatitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
cholecystitis / Delayed / 0.5-1.0
hearing loss / Delayed / 0-1.0
proteinuria / Delayed / 0-1.0
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / 0-1.0
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / 0-1.0
serotonin syndrome / Delayed / 0-1.0
myocardial infarction / Delayed / 0.5-0.9
pulmonary edema / Early / Incidence not known
torsade de pointes / Rapid / Incidence not known
pulmonary embolism / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
bronchospasm / Rapid / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
fetal death / Delayed / Incidence not known
neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

constipation / Delayed / 9.3-46.0
euphoria / Early / 0-14.0
hallucinations / Early / 0-14.0
orthostatic hypotension / Delayed / 0-5.4
dyspnea / Early / 0-5.0
depression / Delayed / 0-5.0
hypertonia / Delayed / 0-5.0
peripheral vasodilation / Rapid / 0-5.0
hypertension / Early / 0-5.0
blurred vision / Early / 1.0-4.9
confusion / Early / 1.0-4.9
peripheral edema / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
hot flashes / Early / 1.0-4.9
urinary retention / Early / 0.5-4.9
withdrawal / Early / 0.5-4.9
hyperglycemia / Delayed / 0.5-4.9
ataxia / Delayed / 0-1.0
impaired cognition / Early / 0-1.0
amnesia / Delayed / 0-1.0
migraine / Early / 0-1.0
hypotension / Rapid / 0-1.0
hepatitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 0-1.0
stomatitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
dysphagia / Delayed / 0-1.0
cholelithiasis / Delayed / 0-1.0
cataracts / Delayed / 0-1.0
dysuria / Early / 0-1.0
hematuria / Delayed / 0-1.0
cystitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / 0-1.0
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0-1.0
anemia / Delayed / 0-1.0
palpitations / Early / 0.5-0.9
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / 0.5-0.9
gout / Delayed / 0.5-0.9
respiratory depression / Rapid / Incidence not known
dysphonia / Delayed / Incidence not known
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
QT prolongation / Rapid / Incidence not known
infertility / Delayed / Incidence not known
adrenocortical insufficiency / Delayed / Incidence not known
tolerance / Delayed / Incidence not known
psychological dependence / Delayed / Incidence not known
physiological dependence / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoglycemia / Early / Incidence not known
hyperalgesia / Delayed / Incidence not known

Mild

nausea / Early / 13.0-40.0
dizziness / Early / 7.0-33.0
vertigo / Early / 0.5-33.0
headache / Early / 3.0-32.0
drowsiness / Early / 5.0-25.0
vomiting / Early / 3.0-17.0
flushing / Rapid / 0-15.8
tremor / Early / 0-14.0
anxiety / Delayed / 0-14.0
emotional lability / Early / 0-14.0
agitation / Early / 0-14.0
xerostomia / Early / 1.0-13.1
dyspepsia / Early / 1.0-13.0
asthenia / Delayed / 0-12.0
pruritus / Rapid / 3.0-11.9
insomnia / Early / 1.0-10.9
diarrhea / Early / 1.0-10.0
diaphoresis / Early / 0-9.0
anorexia / Delayed / 0.7-5.9
arthralgia / Delayed / 1.0-5.4
malaise / Early / 0-5.0
paresthesias / Delayed / 0-5.0
syncope / Early / 0-5.0
weight loss / Delayed / 0-5.0
myalgia / Early / 0.5-5.0
fever / Early / 0-5.0
infection / Delayed / 0-5.0
sneezing / Early / 1.0-4.9
cough / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
nasal congestion / Early / 1.0-4.9
rhinorrhea / Early / 1.0-4.9
fatigue / Early / 1.0-4.9
lethargy / Early / 1.0-4.9
weakness / Early / 1.0-4.9
miosis / Early / 1.0-4.9
hypoesthesia / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
restlessness / Early / 1.0-4.9
flatulence / Early / 0.5-4.9
abdominal pain / Early / 1.0-4.9
increased urinary frequency / Early / 0.5-4.9
back pain / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
rhinitis / Early / 1.0-4.9
pharyngitis / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
influenza / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
chills / Rapid / 1.0-4.9
sinusitis / Delayed / 1.0-4.9
rash / Early / 1.0-4.9
yawning / Early / 0-1.0
hyperkinesis / Delayed / 0-1.0
night sweats / Early / 0-1.0
irritability / Delayed / 0-1.0
pallor / Early / 0-1.0
gastroesophageal reflux / Delayed / 0-1.0
dental pain / Delayed / 0-1.0
tinnitus / Delayed / 0-1.0
dysgeusia / Early / 0-1.0
menstrual irregularity / Delayed / 0-1.0
libido decrease / Delayed / 0-1.0
urticaria / Rapid / 0-1.0
ecchymosis / Delayed / 0.5-0.9
muscle cramps / Delayed / 0.5-0.9
mydriasis / Early / Incidence not known
gonadal suppression / Delayed / Incidence not known
amenorrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known

Accidental exposure, alcoholism, depression, opioid overdose, opioid use disorder, potential for overdose or poisoning, requires an experienced clinician, substance abuse, suicidal ideation

Do not prescribe tramadol for persons who have suicidal ideation or are addiction-prone; consider use of non-opioid analgesics in persons who are suicidal or depressed. Use tramadol with caution in persons with a history of misuse or who are taking central nervous system active drugs, including tranquilizers or antidepressants or alcohol in excess, and persons who suffer from emotional disturbance or depression. Opioid use requires an experienced clinician who is knowledgeable about the use of opioids, including the use of extended-release/long-acting opioids, and how to mitigate the associated risks. Opioids expose users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can occur at any dosage or duration. Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in persons appropriately prescribed opioids. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused. Assess each individual's risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse before prescribing an opioid, and monitor for the development of these behaviors or conditions. Risks are increased in persons with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including alcoholism) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not prevent the proper management of pain in any given individual. Persons at increased risk may be prescribed opioids, but use in such persons necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of the opioid along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance; persons with addiction may not exhibit tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence. Opioids are sought by drug abusers and persons with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Abuse of opioids has the potential for overdose or poisoning and death. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing an opioid. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity. Abuse or misuse of tramadol extended-release tablets or extended-release capsules by cutting, breaking, chewing, crushing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product will result in the uncontrolled delivery of tramadol and can result in overdose and death. Dosing errors may result from confusion between mg and mL when prescribing, dispensing, and administering tramadol oral solution. Ensure that the dose is communicated clearly and dispensed accurately. Instruct persons on how to measure the dose and to use a calibrated oral dosing device. Keep opioids out of the reach of pediatric persons, others for whom the drug was not prescribed, and pets as accidental exposure or improper use may cause respiratory failure and a fatal overdose. Accidental exposure of even a single dose of an opioid, especially by younger persons, can result in a fatal overdose. Because the risk of overdose increases as opioid dose increases, reserve titration to higher doses of an opioid for persons in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks. Do not use immediate-release opioids for an extended period unless the pain remains severe enough to require an opioid and for which alternative treatment options continue to be inadequate. Many acute pain conditions (e.g., pain occurring with surgical procedures or acute musculoskeletal injuries) require no more than a few days of an opioid. Clinical guidelines on opioid prescribing for some acute pain conditions are available. Extended-release opioids are not intended for use in the management of acute pain or on an as-needed basis but rather only for the management of severe and persistent pain that requires an extended treatment period with a daily opioid and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. Discuss the availability of naloxone with all persons and consider prescribing it in persons who are at increased risk of opioid overdose, such as persons who are also using other CNS depressants, who have a history of opioid use disorder (OUD), who have experienced a previous opioid overdose, or who have household members or other close contacts at risk for accidental exposure or opioid overdose.[28314]

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coadministration with other CNS depressants, cor pulmonale, hypoxemia, respiratory depression, respiratory insufficiency, sleep apnea

Tramadol is contraindicated in patients with significant respiratory depression and those with acute or severe asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment. Avoid coadministration with other CNS depressants when possible, as this significantly increases the risk for profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate; if concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective dosages and minimum treatment durations needed. Monitor patients closely for signs or symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. [61143] Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cor pulmonale, respiratory insufficiency, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or preexisting respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive even at recommended doses. Patients with advanced age, cachexia, or debilitation are also at an increased risk for opioid-induced respiratory depression. Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating the opioid; consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients. Opioids increase the risk of central sleep apnea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxemia in a dose-dependent fashion. Consider decreasing the opioid dosage in patients with CSA. Respiratory depression, if left untreated, may cause respiratory arrest and death. Carbon dioxide retention from respiratory depression may also worsen opioid sedating effects. Careful monitoring and dose titration is required, particularly when CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers and/or CYP2D6 inhibitors are used concomitantly. The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers or CYP2D6 inhibitors on concentrations of tramadol and its active metabolite, M1, are complex and may potentiate the risk of fatal respiratory depression or result in opioid withdrawal and reduced efficacy. Management of respiratory depression may include observation, necessary supportive measures, and opioid antagonist use when indicated.

Adenoidectomy, children, infants, neonates, neuromuscular disease, obesity, pulmonary disease, respiratory infection, tonsillectomy

Tramadol is contraindicated in neonates, infants, and children younger than 12 years and for postoperative pain management in pediatric patients younger than 18 years after a tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Avoid use in patients 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors for respiratory depression unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, respiratory infection, asthma, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other respiratory depressants. When prescribing tramadol for adolescents, choose the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time and inform patients and caregivers of the risks and the signs of opioid overdose. Ultrarapid metabolizers of CYP2D6 substrates may convert tramadol to its active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, more quickly and completely than usual, leading to higher than normal opioid blood concentrations that can result in fatal respiratory failure. Because some children who are normal metabolizers can covert opioids at similar rates to ultrarapid metabolizers, this concern extends to all pediatric patients.

Labor, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, obstetric delivery, pregnancy

Data are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage with tramadol use in human pregnancy. Tramadol crosses the placenta. Based on animal data, tramadol may cause fetal harm; advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. In animal studies of tramadol, decreased fetal weights and reduced ossification were observed in mice, rats, and rabbits at 1.4, 0.6, and 3.6 times the maximum recommended human daily dosage (MRHD). Decreased body weight and increased mortality were observed in pups at tramadol doses of 1.2 and 1.9 times the MRHD. Tramadol is not recommended for use during and immediately before labor when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioids can prolong labor and obstetric delivery by temporarily reducing the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. This effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which may shorten labor. Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in the neonate. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression. An opioid antagonist (e.g., naloxone) should be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. The mean ratio of serum tramadol in the umbilical veins compared to maternal veins was 0.83 for 40 women treated with tramadol during labor.[28314] Further, prolonged maternal use of opioids during pregnancy may result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Monitor the exposed neonate for withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high-pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight, and manage accordingly. Onset, duration, and severity of opioid withdrawal may vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination by the newborn.[28314] [55881] Guidelines recommend early universal screening of pregnant patients for opioid use and opioid use disorder at the first prenatal visit. Obtain a thorough history of substance use and review the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program to determine if patients have received prior prescriptions for opioids or other high-risk drugs such as benzodiazepines. Discuss the risks and benefits of opioid use during pregnancy, including the risk of becoming physiologically dependent on opioids, the possibility for NOWS, and how long-term opioid use may affect care during a future pregnancy.[64838] [64909] In women undergoing uncomplicated normal spontaneous vaginal birth, consider opioid therapy only if expected benefits for both pain and function are anticipated to outweigh risks to the patient. If opioids are used, use in combination with nonpharmacologic therapy and nonopioid pharmacologic therapy, as appropriate. Use immediate-release opioids instead of extended-release or long-acting opioids; order the lowest effective dosage and prescribe no greater quantity of opioids than needed for the expected duration of such pain severe enough to require opioids.[64909] For women using opioids for chronic pain, consider strategies to avoid or minimize the use of opioids, including alternative pain therapies (i.e., nonpharmacologic) and nonopioid pharmacologic treatments. Opioid agonist pharmacotherapy (e.g., methadone or buprenorphine) is preferable to medically supervised withdrawal in pregnant women with opioid use disorder.[64838]

ConZip, QDOLO, Ryzolt, Ultram, Ultram ER

Rx, schedule IV

Oral opioid analgesic
Used for the treatment of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate
Associated with risk for seizures and suicidal tendency

For the treatment of severe pain where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. For the treatment of persistent, severe pain that requires an extended treatment period with a daily opioid and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
NOTE: Reserve extended-release tramadol for patients in whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain. Discontinue all other tramadol products and around-the-clock opioid drugs upon initiation of extended-release tramadol.
Oral dosage (extended-release) in patients not currently taking a tramadol product Adults

100 mg PO once daily, initially. Titrate dose by 100 mg/day every 5 days as needed to achieve adequate analgesia. Max: 300 mg/day.

