Technivie

NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor Antivirals in Combination with NS5A Protein Inhibitor Antivirals for Hepatitis C

Oral Administration

Administer with a meal, regardless of fat or caloric content.

Severe

suicidal ideation / Delayed / 0-11.0
atrial fibrillation / Early / 0-9.0
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
serious hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis / Rapid / Incidence not known
hepatic failure / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatitis B exacerbation / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

hyperbilirubinemia / Delayed / 5.0-40.0
erythema / Early / 0-13.0
contact dermatitis / Delayed / 0-13.0
skin ulcer / Delayed / 0-13.0
psoriasis / Delayed / 0-13.0
mania / Early / 0-11.0
dyspnea / Early / 0-11.0
depression / Delayed / 0-11.0
angina / Early / 0-9.0
palpitations / Early / 0-9.0
hypertension / Early / 0-9.0
hypotension / Rapid / 0-9.0
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 0-9.0
edema / Delayed / 6.0-6.0
memory impairment / Delayed / 6.0-6.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 6.0-6.0
ascites / Delayed / 0-1.0
jaundice / Delayed / 0-1.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
anemia / Delayed / 0-1.0

Mild

asthenia / Delayed / 25.0-29.0
fatigue / Early / 7.0-25.0
headache / Early / 23.0-23.0
weakness / Early / 0-17.0
myalgia / Early / 0-17.0
back pain / Delayed / 0-17.0
arthralgia / Delayed / 0-17.0
pruritus / Rapid / 5.0-16.0
insomnia / Early / 5.0-14.0
nausea / Early / 9.0-14.0
maculopapular rash / Early / 0-13.0
xerosis / Delayed / 0-13.0
rash / Early / 0-13.0
urticaria / Rapid / 0-13.0
photosensitivity / Delayed / 0-13.0
agitation / Early / 0-11.0
anxiety / Delayed / 0-11.0
dizziness / Early / 0-11.0
irritability / Delayed / 0-11.0
abdominal pain / Early / 9.0-9.0
cough / Delayed / 7.0-7.0
anorexia / Delayed / 6.0-6.0
vomiting / Early / 6.0-6.0

Hepatitis B exacerbation

Use of direct-acting antivirals (DAA), such as ombitasvir and paritaprevir, to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in patients currently or previously infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been associated with reactivation and exacerbation of the HBV infection. Hepatitis B reactivation has also occurred in patients receiving certain immunosuppressive or chemotherapeutic medications; the risk of HBV reactivation associated with DAA treatment may be increased in these patients. To decrease the risk of reactivating a HBV infection, screen all potential drug recipients for evidence of current or prior HBV infection by measuring hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). For those patients whose screening reveals serologic evidence of HBV infection, a baseline HBV DNA concentration should be obtained prior to starting ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Continue to monitor coinfected patients during and after treatment for clinical and laboratory signs of hepatitis B exacerbation (i.e., HBsAg, HBV DNA, hepatic enzymes, bilirubin). In addition, instruct patients to immediately report any signs of liver toxicity (e.g., yellow eyes or skin, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or light-colored stools) to their health care provider. If an ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir recipient develops signs of HBV reactivation, initiate appropriate treatment for HBV infection or consult a physician with expertise in the management of hepatitis infections. The FDA has identified and confirmed 24 cases of hepatitis B exacerbation (including fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure requiring liver transplant n = 1, and death n = 2) in coinfected patients treated with a DAA-based HCV regimen between November 2013 and July 2016. The exact mechanism is unknown; however, a commonly reported sequence of events included initiation of a DAA-based HCV regimen, rapid drop in HCV RNA to undetectable levels within 1 to 2 weeks of liver enzyme normalization, followed by a rise in HBV DNA (with or without increased transaminases) between treatment weeks 4 and 8. Of the 24 reported cases: 8 discontinued the DAA when transaminases began to rise; 12 received HBV treatment with tenofovir or entecavir; 6 did not receive HBV treatment; and 6 did not report whether HBV treatment was used.

Technivie

Rx

3 drug oral combination product including a HCV NS5A inhibitor, a NS3/4A protease inhibitor, and a pharmacokinetic enhancer
For use with ribavirin in the treatment of genotype 4 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
Contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe hepatic disease

For the treatment of genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C infection in patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. Oral dosage Adults 75 kg or more

Two fixed-dose combination tablets containing ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir (12.5/75/50 mg per tablet) PO once daily in the morning with ribavirin 600 mg PO twice daily. Consideration may be given to administering two fixed-dose combination tablets once daily without ribavirin for non-cirrhotic treatment-naive patients who are unable to tolerate ribavirin. Administer for 12 weeks.