Oral dosage (extended-release) for conversion from immediate-release oral tramadol formulations Adults

Calculate the total daily immediate-release tramadol dose. Round down to the next lower 100 mg increment and give PO once daily. Titrate dose by 100 mg/day every 5 days as needed to achieve adequate analgesia. Max: 300 mg/day.

Oral dosage (extended-release) for conversion from other opioid analgesics Adults

100 mg PO once daily, initially. Titrate dose by 100 mg/day every 5 days as needed to achieve adequate analgesia. Max: 300 mg/day. There are no established conversion ratios for conversion from other opioids to tramadol.

For the treatment of severe pain where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Oral dosage (immediate-release) for standard-onset analgesia Adults 18 to 75 years

25 mg PO once daily, initially. Titrate dose by 25 mg/day as separate doses every 3 days to 100 mg/day (25 mg 4 times daily) as needed to achieve adequate analgesia. May further increase by 50 mg/day every 3 days to 200 mg/day (50 mg 4 times daily). Usual dose: 50 to 100 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Max: 400 mg/day.

Adults 76 years and older

25 mg PO once daily, initially. Titrate dose by 25 mg/day as separate doses every 3 days to 100 mg/day (25 mg 4 times daily) as needed to achieve adequate analgesia. May further increase by 50 mg/day every 3 days to 200 mg/day (50 mg 4 times daily). Usual dose: 50 to 100 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed. Max: 300 mg/day. 

Oral dosage (immediate-release) for rapid-onset analgesia Adults 18 to 75 years

50 to 100 mg PO every 4 to 6 hours as needed for the subset of patients for whom rapid onset of analgesic effect is required and for whom the benefits outweigh the risk of discontinuation due to adverse events associated with higher initial doses. Max: 400 mg/day.

Adults 76 years and older

50 to 100 PO mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed for the subset of patients for whom rapid onset of analgesic effect is required and for whom the benefits outweigh the risk of discontinuation due to adverse events associated with higher initial doses. Max: 300 mg/day. 

For the treatment of osteoarthritis† of the hand, knee, or hip. Oral dosage (immediate-release) Adults

50 mg PO once daily, initially. Increase the dose by 50 mg/day every 2 days as needed. Usual dose: 50 mg PO every 6 hours. Max: 400 mg/day.

Oral dosage (extended-release) Adults

100 mg PO once daily, initially. Increase the dose by 100 mg/day every 2 to 3 days as needed. Max: 400 mg/day.

For the treatment of diabetic neuropathy†. Oral dosage (immediate-release) Adults

50 mg/day PO, initially. Titrate by 50 mg/day every 3 days up to 200 mg/day in divided doses. Further increase by 50 mg/day if needed to obtain optimal pain relief. Max: 400 mg/day. May titrate more rapidly if pain relief is inadequate at any time. The mean effective dose in clinical trials was 210 mg/day. Guidelines consider tramadol as probably effective in lessening the pain of diabetic neuropathy.

For postherpetic neuralgia†. Oral dosage (immediate-release) Adults 18 to 75 years

100 to 400 mg/day PO in divided doses.

Adults 76 years and older

100 to 300 mg/day PO in divided doses.

For the treatment of refractory restless legs syndrome (RLS)†. Oral dosage (immediate-release) Adults

50 mg/day PO once daily or in divided doses, initially. Titrate based on efficacy and adverse effects. Usual dose: 100 to 200 mg/day. Testing initial response with a short-acting opioid may be reasonable, but longer-acting and controlled-release drugs are preferred, especially at night because short-acting opioids may not provide adequate length of coverage and may be associated with end-of-dose rebound of symptoms. Shorter-acting opioids may be appropriate during the day when symptoms may be less severe.

Oral dosage (extended-release) Adults

100 mg PO once daily, initially. Titrate based on efficacy and adverse effects. Usual dose: 100 to 200 mg/day. Longer-acting and controlled-release drugs are preferred, especially at night.

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

Avoid use of extended-release tramadol in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C). The recommended dose for immediate-release tramadol for adults with severe hepatic impairment is 50 mg PO every 12 hours.

Renal Impairment

CrCl 30 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl less than 30 mL/minute: Avoid use of extended-release tramadol. For the immediate-release tramadol, increase dosing interval to 12 hours; Max: 200 mg/day.
 
Intermittent hemodialysis
Avoid use of extended-release tramadol in patients with CrCl less than 30 mL/minute. Hemodialysis patients may receive their regular immediate-release tramadol dose on the day of dialysis; only 7% of an administered dose is removed by hemodialysis.

Abiraterone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with abiraterone is necessary; also monitor for tramadol-related adverse reactions, including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Consider increasing the dose of tramadol if clinically appropriate. If abiraterone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is metabolized by CYP2D6 to its active metabolite, M1; M1 is critical to the activity of tramadol. Abiraterone is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with CYP2D6 inhibitors may result in an increase in tramadol plasma levels and a decrease in the levels of the active metabolite, M1. In patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol, decreased M1 levels may result in opioid withdrawal or reduced efficacy while increased tramadol levels may cause serotonin syndrome or seizures.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Diphenhydramine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Pyrilamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with pyrilamine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with pyrilamine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine : (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and doxylamine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with oxycodone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Acetaminophen; Pamabrom; Pyrilamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with pyrilamine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with pyrilamine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of opioid agonists with acrivastine due to the risk of additive CNS depression.
Adagrasib: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol with adagrasib may produce unpredictable effects, including prolonged opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression, a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists, seizures, or serotonin syndrome. Consider dose adjustments of tramadol until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to the active metabolite M1, and by CYP3A; adagrasib is a dual moderate CYP2D6 and strong CYP3A inhibitor. CYP3A inhibitors may increase tramadol-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Aldesleukin, IL-2 may affect CNS function significantly. Therefore, psychotropic pharmacodynamic interactions could occur following concomitant administration of drugs with significant CNS or psychotropic activity such as opiate agonists. In addition, aldesleukin, IL-2, is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and may increase oxycodone plasma concentrations and related toxicities including potentially fatal respiratory depression. If therapy with both agents is necessary, monitor patients for an extended period and adjust oxycodone dosage as necessary.
Alfentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Almotriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Alosetron: (Major) Patients taking medications that decrease GI motility may be at greater risk for serious complications from alosetron, like constipation, via a pharmacodynamic interaction. Constipation is the most frequently reported adverse effect with alosetron. Alosetron, if used with drugs such as opiate agonists, may seriously worsen constipation, leading to events such as GI obstruction/impaction or paralytic ileus.
Alprazolam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Alvimopan: (Moderate) Patients should not take alvimopan if they have received therapeutic doses of opiate agonists for more than seven consecutive days immediately before initiation of alvimopan therapy. Patients recently exposed to opioids are expected to be more sensitive to the effects of mu-opioid receptor antagonists and may experience adverse effects localized to the gastrointestinal tract such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Amifampridine: (Major) Carefully consider concomitant use of amifampridine with tramadol due to increased seizure risk. The concomitant use of amifampridine and other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tramadol, may lead to an increased risk of seizures.
Amiloride: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased diuretic efficacy and additive orthostatic hypotension when amiloride is administered with tramadol. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. The efficacy of diuretics may be reduced due to opioid-induced release of antidiuretic hormone.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased diuretic efficacy and additive orthostatic hypotension when amiloride is administered with tramadol. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. The efficacy of diuretics may be reduced due to opioid-induced release of antidiuretic hormone. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Amiodarone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with amiodarone is necessary. If amiodarone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and amiodarone is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Amlodipine: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. If celecoxib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and celecoxib is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Amobarbital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Amoxapine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with amoxapine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence and increase the risk for seizures. Limit the use of tramadol with amoxapine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and the potential increased risk for seizures.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts: (Major) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering amphetamines with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Further study is needed to fully elucidate the severity and frequency of adverse effects that may occur from concomitant administration of amphetamines and tramadol. Patients receiving tramadol and an amphetamine should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and during dosage increases. The amphetamine and tramadol should be discontinued if serotonin syndrome occurs and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated. In addition, the risk of seizures from the use of tramadol may be increased with concomitant use of CNS stimulants that may induce seizures, including the amphetamines. Extreme caution and close clinical monitoring is recommended if these agents must be used together.
Apalutamide: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with apalutamide is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If apalutamide is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and apalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Apomorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with apomorphine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with apomorphine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Dopaminergic agents like apomorphine have also been associated with sudden sleep onset during activities of daily living such as driving, which has resulted in accidents in some cases. Prescribers should re-assess patients for drowsiness or sleepiness regularly throughout treatment, especially since events may occur well after the start of treatment.
Apraclonidine: (Minor) Theoretically, apraclonidine might potentiate the effects of CNS depressant drugs such as opiate agonists. Although no specific drug interactions were identified with systemic agents and apraclonidine during clinical trials, apraclonidine can cause dizziness and somnolence.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Moderate) Use caution if tramadol and aprepitant, fosaprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for an increase in tramadol-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of tramadol. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Aripiprazole: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and aripiprazole for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation as well as seizures. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, seizures, and death.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Moderate) Lumefantrine is an inhibitor and tramadol is a substrate/inhibitor of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme; therefore, coadministration may lead to increased tramadol concentrations. Concomitant use warrants caution due to the potential for increased side effects.
Asciminib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with asciminib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of asciminib, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Asenapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with asenapine may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and increased risk of seizure. Limit the use of tramadol with asenapine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with oxycodone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Atropine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and atropine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Atropine; Difenoxin: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and atropine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenoxylate/difenoxin with other opiate agonists can potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of diphenoxylate/difenoxin. Use caution during coadministration. In addition, diphenoxylate/difenoxin use may cause constipation; cases of severe GI reactions including toxic megacolon and adynamic ileus have been reported. Reduced GI motility when combined with opiate agonists may increase the risk of serious GI related adverse events.
Avacopan: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with avacopan is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of avacopan, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Azelastine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with azelastine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with azelastine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Azelastine; Fluticasone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with azelastine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with azelastine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Baclofen: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Barbiturates: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Belladonna; Opium: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with opium may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and belladonna use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Belumosudil: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with belumosudil is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of belumosudil, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Belzutifan: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with belzutifan is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If belzutifan is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and belzutifan is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Major) Concomitant use of other opiate agonists with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of other opiate pain medications with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If benzhydrocodone is initiated in a patient taking tramadol, reduce the initial dosage and titrate to clinical response. If tramadol is prescribed in a patient taking benzhydrocodone, use a lower initial dose of tramadol and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Careful monitoring, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment, is recommended during coadministration of benzhydrocodone and tramadol because of the potential risk of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue benzhydrocodone if serotonin syndrome is suspected. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking other opiate agonists.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Methylene blue is a reversible inhibitor of MAO. Concomitant use of tramadol with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome or seizures. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tramadol. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and hyoscyamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Benzphetamine: (Moderate) Serotonin syndrome may occur during coadministration of serotonergic drugs such as amphetamines and tramadol. At high doses, amphetamines can increase serotonin release, as well as act as serotonin agonists. An additive risk of seizures is also possible. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risk of serotonin syndrome and seizures and monitor for adverse effects particularly after a dose increase or the addition of interacting medications. Discontinue all serotonergic agents if serotonin syndrome occurs and implement appropriate medical management.
Benztropine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and benztropine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Berotralstat: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol with berotralstat may produce unpredictable effects, including prolonged opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression, a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists, seizures, or serotonin syndrome. Consider dose adjustments of tramadol until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to the active metabolite M1, and by CYP3A4; berotralstat is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase tramadol-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Bethanechol: (Moderate) Bethanechol facilitates intestinal and bladder function via parasympathomimetic actions. Opiate agonists impair the peristaltic activity of the intestine. Thus, these drugs can antagonize the beneficial actions of bethanechol on GI motility.
Bicalutamide: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with bicalutamide is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of bicalutamide, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Additive constipation may be seen with concurrent use of opiate agonists and antidiarrheals. Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Moderate) Additive constipation may be seen with concurrent use of opiate agonists and antidiarrheals. Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Additive constipation may be seen with concurrent use of opiate agonists and antidiarrheals. Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Brexanolone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of brexanolone with CNS depressants like the opiate agonists may increase the likelihood or severity of adverse reactions related to sedation and additive CNS depression. Monitor for excessive sedation, dizziness, and a potential for loss of consciousness during brexanolone use.
Brexpiprazole: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with brexpiprazole may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and increased risk of seizures. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with brexpiprazole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures.
Brigatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with brigatinib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If brigatinib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and brigatinib is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Brimonidine: (Moderate) Based on the sedative effects of brimonidine in individual patients, brimonidine administration has potential to enhance the CNS depressants effects of opiate agonists.
Brimonidine; Brinzolamide: (Moderate) Based on the sedative effects of brimonidine in individual patients, brimonidine administration has potential to enhance the CNS depressants effects of opiate agonists.
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Moderate) Based on the sedative effects of brimonidine in individual patients, brimonidine administration has potential to enhance the CNS depressants effects of opiate agonists.
Brompheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with brompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with brompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Brompheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with brompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with brompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with brompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with brompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and glycopyrrolate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Bumetanide: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a loop diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the loop diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of tramadol and a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist, such as buprenorphine, due to risk for reduced analgesic effect of tramadol and/or precipitation of withdrawal symptoms.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of tramadol and a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist, such as buprenorphine, due to risk for reduced analgesic effect of tramadol and/or precipitation of withdrawal symptoms.
Bupropion: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Buspirone: (Moderate) Tramadol can cause additive CNS depression when used with other agents that are CNS depressants including buspirone.
Butabarbital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome

occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Butorphanol: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of butorphanol and opiate agonists, such as tramadol. Butorphanol is a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist that may block the effects of opiate agonists and reduce analgesic effects. Butorphanol may cause withdrawal symptoms in patients receiving chronic opiate agonists. Concurrent use of butorphanol with other opiate agonists can cause additive CNS, respiratory, and hypotensive effects. The additive or antagonistic effects are dependent upon the dose of the opiate agonist used; antagonistic effects are more common at low to moderate doses of the opiate agonist. There is also a potential increased risk of seizures if tramadol is given with other opiates.
Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium Oxybates: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with sodium oxybate may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with sodium oxybate to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with cannabidiol may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with cannabidiol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Capsaicin; Metaxalone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with metaxalone may cause respiratory depression, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with metaxalone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use of metaxalone and opioid agonists increases the risk for serotonin syndrome. Avoid concomitant use if possible and monitor for serotonin syndrome if use is necessary.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Carbamazepine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and carbamazepine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required, and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death and/or decrease tramadol concentrations, which may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If carbamazepine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and carbamazepine is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Carbinoxamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with carbinoxamine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with carbinoxamine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Cariprazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with cariprazine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with cariprazine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking cariprazine.
Carisoprodol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. If celecoxib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and celecoxib is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with celecoxib is necessary. If celecoxib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and celecoxib is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Cenobamate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with cenobamate may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of tramadol with cenobamate to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Additionally, monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with cenobamate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If cenobamate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and cenobamate is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Ceritinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ceritinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ceritinib, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Cetirizine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and cetirizine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and cetirizine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Chlophedianol; Dexbrompheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexbrompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexbrompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexchlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexchlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorcyclizine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorcyclizine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorcyclizine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlordiazepoxide: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Chlordiazepoxide; Amitriptyline: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Chlorothiazide: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended. (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with chlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with chlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Chlorpromazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and chlorpromazine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. In addition, in vitro data suggest that chlorpromazine has CYP2D6 inhibitory effects and has the potential to decrease the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates such as tramadol. Although the full pharmacologic impact of increased tramadol exposure is unknown, close monitoring for serious adverse effects, such as seizures, is advisable. In addition, serotonin syndrome may occur during use of tramadol with medications that impair its metabolism. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Because the analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), CYP2D6 inhibition by chlorpromazine may alter the analgesic response to tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and chlorpromazine.
Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with clonidine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with clonidine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Chlorzoxazone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Cinacalcet: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with cinacalcet is necessary. If cinacalcet is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and cinacalcet is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Citalopram: (Moderate) Monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome if concomitant use of tramadol and citalopram is warranted. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Clemastine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with clemastine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with clemastine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Clobazam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, in vivo data suggest clobazam is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Because the analgesic activity of tramadol is due to both the parent drug and O-desmethyltramadol (M1), inhibition of CYP2D6 by clobazam may affect the analgesic response to tramadol. Reduced analgesic effects of tramadol are possible, and the risk for serious adverse effects such as seizures may be increased.
Clonazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Clonidine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with clonidine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with clonidine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Clopidogrel: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tramadol, delay and reduce the absorption of clopidogrel resulting in reduced exposure to active metabolites and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Coadministration of intravenous morphine decreased the Cmax and AUC of clopidogrel's active metabolites by 34%. Time required for maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation (median 3 hours vs. 1.25 hours) was significantly delayed; times up to 5 hours were reported. Inhibition of platelet plug formation was delayed and residual platelet aggregation was significantly greater 1 to 4 hours after morphine administration.
Clorazepate: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and clozapine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. In addition, in vitro data suggest that clozapine has CYP2D6 inhibitory effects and may increase plasma concentrations of CYP2D6 substrates such as tramadol. Although the full pharmacologic impact of increased tramadol exposure is unknown, close monitoring for serious adverse effects, such as seizures, is advisable. In addition, serotonin syndrome may occur during use of tramadol with medications that impair its metabolism. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Because the analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), CYP2D6 inhibition by clozapine may alter the analgesic response to tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and clozapine.
Cobicistat: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Cocaine: (Major) Cocaine use has been associated with precipitating seizures. Since tramadol decreases the seizure threshold, an increased risk of seizures may be seen with concomitant use of these two drugs.
Codeine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and promethazine for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, seizures, coma, and death.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Major) Concomitant use of codeine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of codeine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and promethazine for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, seizures, coma, and death.
COMT inhibitors: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with COMT inhibitors may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with COMT inhibitors to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. COMT inhibitors have also been associated with sudden sleep onset during activities of daily living such as driving, which has resulted in accidents in some cases. Prescribers should re-assess patients for drowsiness or sleepiness regularly throughout treatment, especially since events may occur well after the start of treatment.
Conivaptan: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with conivaptan is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of conivaptan, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Crizotinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with crizotinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of crizotinib, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Crofelemer: (Moderate) Pharmacodynamic interactions between crofelemer and opiate agonists are theoretically possible. Crofelemer does not affect GI motility mechanisms, but does have antidiarrheal effects. Patients taking medications that decrease GI motility, such as opiate agonists, may be at greater risk for serious complications from crofelemer, such as constipation with chronic use. Use caution and monitor GI symptoms during coadministration.
Cyclizine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with cyclizine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with cyclizine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Cyclobenzaprine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with cyclobenzaprine may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with cyclobenzaprine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Cyproheptadine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with cyproheptadine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with cyproheptadine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dacomitinib: (Moderate) Coadministration of dacomitinib with tramadol may decrease tramadol metabolism resulting in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate; dacomitinib is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Dantrolene: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Daridorexant: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with daridorexant may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opiates with daridorexant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Avoid prescribing cough medicines that contain opiates in patients taking daridorexant.
Darifenacin: (Moderate) Coadministration of darifenacin with tramadol may decrease tramadol metabolism resulting in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks for respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, or seizures. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate; darifenacin is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol that may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, and seizures. In addition, the concomitant use of these drugs together may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Opiates such as tramadol increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect. Both agents may also cause drowsiness or blurred vision, and patients should use care in driving or performing other hazardous tasks until the effects of the drugs are known.
Darunavir: (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol with darunavir may decrease the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 metabolism of tramadol; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol with darunavir may decrease the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 metabolism of tramadol; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol with darunavir may decrease the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 metabolism of tramadol; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Delavirdine: (Moderate) Since tramadol is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6, agents that inhibit this enzyme, such as delavirdine, decrease the metabolism of tramadol. Concomitant use of these agents and tramadol may increase plasma levels of tramadol and decrease concentration of the active metabolite leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects due to higher tramadol concentrations.
Desflurane: (Moderate) Concurrent use with opiate agonists can decrease the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane needed to produce anesthesia.
Desmopressin: (Major) Additive hyponatremic effects may be seen in patients treated with desmopressin and drugs associated with water intoxication, hyponatremia, or SIADH including opiate agonists. Use combination with caution, and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hyponatremia.
Desvenlafaxine: (Major) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. In one case, the addition of tramadol to extended-release venlafaxine (300 mg/day) and mirtazapine (30 mg/day) likely caused serotonin syndrome. A patient developed agitation, confusion, severe shivering, diaphoresis, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, mydriasis, tachycardia, and fever within 7 weeks of taking tramadol 400 mg daily. He had taken 300 mg tramadol without difficulty. Discontinuation of the 3 drugs and rehydration led to symptom resolution over 36 hours. Reinstitution of the antidepressants 3 days after patient presentation was uneventful. In addition, although clinical studies have shown that desvenlafaxine does not have a clinically relevant effect on CYP2D6 inhibition at doses of 100 mg/day, the manufacturer recommends that primary substrates of CYP2D6, such as tramadol, be dosed at the original level when coadministered with desvenlafaxine 100 mg or lower, or when desvenlafaxine is discontinued. The dose of these CYP2D6 substrates should be reduced by up to one-half if coadministered with desvenlafaxine 400 mg/day.
Deutetrabenazine: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with deutetrabenazine may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with deutetrabenazine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking deutetrabenazine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If deutetrabenazine is prescribed for a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of deutetrabenazine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Dexamethasone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with dexamethasone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If dexamethasone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and dexamethasone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Dexbrompheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexbrompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexbrompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dexbrompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexbrompheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexbrompheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dexchlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexchlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexchlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dexchlorpheniramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexchlorpheniramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with dexmedetomidine may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dexmedetomidine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dextromethorphan; Bupropion: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Moderate) As quinidine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Diazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If parental diazepam is used with an opiate agonist, reduce the opiate agonist dosage by at least 1/3. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Dicyclomine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and dicyclomine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Difelikefalin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of opioids and other CNS depressants, such as difelikefalin. Concomitant use can increase the risk of respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. If alternate treatment options are inadequate and coadministration is necessary, limit dosages and durations to the minimum required, monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation, and consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose.
Digoxin: (Moderate) An increased incidence of digoxin toxicity has been reported in some patients during postmarketing reports with the concurrent use of tramadol and digoxin.
Dimenhydrinate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dimenhydrinate may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dimenhydrinate to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Diphenhydramine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid over dose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and diphenhydramine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Diphenoxylate; Atropine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and atropine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenoxylate/difenoxin with other opiate agonists can potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of diphenoxylate/difenoxin. Use caution during coadministration. In addition, diphenoxylate/difenoxin use may cause constipation; cases of severe GI reactions including toxic megacolon and adynamic ileus have been reported. Reduced GI motility when combined with opiate agonists may increase the risk of serious GI related adverse events.
Dolasetron: (Major) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering dolasetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue dolasetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Doxylamine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and doxylamine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Doxylamine; Pyridoxine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and doxylamine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Dronabinol: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with dronabinol may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with dronabinol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Dronedarone: (Moderate) Dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A and is an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Tramadol is a substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The concomitant administration of dronedarone with CYP2D6 and CYP3A substrates may result in increased exposure of the substrate and should, therefore, be undertaken with caution.
Droperidol: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with droperidol may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with droperidol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Duloxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with duloxetine is necessary. If duloxetine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and duloxetine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) The (+) enantiomer of tramadol preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Efavirenz is an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Coadministration may affect the metabolism of tramadol leading to altered tramadol exposure. Decreased serum tramadol concentrations and reduced efficacy may occur. In addition, both medications have been associated with the development of seizures; caution is advised.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) The (+) enantiomer of tramadol preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Efavirenz is an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Coadministration may affect the metabolism of tramadol leading to altered tramadol exposure. Decreased serum tramadol concentrations and reduced efficacy may occur. In addition, both medications have been associated with the development of seizures; caution is advised.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) The (+) enantiomer of tramadol preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Efavirenz is an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Coadministration may affect the metabolism of tramadol leading to altered tramadol exposure. Decreased serum tramadol concentrations and reduced efficacy may occur. In addition, both medications have been associated with the development of seizures; caution is advised.
Elagolix: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with elagolix is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If elagolix is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and elagolix is a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with elagolix is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If elagolix is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and elagolix is a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Moderate) Administering acetaminophen; tramadol with elbasvir; grazoprevir may result in elevated tramadol plasma concentrations. Tramadol is a substrate of CYP3A; grazoprevir is a weak CYP3A inhibitor. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for signs of adverse events.
Eletriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Minor) Use caution when administering ivacaftor and tramadol concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase tramadol exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Eliglustat: (Moderate) Coadministration of tramadol and eliglustat may result in a reduction in the metabolic conversion and clearance of tramadol, increasing the risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. In addition, coadministration of tramadol and eliglustat may result in decreased analgesia. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely for tramadol-related adverse effects and diminished analgesic efficacy. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to both the parent drug and the pharmacologically active metabolite M1. Because the metabolism of tramadol to M1 is dependent on CYP2D6 and eliglustat is an inhibitor of CYP2D6, therapeutic response may be affected.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) As cobicistat is a CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism; reduced tramadol dose may be needed during coadministration. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Enzalutamide: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with enzalutamide is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If enzalutamide is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Erythromycin: (Moderate) Administration of CYP3A4 inhibitors such as erythromycin with tramadol may affect the metabolism of tramadol leading to altered tramadol exposure. Increased serum tramadol concentrations may occur.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with escitalopram is necessary. If escitalopram is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and escitalopram is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Esketamine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with esketamine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with esketamine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Patients who have received a dose of esketamine should be instructed not to drive or engage in other activities requiring complete mental alertness until the next day after a restful sleep. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Estazolam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Eszopiclone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with eszopiclone may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., driving, talking, eating, or performing other activities while not fully awake). Limit the use of opioid pain medications with eszopiclone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Instruct patients to contact their provider immediately if sleep-related symptoms or behaviors occur. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ethacrynic Acid: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a loop diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the loop diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to avoid alcohol consumption while taking opioids. Alcohol consumption may result in additive CNS depression and may increase the risk for opioid overdose. Consider the patient's use of alcohol when prescribing opioid medications. If the patient is unlikely to be compliant with avoiding alcohol, consider prescribing naloxone especially if additional risk factors for opioid overdose are present.