Adults less than 75 kg

Two fixed-dose combination tablets containing ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir (12.5/75/50 mg per tablet) PO once daily in the morning with ribavirin 500 mg PO twice daily. Consideration may be given to administering two fixed-dose combination tablets once daily without ribavirin for non-cirrhotic treatment-naive patients who are unable to tolerate ribavirin. Administer for 12 weeks.

Hepatic Impairment

Use is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B and C). In addition, the manufacturer recommends treatment be avoided in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. No dosage adjustments are needed for mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A).

Renal Impairment

Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.

Abacavir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering abacavir and ritonavir concurrently. Ritonavir appears to induce glucuronosyl transferase, and therefore, has the potential to reduce plasma concentrations of drugs that undergo glucuronidation, such as abacavir. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown.
Abacavir; Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with ombitasvir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ombitasvir inhibits UGT1A1. (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with paritaprevir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Paritaprevir inhibits UGT1A1 and BCRP. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering abacavir and ritonavir concurrently. Ritonavir appears to induce glucuronosyl transferase, and therefore, has the potential to reduce plasma concentrations of drugs that undergo glucuronidation, such as abacavir. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown.
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering abacavir and ritonavir concurrently. Ritonavir appears to induce glucuronosyl transferase, and therefore, has the potential to reduce plasma concentrations of drugs that undergo glucuronidation, such as abacavir. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown.
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering abacavir and ritonavir concurrently. Ritonavir appears to induce glucuronosyl transferase, and therefore, has the potential to reduce plasma concentrations of drugs that undergo glucuronidation, such as abacavir. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown. (Minor) Since ritonavir induces glucuronidation, there is the potential for reduction in zidovudine, ZDV plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy with ritonavir. When coadministered with ritonavir, the AUC and Cmax of zidovudine, ZDV are decreased by 12% and 27%. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown.
Abemaciclib: (Major) If coadministration with ritonavir is necessary, reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 100 mg PO twice daily in patients on either of the recommended starting doses of either 200 mg or 150 mg twice daily. In patients who have had already had a dose reduction to 100 mg twice daily due to adverse reactions, further reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 50 mg PO twice daily. Discontinue abemaciclib for patients unable to tolerate 50 mg twice daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the dose of abemaciclib to the original dose after 3 to 5 half-lives of ritonavir. Abemaciclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the relative potency adjusted unbound AUC of abemaciclib plus its active metabolites (M2, M18, and M20) by 2.5-fold in cancer patients.
Acalabrutinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of acalabrutinib and ritonavir; significantly increased acalabrutinib exposure may occur. Acalabrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In healthy subjects, the Cmax and AUC values of acalabrutinib were increased by 3.9-fold and 5.1-fold, respectively, when acalabrutinib was coadministered with another strong inhibitor for 5 days. (Moderate) Coadministration of acalabrutinib and ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir may increase the exposure and the risk of toxicity of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir. Acalabrutinib is a substrate and inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporter in vitro; it may inhibit intestinal BCRP. Ombitasvir is a BCRP transporter substrate and paritaprevir is a substrate and inhibitor of BCRP.
Acarbose: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Acebutolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Phenyltoloxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like ritonavir can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Acetaminophen; Pentazocine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Due to effects on microsomal isoenzymes responsible for hepatic metabolism, ritonavir may alter the response and/or increase the AUC of opiate analgesics. Concurrent use of ritonavir and propoxyphene is not recommended, due the increased formation of the neurotoxic metabolites of propoxyphene. Also, propoxyphene is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4. Increased serum concentrations of propoxyphene can occur from concurrent use of ritonavir, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. A reduced dosage of propoxyphene may be needed. Monitor for CNS and respiratory depression.
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Acetaminophen; Tramadol: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to higher tramadol concentrations. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Adefovir: (Major) Patients who are concurrently taking adefovir with antiretrovirals like the protease inhibitors, are at risk of developing lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women; obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may also be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for hepatic disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Suspend adefovir in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Ado-Trastuzumab emtansine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with ado-trastuzumab emtansine if possible due to the risk of elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of ado-trastuzumab emtansine, DM1. Delay ado-trastuzumab emtansine treatment until ritonavir has cleared from the circulation (approximately 3 half-lives of ritonavir) when possible. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor patients for ado-trastuzumab emtansine-related adverse reactions. The cytotoxic component of ado-trastuzumab emtansine, DM1, is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Formal drug interaction studies with ado-trastuzumab emtansine have not been conducted.