Ethiodized Oil: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Ethotoin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with hydantoins is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If hydantoins are discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and hydantoins are strong CYP3A inducers. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Everolimus: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tramadol-related adverse reactions, including serotonin syndrome, seizures, sedation, and respiratory depression, if coadministration with everolimus is necessary; the risk is greatest if everolimus is added to a stable dose of tramadol. Consider decreasing the dose of tramadol if necessary. Everolimus is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor as well as a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Tramadol is metabolized by both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
Fedratinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with fedratinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of fedratinib, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Fenfluramine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with fenfluramine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid agonists with fenfluramine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Fentanyl: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with fentanyl may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Fesoterodine: (Moderate) Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when fesoterodine, an anticholinergic drug for overactive bladder is used with opiate agonists. The concomitant use of these drugs together may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Opiates increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect. Both agents may also cause drowsiness or blurred vision, and patients should use care in driving or performing other hazardous tasks until the effects of the drugs are known.
Flavoxate: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and flavoxate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Flibanserin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with flibanserin may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with flibanserin to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with fluoxetine is necessary. If fluoxetine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and fluoxetine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Fluphenazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and fluphenazine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. In addition, in vitro data suggest that fluphenazine is a weak CYP2D6 inhibitor and has the potential to decrease the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates such as tramadol. Although the full pharmacologic impact of increased tramadol exposure is unknown, close monitoring for serious adverse effects, such as seizures, is advisable. In addition, serotonin syndrome may occur during use of tramadol with medications that impair its metabolism. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Because the analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), CYP2D6 inhibition by fluphenazine may alter the analgesic response to tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and fluphenazine.
Flurazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Fluvoxamine: (Major) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering fluvoxamine with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Serotonin syndrome, in its most severe form, can resemble neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Several cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported after the administration of tramadol with an SSRI. The combination of SSRIs and tramadol has also been associated with an increased risk of seizures.
Food: (Major) Advise patients to avoid cannabis use while taking CNS depressants due to the risk for additive CNS depression and potential for other cognitive adverse reactions.
Fosamprenavir: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with fosamprenavir is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of fosamprenavir, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with hydantoins is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If hydantoins are discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and hydantoins are strong CYP3A inducers. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Fostamatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for tramadol toxicities that may require tramadol dose reduction if given concurrently with fostamatinib. Concomitant use of fostamatinib with a CYP3A4 substrate may increase the concentration of the CYP3A4 substrate. The active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, is a CYP3A4 inhibitor; tramadol is a substrate for CYP3A4. Coadministration of fostamatinib with a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate increased the substrate AUC by 64% and Cmax by 113%.
Frovatriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Furosemide: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a loop diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the loop diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Gabapentin: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with gabapentin may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with gabapentin to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, initiate gabapentin at the lowest recommended dose and monitor patients for symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and respiratory depression.
General anesthetics: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a general anesthetic may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a general anesthetic to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Glycerol Phenylbutyrate: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with glycerol phenylbutyrate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If glycerol phenylbutyrate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and glycerol phenylbutyrate is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and glycopyrrolate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and glycopyrrolate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Granisetron: (Major) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering granisetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as tramadol. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue granisetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Guanfacine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with guanfacine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with guanfacine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Haloperidol: (Major) Haloperidol can competitively inhibit the metabolism of tramadol by CYP2D6. Concurrent use of haloperidol and tramadol increases plasma levels of tramadol and decreases the concentration of the active tramadol metabolite. This may lead to decreased analgesic effects of tramadol and possibly increased tramadol-induced side effects, including seizures, due to increased tramadol concentrations and the decrease in seizure threshold caused by haloperidol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and haloperidol.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and homatropine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Hydantoins: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with hydantoins is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If hydantoins are discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and hydantoins are strong CYP3A inducers. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with methyldopa may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with methyldopa to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Hydrocodone: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of hydrocodone with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Hydromorphone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with hydromorphone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Hydroxyzine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with hydroxyzine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with hydroxyzine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Hyoscyamine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and hyoscyamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Methylene blue is a reversible inhibitor of MAO. Concomitant use of tramadol with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome or seizures. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tramadol. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and hyoscyamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with oxycodone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Idelalisib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, with tramadol, a CYP3A substrate, as tramadol toxicities may be significantly increased. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib.
Iloperidone: (Moderate) Coadministration should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and iloperidone.
Imatinib: (Moderate) Since tramadol is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6, agents that inhibit this enzyme, such as imatinib, decrease the metabolism of tramadol. Concomitant use of these agents and tramadol may increase plasma levels of tramadol and decrease concentration of the active metabolite leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects due to higher tramadol concentrations.
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and glycopyrrolate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Indapamide: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased diuretic efficacy and additive orthostatic hypotension when indapamide is administered with tramadol. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. The efficacy of diuretics may be reduced due to opioid-induced release of antidiuretic hormone.
Iobenguane I 131: (Major) Discontinue tramadol for at least 5 half-lives before the administration of the dosimetry dose or a therapeutic dose of iobenguane I-131. Do not restart tramadol until at least 7 days after each iobenguane I-131 dose. Drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores, such as tramadol, may interfere with iobenguane I-131 uptake into cells and interfere with dosimetry calculations resulting in altered iobenguane I-131 efficacy.
Iodixanol: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Iohexol: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Iomeprol: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Iopamidol: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Iopromide: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Ioversol: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with tramadol may result in increased serum concentrations of tramadol. Tramadol is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a moderate inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together.
Isoniazid, INH: (Major) Use tramadol cautiously, if at all, in patients also receiving a MAOI or a drug with MAO-inhibiting activity such as isoniazid, INH. International recommendations contraindicate the concurrent use of tramadol and MAOIs or the use of tramadol within 14 days of discontinuing MAOI therapy. An increased risk of seizures and serotonin syndrome exists in patients receiving tramadol and MAOIs concurrently. Postmarketing reports of serotonin syndrome with use of tramadol and MAOIs and alpha-2-adrenergic blockers exist. If concomitant treatment of tramadol with a drug affecting the serotonergic neurotransmitter system is clinically warranted, careful observation of the patient is advised, especially during treatment initiation and dose increases.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Major) Use tramadol cautiously, if at all, in patients also receiving a MAOI or a drug with MAO-inhibiting activity such as isoniazid, INH. International recommendations contraindicate the concurrent use of tramadol and MAOIs or the use of tramadol within 14 days of discontinuing MAOI therapy. An increased risk of seizures and serotonin syndrome exists in patients receiving tramadol and MAOIs concurrently. Postmarketing reports of serotonin syndrome with use of tramadol and MAOIs and alpha-2-adrenergic blockers exist. If concomitant treatment of tramadol with a drug affecting the serotonergic neurotransmitter system is clinically warranted, careful observation of the patient is advised, especially during treatment initiation and dose increases. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If rifampin is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Major) Use tramadol cautiously, if at all, in patients also receiving a MAOI or a drug with MAO-inhibiting activity such as isoniazid, INH. International recommendations contraindicate the concurrent use of tramadol and MAOIs or the use of tramadol within 14 days of discontinuing MAOI therapy. An increased risk of seizures and serotonin syndrome exists in patients receiving tramadol and MAOIs concurrently. Postmarketing reports of serotonin syndrome with use of tramadol and MAOIs and alpha-2-adrenergic blockers exist. If concomitant treatment of tramadol with a drug affecting the serotonergic neurotransmitter system is clinically warranted, careful observation of the patient is advised, especially during treatment initiation and dose increases. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If rifampin is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Isosulfan Blue: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Istradefylline: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with istradefylline 40 mg daily is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of istradefylline 40 mg daily, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. There was no effect on drug exposure when istradefylline 20 mg daily was coadministered with a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate.
Ivacaftor: (Minor) Use caution when administering ivacaftor and tramadol concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase tramadol exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Ketoconazole: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ketoconazole is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with lapatinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of lapatinib, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Larotrectinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with larotrectinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of larotrectinib, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Lasmiditan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with lasmiditan may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and serotonin syndrome. Limit the use of tramadol with lasmiditan to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and serotonin syndrome.
Lefamulin: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with oral lefamulin is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of oral lefamulin, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. An interaction is not expected with intravenous lefamulin.
Lemborexant: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with lemborexant may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of tramadol with lemborexant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Lenacapavir: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with lenacapavir is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of lenacapavir, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Letermovir: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with letermovir is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of letermovir, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Levamlodipine: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Levocetirizine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of opioids and cetirizine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Levoketoconazole: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ketoconazole is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Levomilnacipran: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and levomilnacipran is warranted, monitor patients for seizures and the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concomitant use of tramadol and levomilnacipran may increase seizure risk. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Levorphanol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Linezolid: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Linezolid is a reversible, non-selective inhibitor of MAO. Concomitant use of tramadol with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome or seizures. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tramadol.
Lisdexamfetamine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and lisdexamfetamine is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Lisinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the effic acy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Lithium: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and lithium is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Lofexidine: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive hypotension and sedation during coadministration of lofexidine and tramadol. Lofexidine can potentiate the effects of CNS depressants.
Lonafarnib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with lonafarnib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of lonafarnib, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Loop diuretics: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a loop diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the loop diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to higher tramadol concentrations.
Lorazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Lorcaserin: (Moderate) Monitor patients closely for adverse reactions including opioid withdrawal, seizures, and serotonin syndrome if coadministration with lorcaserin is necessary. If lorcaserin is discontinued, consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients closely for adverse events including respiratory depression and sedation. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concurrent use of lorcaserin, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and decrease exposure to the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events.
Lorlatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with lorlatinib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If lorlatinib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and lorlatinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Loxapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with loxapine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with loxapine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking loxapine.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Minor) Use caution when administering ivacaftor and tramadol concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase tramadol exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may reduce the analgesic effect of tramadol by decreasing its systemic exposure. If used together, monitor patients closely for loss of tramadol efficacy; a tramadol dosage adjustment may be required to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Do not exceed the maximum recommended dose. Tramadol preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer; in vitro data also suggest that lumacaftor may induce CYP2B6.
Lumateperone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists like tramadol with lumateperone may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with lumateperone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking lumateperone.
Lurasidone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists like tramadol with lurasidone may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with lurasidone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking lurasidone.
Maprotiline: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with maprotiline may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Use of tramadol may also increase the risk of seizures in patients receiving other drugs associated with seizures such as maprotiline. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with maprotiline to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and seizures.
Maribavir: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with maribavir is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of maribavir, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Mavacamten: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with mavacamten is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If mavacamten is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and mavacamten is a moderate CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Melatonin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with melatonin may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with melatonin to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Meperidine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Meprobamate: (Moderate) Tramadol use increases the risk of CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with other agents that are CNS depressants such as meprobamate. Extreme caution is needed in using tramadol at the same time as other CNS depressants. A reduced dose of tramadol is recommended when used with another CNS depressant.
Metaxalone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with metaxalone may cause respiratory depression, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with metaxalone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use of metaxalone and opioid agonists increases the risk for serotonin syndrome. Avoid concomitant use if possible and monitor for serotonin syndrome if use is necessary.
Methadone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Methamphetamine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and methamphetamine is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Methylene blue is a reversible inhibitor of MAO. Concomitant use of tramadol with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome or seizures. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tramadol. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and hyoscyamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Methocarbamol: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Methohexital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Methscopolamine: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and methscopolamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Methyclothiazide: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Methyldopa: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with methyldopa may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with methyldopa to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Methylene Blue: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Methylene blue is a reversible inhibitor of MAO. Concomitant use of tramadol with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome or seizures. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tramadol.
Methylphenidate Derivatives: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and methylphenidate derivatives might increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. If concomitant use is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. There are also postmarketing reports of serotonin syndrome during concurrent use of methylphenidate or methylphenidate derivatives with other serotonergic medications.
Metoclopramide: (Moderate) The effects of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal motility are antagonized by narcotic analgesics. Concomitant use of opioid agonists with metoclopramide may also cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with metoclopramide to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Metolazone: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Metyrosine: (Moderate) The concomitant administration of metyrosine with opiate agonists can result in additive sedative effects.
Midazolam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Milnacipran: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and milnacipran is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Minocycline: (Minor) Injectable minocycline contains magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Because of the CNS-depressant effects of magnesium sulfate, additive central-depressant effects can occur following concurrent administration with CNS depressants such as opiate agonists. Caution should be exercised when using these agents concurrently.
Mirabegron: (Moderate) Mirabegron is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 such as tramadol may be increased when co-administered with mirabegron. Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6. Therefore, appropriate monitoring and dose adjustment may be necessary.
Mirtazapine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with mirtazapine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with mirtazapine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Mitapivat: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with mitapivat is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If mitapivat is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and mitapivat is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Mitotane: (Major) Use caution if mitotane and tramadol are used concomitantly, and monitor for decreased efficacy of tramadol and a possible change in dosage requirements. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. The metabolism of tramadol is stereoselective; the (+) enantiomer preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, and the (-) enantiomer undergoes O-demethylation via CYP2D6. O-demethylation leads to the production of the active metabolite M1, which is critical to tramadol activity. Because of the role of CYP3A4 in tramadol metabolism, coadministration with mitotane may affect patient response to tramadol.
Mobocertinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with mobocertinib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If mobocertinib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and mobocertinib is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Molindone: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists like tramadol with molindone may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with molindone to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking molindone.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use increases the risk for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Morphine: (Major) Concomitant use of morphine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of morphine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Major) Concomitant use of morphine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of morphine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Additionally, monitor patients for seizures and/or the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Nabilone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of opioid agonists with nabilone due to the risk of additive CNS depression.
Nalbuphine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nalbuphine and opiate agonists, such as tramadol. Nalbuphine is a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist that may block the effects of opiate agonists and reduce analgesic effects. Nalbuphine may cause withdrawal symptoms in patients receiving chronic opiate agonists. Concurrent use of nalbuphine with other opiate agonists can cause additive CNS, respiratory, and hypotensive effects. The additive or antagonistic effects are dependent upon the dose of the opiate agonist used; antagonistic effects are more common at low to moderate doses of the opiate agonist. There is also a potential increased risk of seizures if tramadol is given with other opiates.
Naratriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Nefazodone: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with nefazodone is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concurrent use of nefazodone, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Neostigmine; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and glycopyrrolate use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Nesiritide, BNP: (Major) The potential for hypotension may be increased when coadministering nesiritide with opiate agonists.
Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and palonosetron is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Nevirapine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with nevirapine is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If nevirapine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and nevirapine is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Nilotinib: (Major) The concomitant use of nilotinib and tramadol may reduce the clearance of tramadol and increase the risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. If coadministration of these drugs is required, consider reducing the dose of tramadol and monitor patients for signs of toxicity. Nilotinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Niraparib; Abiraterone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with abiraterone is necessary; also monitor for tramadol-related adverse reactions, including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Consider increasing the dose of tramadol if clinically appropriate. If abiraterone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is metabolized by CYP2D6 to its active metabolite, M1; M1 is critical to the activity of tramadol. Abiraterone is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with CYP2D6 inhibitors may result in an increase in tramadol plasma levels and a decrease in the levels of the active metabolite, M1. In patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol, decreased M1 levels may result in opioid withdrawal or reduced efficacy while increased tramadol levels may cause serotonin syndrome or seizures.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to higher tramadol concentrations. (Moderate) Monitor for decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) when administering tramadol concurrently with ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir. Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) and increased concentrations of tramadol.
Nitroglycerin: (Minor) Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as opiate agonists. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin is used concurrently with opiate agonists.
Non-Ionic Contrast Media: (Major) Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold and should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Odevixibat: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with odevixibat is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If odevixibat is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and odevixibat is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine is warranted, monitor patients for seizures, excessive sedation and/or somnolence, and the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine may increase seizure risk and cause additive CNS depression. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine is warranted, monitor patients for seizures, excessive sedation and/or somnolence, and the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine may increase seizure risk and cause additive CNS depression. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with fluoxetine is necessary. If fluoxetine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and fluoxetine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Contraindicated) Salmidorphan is contraindicated in patients who are using opiate agonists or undergoing acute opioid withdrawal. Salmidorphan increases the risk of precipitating acute opioid withdrawal in patients dependent on opioids. Before initiating salmidorphan, there should be at least a 7-day opioid-free interval from the last use of short-acting opioids, and at least a 14-day opioid-free interval from the last use of long-acting opioids. In emergency situations, if a salmidorphan-treated patient requires opiates for anesthesia or analgesia, discontinue salmidorphan. The opiate agonist should be administered by properly trained individual(s), and the patient properly monitored in a setting equipped and staffed for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In non-emergency situations, if a salmidorphan-treated patient requires opiate agonist treatment (e.g., for analgesia) discontinue salmidorphan at least 5 days before opioid treatment. Salmidorphan, as an opioid antagonist, may cause opioid treatment to be less effective or ineffective shortly after salmidorphan discontinuation. (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine is warranted, monitor patients for seizures, excessive sedation and/or somnolence, and the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concomitant use of tramadol and olanzapine may increase seizure risk and cause additive CNS depression. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Oliceridine: (Major) Concomitant use of oliceridine with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of oliceridine with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Olmesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Olutasidenib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with olutasidenib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If olutasidenib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and olutasidenib is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Omaveloxolone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with omaveloxolone is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If omaveloxolone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and omaveloxolone is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Ondansetron: (Moderate) Monitor for opioid withdrawal and for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increase, during concomitant ondansetron and tramadol use. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome. Also, data from 2 small trials indicate that concomitant use of ondansetron may result in reduced analgesic activity of tramadol; patients receiving ondansetron used tramadol more frequently leading to an increased cumulative dose in patient-controlled administration of tramadol.
Oritavancin: (Moderate) Tramadol is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inducer. Plasma concentrations and efficacy of tramadol may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently.
Orphenadrine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Osilodrostat: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with osilodrostat is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of osilodrostat, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Oxazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Oxybutynin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and oxybutynin use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Oxycodone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with oxycodone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Oxymorphone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with oxymorphone may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Ozanimod: (Contraindicated) Do not use tramadol in patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping them. An active metabolite of ozanimod inhibits MAO-B. MAO inhibitor interactions with tramadol may manifest as serotonin syndrome, hypertensive crisis, or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma). An active metabolite of ozanimod inhibits MAO-B. Although a small number of patients treated with ozanimod were concomitantly exposed to opioids, this exposure was not adequate to rule out the possibility of an adverse reaction from coadministration.
Pacritinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with pacritinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of pacritinib, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Palbociclib: (Moderate) If coadministration of palbociclib is necessary, monitor for increased tramadol-related adverse effects (e.g., seizures, serotonin syndrome and opioid toxicity including potentially fatal respiratory depression). Consider a tramadol dose reduction until stable drug effects are achieved. If palbociclib is discontinued, monitor for opioid withdrawal symptoms and consider increasing the tramadol dose. Coadministration of palbociclib, a weak time-dependent CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol plasma concentrations and may result in increased metabolism of tramadol through 2D6 resulting in higher levels of the active metabolite, M1.
Paliperidone: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and paliperidone should be administered with caution. Antipsychotics, such as paliperidone, may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and paliperidone.
Palonosetron: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and palonosetron is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Panobinostat: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of panobinostat and tramadol as increased tramadol levels and an increased risk of adverse effects may occur if these agents are used together. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, closely monitor patients for signs and symptoms of tramadol toxicity including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Panobinostat is a CYP2D6 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6. When a single-dose of a CYP2D6-sensitive substrate was administered after 3 doses of panobinostat (20 mg given on days 3, 5, and 8), the CYP2D6 substrate Cmax increased by 20% to 200% and the AUC value increased by 20% to 130% in 14 patients with advanced cancer; exposure was highly variable (coefficient of variance > 150%).
Paroxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with paroxetine is necessary. If paroxetine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and paroxetine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Pazopanib: (Moderate) Pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of pazopanib and tramadol, a CYP3A4 substrate, may cause an increase in systemic concentrations of tramadol. Use caution when administering these drugs concomitantly.
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: (Moderate) Monitor for adverse effects associated with increased exposure to tramadol if peginterferon alfa-2b is coadministered. Peginterferon alfa-2b is a CYP2D6 inhibitor, while tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Pegvisomant: (Moderate) In clinical trials, patients taking opiate agonists often required higher serum pegvisomant concentrations to achieve appropriate IGF-I suppression compared with patients not receiving opiate agonists. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown.
Pentazocine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of pentazocine and opiate agonists, such as tramadol. Pentazocine is a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist that may block the effects of opiate agonists and reduce analgesic effects. Pentazocine may cause withdrawal symptoms in patients receiving chronic opiate agonists. There is also a potential increased risk of seizures if tramadol and pentazocine are given concurrently. Concurrent use of pentazocine with other opiate agonists can cause additive CNS, respiratory, and hypotensive effects. The additive or antagonistic effects are dependent upon the dose of the opiate agonist used; antagonistic effects are more common at low to moderate doses of the opiate agonist.
Pentazocine; Naloxone: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of pentazocine and opiate agonists, such as tramadol. Pentazocine is a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist that may block the effects of opiate agonists and reduce analgesic effects. Pentazocine may cause withdrawal symptoms in patients receiving chronic opiate agonists. There is also a potential increased risk of seizures if tramadol and pentazocine are given concurrently. Concurrent use of pentazocine with other opiate agonists can cause additive CNS, respiratory, and hypotensive effects. The additive or antagonistic effects are dependent upon the dose of the opiate agonist used; antagonistic effects are more common at low to moderate doses of the opiate agonist.
Pentobarbital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Perampanel: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with perampanel may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with perampanel to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Perphenazine: (Major) Seizures have been reported in patients receiving monotherapy with tramadol or antipsychotics at recommended doses. Concomitant use of tramadol and antipsychotics may increase the risk of seizures and result in other additive CNS effects. The manufacturer of tramadol cautions that serotonin syndrome may occur during use of drugs that impair the metabolism of tramadol such as CYP2D6 inhibitors, including antipsychotics like perphenazine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6 inhibitor may in theory also decrease tramadol efficacy.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Major) Seizures have been reported in patients receiving monotherapy with tramadol or antipsychotics at recommended doses. Concomitant use of tramadol and antipsychotics may increase the risk of seizures and result in other additive CNS effects. The manufacturer of tramadol cautions that serotonin syndrome may occur during use of drugs that impair the metabolism of tramadol such as CYP2D6 inhibitors, including antipsychotics like perphenazine. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6 inhibitor may in theory also decrease tramadol efficacy.
Pexidartinib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with pexidartinib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If pexidartinib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and pexidartinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Phenobarbital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate. (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and atropine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and scopolamine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and hyoscyamine use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Reserve concomitant prescribing of opioids and other CNS depressants, such as topiramate, for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
Phenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with hydantoins is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If hydantoins are discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and hydantoins are strong CYP3A inducers. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Pimozide: (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol and pimozide should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and pimozide.
Pirtobrutinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with pirtobrutinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of pirtobrutinib, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Posaconazole: (Major) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with posaconazole is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of posaconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Pramipexole: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with pramipexole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with pramipexole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Dopaminergic agents like pramipexole have also been associated with sudden sleep onset during activities of daily living such as driving, which has resulted in accidents in some cases. Prescribers should re-assess patients for drowsiness or sleepiness regularly throughout treatment, especially since events may occur well after the start of treatment.
Pramlintide: (Major) Pramlintide slows gastric emptying and the rate of nutrient delivery to the small intestine. Medications with the potential to slow GI motility, such as opiate agonists, should be used with caution, if at all, with pramlintide until more data are available from the manufacturer. Monitor blood glucose.
Prasugrel: (Moderate) Consider the use of a parenteral anti-platelet agent for patients with acute coronary syndrome who require concomitant opioid agonists. Coadministration of opioid agonists with prasugrel delays and reduces the absorption of prasugrel's active metabolite due to slowed gastric emptying.
Pregabalin: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with pregabalin may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and respiratory depression. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with pregabalin to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, initiate pregabalin at the lowest recommended dose and monitor patients for symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and respiratory depression.
Primidone: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Procarbazine: (Major) Avoid use of tramadol concurrently or within 14 days of discontinuing a drug with monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)-like activity, such as procarbazine. If concomitant treatment is clinically warranted, careful observation of the patient is advised, especially during treatment initiation and dose increases. International recommendations contraindicate the use of tramadol within 14 days of an MAOI. There is an increased risk of seizures and serotonin syndrome in patients receiving these drugs currently. In animal studies, an increased number of deaths was noted with the combination due to interference with detoxification mechanisms.
Prochlorperazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and prochlorperazine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and prochlorperazine.
Promethazine: (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and promethazine for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, seizures, coma, and death.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and promethazine for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, seizures, coma, and death.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and promethazine for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, seizures, coma, and death.
Propafenone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with propafenone is necessary. If propafenone is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and propafenone is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Propantheline: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and propantheline use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Propranolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Pseudoephedrine; Triprolidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with triprolidine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with triprolidine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Pyrilamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with pyrilamine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with pyrilamine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Quazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Quetiapine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of tramadol and quetiapine is warranted, monitor patients for seizures, excessive sedation and/or somnolence, and the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Concomitant use of tramadol and quetiapine may increase seizure risk and cause additive CNS depression. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Quinidine: (Moderate) As quinidine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Quinine: (Moderate) Quinine inhibits CYP2D6 and may theoretically increase concentrations of other drugs metabolized by this enzyme including tramadol.
Ramelteon: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with ramelteon may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with ramelteon to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) As ranolazine is a weak to moderate CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of either or both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Rasagiline: (Contraindicated) Rasagiline is contraindicated for use with tramadol due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by the rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. At least 14 days should elapse between the discontinuation of rasagiline and the initiation of tramadol.
Remifentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol and remifentanil increases the risk of adverse effects including seizures, serotonin syndrome, and additive opioid toxicity. If concurrent use is necessary, closely monitor the patient, particularly during remifentanil initiation and dosage adjustment. Discontinue remifentanil if serotonin syndrome is suspected or significant adverse events occur.
Remimazolam: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with remimazolam may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Titrate the dose of remimazolam to the desired clinical response and continuously monitor sedated patients for hypotension, airway obstruction, hypoventilation, apnea, and oxygen desaturation.
Ribociclib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ribociclib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ribociclib, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ribociclib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ribociclib, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Rifampin: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with rifampin is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If rifampin is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifampin is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Rifapentine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with rifapentine is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If rifapentine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and rifapentine is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Risperidone: (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol and risperidone should be avoided if possible due to a possible increased risk of seizures. Seizures have been reported in patients receiving monotherapy with tramadol or antipsychotics at recommended doses. In addition, due to the primary CNS effects of risperidone, caution should be used when risperidone is given in combination with other centrally-acting medications such as tramadol.
Ritlecitinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with ritlecitinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of ritlecitinib, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Ritonavir: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to higher tramadol concentrations.
Rizatriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Rolapitant: (Major) Use caution if tramadol and rolapitant are used concurrently, and monitor for tramadol-related adverse effects as well as possible changes to the efficacy of tramadol. Rolapitant is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor; the inhibitory effect of rolapitant is expected to persist beyond 28 days for an unknown duration. Exposure to another CYP2D6 substrate, following a single dose of rolapitant increased about 3-fold on Days 8 and Day 22. The inhibition of CYP2D6 persisted on Day 28 with a 2.3-fold increase in the CYP2D6 substrate concentrations, the last time point measured. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6; therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol, which in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures; serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Ropinirole: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with ropinirole may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with ropinirole to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Dopaminergic agents have also been associated with sudden sleep onset during activities of daily living such as driving, which has resulted in accidents in some cases. Reassess patients for drowsiness or sleepiness regularly throughout treatment, especially since events may occur well after the start of treatment.
Rotigotine: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with rotigotine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with rotigotine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Dopaminergic agents like rotigotine have also been associated with sudden sleep onset during activities of daily living such as driving, which has resulted in accidents in some cases. Prescribers should re-assess patients for drowsiness or sleepiness regularly throughout treatment, especially since events may occur well after the start of treatment.
Rucaparib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in tramadol-related adverse reactions, including serotonin syndrome, seizures, sedation, and respiratory depression, if coadministration with rucaparib is necessary; the risk is greatest if rucaparib is added to a stable dose of tramadol. Consider decreasing the dose of tramadol if necessary. Rucaparib is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor and tramadol is metabolized by both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Coadministration with a CYP3A4 inhibitor may result in a greater amount of tramadol metabolism via CYP2D6, and greater levels of the active metabolite, M1.
Safinamide: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of safinamide with opioids is contraindicated due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Allow at least 14 days between discontinuation of safinamide and initiation of treatment with opioids.
Scopolamine: (Major) Reserve concomitant use of tramadol and scopolamine for patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose and monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death as well as urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Secobarbital: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with barbiturates may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with barbiturates to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Additionally, concomitant use of tramadol with a barbiturate can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal. Discontinuation of a barbiturate may increase the risk of seizures, serotonin syndrome, and the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce CYP3A4; tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Selegiline: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received selegiline within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use increases the risk for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Selpercatinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with selpercatinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of selpercatinib, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Serotonin-Receptor Agonists: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with sertraline is necessary. If sertraline is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and sertraline is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Sodium Oxybate: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with sodium oxybate may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with sodium oxybate to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Sodium Phenylbutyrate; Taurursodiol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with taurursodiol is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If taurursodiol is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A substrate and taurursodiol is a weak CYP3A inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when tramadol is used concomitantly with an anticholinergic drug, such as solifenacin. The concomitant use of tramadol and anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Opiates increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect.
Sotorasib: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with sotorasib is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If sotorasib is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and sotorasib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Spironolactone: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with spironolactone is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of spironolactone, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. Additionally, monitor for decreased diuretic efficacy and additive orthostatic hypotension when spironolactone is administered with tramadol. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. The efficacy of diuretics may be reduced due to opioid-induced release of antidiuretic hormone.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with spironolactone is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of spironolactone, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist. Additionally, monitor for decreased diuretic efficacy and additive orthostatic hypotension when spironolactone is administered with tramadol. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. The efficacy of diuretics may be reduced due to opioid-induced release of antidiuretic hormone. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with St. John's wort is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If St. John's wort is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and St. John's wort is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Stiripentol: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with stiripentol may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with stiripentol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. Coadministration may alter plasma concentrations of tramadol resulting in an increased risk of adverse reactions and/or decreased efficacy. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate. In vitro data predicts inhibition or induction of CYP3A4 by stiripentol potentially resulting in clinically significant interactions.
Sufentanil: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking opiate agonists. Also, tramadol can cause additive CNS depression and respiratory depression when used with opiate agonists; avoid concurrent use whenever possible. If used together, extreme caution is needed, and a reduced tramadol dose is recommended.
Sumatriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Suvorexant: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with suvorexant may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with suvorexant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Tapentadol: (Major) Concomitant use of tapentadol with tramadol may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of tapentadol with tramadol to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking tapentadol.
Tasimelteon: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with tasimelteon may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with tasimelteon to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Tazemetostat: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with tazemetostat is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If tazemetostat is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and tazemetostat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Tedizolid: (Minor) Caution is warranted with the concurrent use of tedizolid and tramadol. Tedizolid is an antibiotic that is also a weak reversible, non-selective inhibitor of MAO. Serious CNS reactions, such as serotonin syndrome, have been reported during the concurrent use of linezolid, which is structurally similar to tedizolid, and psychiatric medications that enhance central serotonergic activity; therefore, caution is warranted with concomitant use of other agents with serotonergic activity, including tramadol.
Telmisartan; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with amlodipine is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of amlodipine, a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Telotristat Ethyl: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with telotristat is necessary; consider increasing the dose of tramadol as needed. If telotristat is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP3A4 substrate and telotristat is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease tramadol levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Temazepam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Terbinafine: (Moderate) As terbinafine inhibits CYP2D6 and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP2D6, concurrent therapy may decrease tramadol metabolism. This interaction may result in decreased tramadol efficacy and/or increased tramadol-induced risks of serotonin syndrome or seizures. The analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), and M1 formation is dependent on CYP2D6. Therefore, use of tramadol with a CYP2D6-inhibitor may alter tramadol efficacy. In addition, inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism is expected to result in reduced metabolic clearance of tramadol. This in turn may increase the risk of tramadol-related adverse events including serotonin syndrome and seizures. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, rigidity, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death.
Tetrabenazine: (Moderate) Additive effects are possible when tetrabenazine is combined with other drugs that cause CNS depression. Concurrent use of tetrabenazine and drugs that can cause CNS depression, such as tramadol, can increase both the frequency and the intensity of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension.
Tezacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Minor) Use caution when administering ivacaftor and tramadol concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and tramadol is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase tramadol exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Thalidomide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of opioid agonists with thalidomide due to the risk of additive CNS depression.
Thiazide diuretics: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Thioridazine: (Major) Concurrent use of tramadol and thioridazine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. In addition, thioridazine has clinically significant CYP2D6 inhibitory effects and has the potential to decrease the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates such as tramadol. Although the full pharmacologic impact of increased tramadol exposure is unknown, close monitoring for serious adverse effects, such as seizures, is advisable. In addition, serotonin syndrome may occur during use of tramadol with medications that impair its metabolism. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by rapid development of hyperthermia, hypertension, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, autonomic instability, mental status changes (e.g., delirium or coma), and in rare cases, death. Because the analgesic activity of tramadol is due to the activity of both the parent drug and the O-desmethyltramadol metabolite (M1), CYP2D6 inhibition by thioridazine may alter the analgesic response to tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and thioridazine.
Thiothixene: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving tramadol and thiothixene for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome, signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity, and opioid withdrawal. If thiothixene is discontinued, consider reducing tramadol dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients closely for adverse events including respiratory depression and sedation. Concomitant use of tramadol with thiothixene may result in an increase in tramadol plasma concentrations and a decrease in the concentrations of the active metabolite, M1. A decrease in M1 exposure in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal and reduced efficacy. The effect of increased tramadol concentrations may be an increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinuation of thiothixene may result in a decrease in tramadol plasma concentrations and an increase in active metabolite M1 concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions related to opioid toxicity and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. Also, concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking thiothixene. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate, and thiothixene is a weak CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Ticagrelor: (Moderate) Coadministration of opioid agonists, such as tramadol, may delay and reduce the absorption of ticagrelor resulting in reduced exposure and diminished inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consider the use of a parenteral antiplatelet agent in acute coronary syndrome patients requiring an opioid agonist. Mean ticagrelor exposure decreased up to 36% in ACS patients undergoing PCI when intravenous morphine was administered with a loading dose of ticagrelor; mean platelet aggregation was higher up to 3 hours post loading dose. Similar effects on ticagrelor exposure and platelet inhibition were observed when fentanyl was administered with a ticagrelor loading dose in ACS patients undergoing PCI. Although exposure to ticagrelor was decreased up to 25% in healthy adults administered intravenous morphine with a loading dose of ticagrelor, platelet inhibition was not delayed or decreased in this population.
Tizanidine: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with a skeletal muscle relaxant may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with a skeletal muscle relaxant to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when tramadol is used concomitantly with an anticholinergic drug, such as tolterodine. The concomitant use of tramadol and anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Opiates increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect.
Topiramate: (Moderate) Reserve concomitant prescribing of opioids and other CNS depressants, such as topiramate, for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
Torsemide: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a loop diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the loop diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Trazodone: (Major) Reserve concomitant prescribing of tramadol and trazodone for use in patients in whom alternate treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation. If concomitant use is necessary, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. Concomitant use can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If concomitant use is necessary, also monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue therapy immediately if serotonin syndrome is suspected. Also, the concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, such as trazodone, has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Triamterene: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of triamterene and tramadol; increase the dosage of triamterene as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic. (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of triamterene and tramadol; increase the dosage of triamterene as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Triazolam: (Major) Concomitant use of opiate agonists with benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death. Limit the use of opiate pain medications with benzodiazepines to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. If an opiate agonist is initiated in a patient taking a benzodiazepine, use a lower initial dose of the opiate and titrate to clinical response. If a benzodiazepine is prescribed for an indication other than epilepsy in a patient taking an opiate agonist, use a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine and titrate to clinical response. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Major) Concomitant use of tramadol with tricyclic antidepressants may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, and death and increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, seizures, and anticholinergic effects. Limit the use of opioid pain medications to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, reduce initial dosage and titrate to clinical response; use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during coadministration. The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Trifluoperazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of tramadol and trifluoperazine should be avoided if possible. Antipsychotics may enhance the seizure risk of tramadol. Additive CNS depression may also be seen with the concomitant use of tramadol and trifluoperazine.
Trihexyphenidyl: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility during concomitant tramadol and trihexyphenidyl use. Concomitant use may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Trimethobenzamide: (Moderate) The concurrent use of trimethobenzamide with other medications that cause CNS depression, like opiate agonists, may potentiate the effects of either trimethobenzamide or the opiate agonist.
Triprolidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with triprolidine may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with triprolidine to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Trofinetide: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with trofinetide is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of trofinetide, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Trospium: (Moderate) Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when trospium, an anticholinergic drug for overactive bladder, is used with opiate agonists. The concomitant use of these drugs together may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Opiates increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Prolongation of the gastrointestinal transit time may be the mechanism of the constipating effect. Both agents may also cause drowsiness or blurred vision, and patients should use care in driving or performing other hazardous tasks until the effects of the drugs are known.
Tucatinib: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with tucatinib is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of tucatinib, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Valerian, Valeriana officinalis: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with valerian may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medication with valerian to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with valproic acid may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of opioid pain medications with valproic acid to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure during coadministration of a thiazide diuretic and tramadol; increase the dosage of the thiazide diuretic as needed. Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Opioids may also potentiate orthostatic hypotension when given concomitantly with a thiazide diuretic.
Vemurafenib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of vemurafenib and tramadol may result in altered concentrations of tramadol. Vemurafenib is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6 and an inducer of CYP3A4. Tramadol is a substrate of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Use caution and monitor patients for toxicity and efficacy.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with venlafaxine is necessary. If venlafaxine is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and venlafaxine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Vigabatrin: (Moderate) Vigabatrin may cause somnolence and fatigue. Drugs that can cause CNS depression, if used concomitantly with vigabatrin, may increase both the frequency and the intensity of adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, and dizziness. Caution should be used when vigabatrin is given with opiate agonists.
Vilazodone: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of CNS effects and serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with vilazodone. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Viloxazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tramadol with viloxazine may alter tramadol plasma concentrations, resulting in unpredictable effects such as reduced efficacy, signs of opioid withdrawal, and seizures, or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, or profound sedation. Consider dose adjustments of tramadol until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to the active metabolite M1, and by CYP3A; viloxazine is a weak CYP2D6 and weak CYP3A inhibitor. CYP3A inhibitors may increase tramadol-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce the plasma concentration of M1, resulting in decreased therapeutic effects.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with vonoprazan is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of vonoprazan, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with vonoprazan is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of vonoprazan, a weak CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with voriconazole is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Vortioxetine: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with vortioxetine. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Voxelotor: (Moderate) Consider a tramadol dosage reduction until stable drug effects are achieved if coadministration with voxelotor is necessary. Closely monitor for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and signs of sedation and respiratory depression. Respiratory depression from increased tramadol exposure may be fatal. Concurrent use of voxelotor, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Monitor prothrombin time and adjust the warfarin dose as needed if administered with tramadol. Advise patients of the increased bleeding risk associated with concomitant use. Alterations in warfarin effect and elevated prothrombin time have been reported rarely following coadministration in postmarketing surveillance.
Zaleplon: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with zaleplon may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., driving, talking, eating, or performing other activities while not fully awake). Limit the use of opioid pain medications with zaleplon to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Instruct patients to contact their provider immediately if sleep-related symptoms or behaviors occur. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ziconotide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of ziconotide and opiate agonists may result in an increased incidence of dizziness and confusion. Ziconotide neither interacts with opiate receptors nor potentiates opiate-induced respiratory depression. However, in animal models, ziconotide did potentiate gastrointestinal motility reduction by opioid agonists.
Ziprasidone: (Moderate) Because of the potential for additive sedation and CNS depression, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with ziprasidone. Tramadol is associated with reports of serotonin syndrome when given with other serotonergic drugs; there are case reports of serotonin syndrome with use of ziprasidone postmarketing but causality is not established. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Zolmitriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Zolpidem: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with zolpidem may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., driving, talking, eating, or performing other activities while not fully awake). Limit the use of opioid pain medications with zolpidem to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Instruct patients to contact their provider immediately if sleep-related symptoms or behaviors occur. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. A dosage reduction of the Intermezzo brand of sublingual zolpidem tablets to 1.75 mg/night is recommended in patients receiving concomitant CNS depressants.

erate CYP3A inhibitor, may increase tramadol exposure and result in greater CYP2D6 metabolism thereby increasing exposure to the active metabolite M1, which is a more potent mu-opioid agonist.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Monitor prothrombin time and adjust the warfarin dose as needed if administered with tramadol. Advise patients of the increased bleeding risk associated with concomitant use. Alterations in warfarin effect and elevated prothrombin time have been reported rarely following coadministration in postmarketing surveillance.
Zaleplon: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with zaleplon may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., driving, talking, eating, or performing other activities while not fully awake). Limit the use of opioid pain medications with zaleplon to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Instruct patients to contact their provider immediately if sleep-related symptoms or behaviors occur. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression.
Ziconotide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of ziconotide and opiate agonists may result in an increased incidence of dizziness and confusion. Ziconotide neither interacts with opiate receptors nor potentiates opiate-induced respiratory depression. However, in animal models, ziconotide did potentiate gastrointestinal motility reduction by opioid agonists.
Ziprasidone: (Moderate) Because of the potential for additive sedation and CNS depression, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with ziprasidone. Tramadol is associated with reports of serotonin syndrome when given with other serotonergic drugs; there are case reports of serotonin syndrome with use of ziprasidone postmarketing but causality is not established. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Zolmitriptan: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, caution should be observed when administering tramadol with serotonin-receptor agonists. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risks and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Zolpidem: (Major) Concomitant use of opioid agonists with zolpidem may cause excessive sedation, somnolence, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., driving, talking, eating, or performing other activities while not fully awake). Limit the use of opioid pain medications with zolpidem to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Instruct patients to contact their provider immediately if sleep-related symptoms or behaviors occur. Educate patients about the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression. A dosage reduction of the Intermezzo brand of sublingual zolpidem tablets to 1.75 mg/night is recommended in patients receiving concomitant CNS depressants.

ConZip/Tramadol/Tramadol Hydrochloride Oral Cap ER: 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, 300mg
QDOLO/Tramadol/Tramadol Hydrochloride Oral Sol: 1mL, 5mg
Ryzolt/Tramadol/Tramadol Hydrochloride/Ultram ER Oral Tab ER: 100mg, 200mg, 300mg
Tramadol/Tramadol Hydrochloride/Ultram Oral Tab: 50mg, 100mg

Adults

400 mg/day PO for immediate-release formulations; 300 mg/day PO for extended-release formulations.

Geriatric

65 to 75 years: 400 mg/day PO for immediate-release formulations; 300 mg/day PO for extended-release formulations.
76 years and older: 300 mg/day PO.

Adolescents

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Children

12 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established.
1 to 11 years: Use is contraindicated.

Infants

Use is contraindicated.

Neonates

Use is contraindicated.

Tramadol is an opioid agonist and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The analgesic effect of tramadol is believed to be due to both binding to mu-opioid receptors and weak inhibition of reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Opioid activity of tramadol is due to both low affinity binding of the parent compound and higher affinity binding of the O-demethylated metabolite M1 to mu-opioid receptors. In animal models, M1 is up to 6 times more potent than tramadol in producing analgesia and 200 times more potent in mu-opioid binding. The relative contribution of both tramadol and M1 to human analgesia is dependent upon the plasma concentrations of each compound. Tramadol has been shown to inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in vitro. These mechanisms may contribute independently to the overall analgesic profile of tramadol.

Tramadol is administered orally. Tramadol has a high tissue affinity. Minimum protein binding occurs (about 20%) and appears to be independent of concentration up to 10 mcg/mL. Saturation of plasma protein binding occurs only at concentrations outside the clinically relevant range. The Vd ranges from 2.6 to 2.9 L/kg. Tramadol undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration. Hepatic metabolism takes place via 2 metabolic pathways to form N- and O-demethylated tramadol. Of a tramadol dose, 60% is metabolized by the liver. The metabolism is also stereoselective; the (-) enantiomer undergoes O-demethylation selectively, and the (+) enantiomer preferentially undergoes N-demethylation, which is mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. O-demethylation is mediated by CYP2D6, and the O-demethylated metabolites are further conjugated. Of 11 identified metabolites, only the O-demethylated metabolite (M1) has analgesic activity, which appears to be critical to the activity of tramadol. The production of M1 depends on CYP2D6. Patients with impaired CYP2D6 activity or those receiving concurrent medications that affect CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 enzymes may experience an altered response to tramadol. Excretion of tramadol and its metabolites is mostly renal. Approximately 30% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug, whereas 60% of the dose is excreted as metabolites. The remainder is excreted either as unidentified or as unextractable metabolites. In normal healthy adults, the mean terminal plasma elimination half-lives of racemic tramadol and racemic M1, respectively, are approximately 6.3 and 7.4 hours after administration of immediate-release tramadol, 7.9 and 8.8 hours after administration of coated extended-release tablets, 6.5 and 7.5 hours after administration of dual-matrix extended-release tablets, and 10 and 11 hours after administration of extended-release capsules.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4
Tramadol is a substrate of CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4.

Oral Route

Immediate-release formulations
Mean absolute bioavailability is 75% after a single 100 mg dose. The rate and extent of oral absorption of the is not significantly affected by food. The mean peak plasma concentration of racemic tramadol and M1 occurs at 2 and 3 hours, respectively, after administration in healthy adults. In general, both enantiomers of tramadol and M1 follow a parallel time course in the body after single and multiple doses although small differences (approximately 10%) exist in the absolute amount of each enantiomer present. Steady-state plasma concentrations of both tramadol and M1 are achieved within 2 days with 4 times daily dosing. Analgesia onset is within 1 hour of administration with a peak effect around 2 to 3 hours; analgesia lasts about 6 hours. The mean Cmax and half-life of tramadol were 173.51 +/- 29.59 ng/mL and 7.61 +/- 1.82 hours, respectively, after a 50 mg dose of immediate-release tablets administered under fasting conditions. AUC0-t of tramadol was 1,681.64 +/- 578.06 hour x ng/mL and AUC0-inf was 1,721.47 +/- 624.72 hour x ng/mL. The median Tmax of tramadol was 1.5 hours. The Cmax and half-life of the active metabolite M1 were 46.14 +/- 18.28 ng/mL and 8.06 +/- 2.11 hours, respectively, after a 50 mg dose of immediate-release tablets administered under fasting conditions. AUC0-t of M1 was 624.1 +/- 199.82 hour x ng/mL and AUC0-inf was 639.26 +/- 198.04 hour x ng/mL. The median Tmax of M1 was 2.25 hours. The Cmax and half-life of tramadol were 180.2 +/- 33.81 ng/mL and 7.65 +/- 1.63 hours, respectively, after a 50 mg dose of oral solution administered under fasting conditions. AUC0-t of tramadol was 1,623.93 +/- 502.43 hour x ng/mL and AUC0-inf was 1,658.31 +/- 525.97 hour x ng/mL. The median Tmax of tramadol was 1.5 hours. The Cmax and half-life of the active metabolite M1 were 47.77 +/- 19.06 ng/mL and 7.94 +/- 1.65 hours, respectively, after a 50 mg dose of oral solution administered under fasting conditions. AUC0-t of M1 was 624.12 +/- 205.58 hour x ng/mL and AUC0-inf was 638.95 +/- 207.13 hour x ng/mL. The median Tmax of M1 was 2 hours.
 
Dual-matrix extended-release tablets
The bioavailability of a 200 mg dual-matrix extended-release tablet, relative to a 50 mg immediate-release tablet every 6 hours, was 95%. The rate and extent of oral absorption of the dual-matrix extended-release tablets is not significantly affected by food. After administration of dual matrix extended-release tablets, peak plasma concentrations of tramadol occur at about 4 hours post-dose and the peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite M1 occur at about 5 hours post-dose. Steady-state concentrations are achieved after 2 days of multiple dosing. In healthy patients, pharmacokinetic parameters are approximately dose proportional over a 100 to 300 mg dose range. At steady-state, the mean AUC0-24, Cmax, and Cmin of tramadol were 5,991 ng x hour/mL, 345 ng/mL, and 157 ng/mL, respectively, after once daily administration of 200 mg extended-release tablets. Tramadol median Tmax was 4 hours. The mean AUC0-24, Cmax, and Cmin of the active metabolite M1 were 1,361 ng x hour/mL, 71 ng/mL, and 41 ng/mL, respectively, after once daily administration of 200 mg extended-release tablets. M1 median Tmax was 5 hours.
 
Coated extended-release tablets
The bioavailability of a 200 mg coated extended-release tablet, relative to a 50 mg immediate-release tablet every 6 hours, was approximately 85 to 90%. Unlike other oral dosage formulations, coated extended-release tablets are recommended to be taken in a consistent manner with or without food, as the Cmax and systemic exposure of tramadol decreased 28% and 16%, respectively, when a single 200 mg dose was taken with a high fat meal as compared with fasting conditions. Further, the mean Tmax increased from 14 hours under fasting conditions to 17 hours under fed conditions. After administration of coated extended-release tablets, peak plasma concentrations of tramadol occur at about 12 hours post-dose and peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite M1 occur at about 15 hours post-dose. The mean Cmax and systemic exposure at steady-state are similar for 200 mg coated extended-release tablets administered once daily and 50 mg immediate-release tablets administered every 6 hours. Steady-state concentrations are achieved after 4 days of therapy with the coated extended-release tablets. In healthy patients, pharmacokinetic parameters are approximately dose proportional over a 100 to 400 mg dose range. However, systemic exposure after tramadol 400 mg oral dose of coated extended-release tablet was 26% higher than predicted based on systemic exposure after a 200 mg dose. At steady-state, the mean AUC0-24, Cmax, Cmin, and Tmax of tramadol were 5,975 ng x hour/mL, 335 ng/mL, 187 ng/mL, and 12 hours, respectively, after once daily administration of 200 mg extended-release tablets. The mean AUC0-24, Cmax, Cmin, and Tmax of the active metabolite M1 were 1,890 ng x hour/mL, 95 ng/mL, 69 ng/mL, and 15 hours, respectively, after once daily administration of 200 mg extended-release tablets.
 
Extended-release capsules
Extended-release tramadol capsules contain both immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER) tramadol in the following specific amounts: 100 mg capsules contain 25 mg IR and 75 mg ER, 200 mg capsules contain 50 mg IR and 150 mg ER, and 300 mg capsules contain 50 mg IR and 250 mg ER. The rate and extent of oral absorption is not significantly affected by food. After administration, peak plasma concentrations of tramadol occur at 5.9 hours post-dose and the peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite M1 occur at 11 hours post-dose. Steady state concentrations of both tramadol and M1 are achieved after 4 days of once-daily dosing. In healthy patients, pharmacokinetic parameters are approximately dose proportional over a 100 to 300 mg dose range. At steady-state, the mean AUC0-24, Cmax, Cmin, and Tmax of tramadol were 5,678 ng x hour/mL, 332 ng/mL, 128 ng/mL, and 5.9 hours, respectively, after administration of 200 mg extended-release capsules. The mean AUC0-24, Cmax, Cmin, and Tmax of the active metabolite M1 were 1,319 ng x hour/mL, 70 ng/mL, 35 ng/mL, and 11 hours, respectively, after administration of 200 mg extended-release capsules.

Pregnancy

Breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment with tramadol because of the potential for serious adverse events, including excess sedation and respiratory depression in the breast-fed infant.[28314] [61890] If an infant is exposed to tramadol through breast milk, monitor for excessive sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breast-fed infants when maternal use of an opioid is stopped or when breast-feeding is stopped.[28314] Alternative analgesics that previous American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations considered as usually compatible with breast-feeding include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and morphine.[27500] There is no information on the effects of tramadol on milk production. Tramadol and its metabolite (M1) are excreted into human milk. An infant nursing from an ultra-rapid metabolizer mother taking tramadol could potentially be exposed to high metabolite concentrations and experience life-threatening respiratory depression. In women with normal tramadol metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of tramadol secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent. After a single IV dose of tramadol 100 mg, the cumulative excretion in breast milk within 16 hours was 100 mcg of tramadol (0.1% of the maternal dose) and 27 mcg of M1.[28314] Samples of breast milk taken from 75 women 2 to 4 days postpartum after receiving at least 4 doses of tramadol indicated that an exclusively breast-fed infant would receive 2.24% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose of tramadol and 0.64% of its metabolite. Assessments of the infants of these mothers using the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score found no difference compared to infants in a control group; 49% percent of mothers in the tramadol group and 100% of mothers in the control group were also receiving other opioids (mostly oxycodone).[45706]