Afatinib: (Moderate) If the concomitant use of paritaprevir and afatinib is necessary, monitor for afatinib-related adverse reactions. If the original dose of afatinib is not tolerated, consider reducing the daily dose of afatinib by 10 mg; resume the previous dose of afatinib as tolerated after discontinuation of paritaprevir. The manufacturer of afatinib recommends permanent discontinuation of therapy for severe or intolerant adverse drug reactions at a dose of 20 mg per day, but does not address a minimum dose otherwise. Afatinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and paritaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor; coadministration may increase plasma concentrations of afatinib. Administration with another P-gp inhibitor, given 1 hour before a single dose of afatinib, increased afatinib exposure by 48%; there was no change in afatinib exposure when the P-gp inhibitor was administered at the same time as afatinib or 6 hours later. In healthy subjects, the relative bioavailability for AUC and Cmax of afatinib was 119% and 104%, respectively, when coadministered with the same P-gp inhibitor, and 111% and 105% when the inhibitor was administered 6 hours after afatinib. (Moderate) If the concomitant use of ritonavir and afatinib is necessary, monitor for afatinib-related adverse reactions. If the original dose of afatinib is not tolerated, consider reducing the daily dose of afatinib by 10 mg; resume the previous dose of afatinib as tolerated after discontinuation of ritonavir. The manufacturer of afatinib recommends permanent discontinuation of therapy for severe or intolerant adverse drug reactions at a dose of 20 mg per day, but does not address a minimum dose otherwise. Afatinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor; coadministration may increase plasma concentrations of afatinib. Administration with another P-gp inhibitor, given 1 hour before a single dose of afatinib, increased afatinib exposure by 48%; there was no change in afatinib exposure when the P-gp inhibitor was administered at the same time as afatinib or 6 hours later. In healthy subjects, the relative bioavailability for AUC and Cmax of afatinib was 119% and 104%, respectively, when coadministered with the same P-gp inhibitor, and 111% and 105% when the inhibitor was administered 6 hours after afatinib.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of aldesleukin, IL-2 with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir. Aldesleukin, IL-2 increases IL-6 concentrations, and IL-6 is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of aldesleukin, IL-2 with ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Aldesleukin, IL-2 increases IL-6 concentrations, and IL-6 is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Alfentanil: (Moderate) Alfentanil is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Drugs that inhibit this enzyme, such as protease inhibitors, may alter responses to alfentanil. A dose reduction of one or both drugs may be warranted. Monitor closely for oversedation and respiratory depression.
Alfuzosin: (Severe) Coadministration of alfuzosin with protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to potential hypotension. Alfuzosin is a CYP3A4 substrate and protease inhibitors are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Aliskiren: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Aliskiren; Valsartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Almotriptan: (Major) Ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may increase the systemic exposure of almotriptan. If coadministered, the recommended starting dose of almotriptan is 6.25 mg; do not exceed 12.5 mg within a 24-hour period. Avoid coadministration in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Almotriptan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration of almotriptan and ketoconazole, another potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in an approximately 60% increase in almotriptan exposure. (Major) Ritonavir may increase the systemic exposure of almotriptan. If coadministered, the recommended starting dose of almotriptan is 6.25 mg; do not exceed 12.5 mg within a 24-hour period. Avoid coadministration in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Almotriptan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration of almotriptan and ketoconazole, another potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in an approximately 60% increase in almotriptan exposure.
Alogliptin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Alosetron: (Major) Concurrent administration of alosetron with ritonavir may alter alosetron plasma concentrations; however, the precise effect is undefined. Alosetron is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inducer of CYP1A2 and possibly CYP2C9. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Alpelisib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of alpelisib with paritaprevir due to increased exposure to alpelisib and the risk of alpelisib-related toxicity. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for alpelisib-related adverse reactions. Alpelisib is a BCRP substrate and paritaprevir is a BCRP inhibitor.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Alprazolam: (Major) Coadministration of alprazolam and ritonavir is not recommended. If coadministration cannot be avoided, a dosage reduction of alprazolam should be considered. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. The initial step in alprazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome CYP3A. Drugs that inhibit this metabolic pathway may profoundly decrease alprazolam clearance, resulting in increased potential for serious alprazolam-related adverse events, such as respiratory depression and prolonged sedation. Consequently, alprazolam should be avoided in patients receiving very potent inhibitors of CYP3A isoenzymes.
Amiodarone: (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and amiodarone is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious consideration may be given to administering amiodarone with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as amiodarone, should be expected with concurrent use.
Amitriptyline: (Major) Concurrent administration of amitriptyline with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated amitriptyline plasma concentrations; however, the clinical implications of this interaction have not been clearly defined. Amitriptyline is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Hepatic isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 also contribute to amitriptyline's metabolism, and these isoenzymes do not appear to be inhibited by the 4-drug regimen. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide: (Major) Concurrent administration of amitriptyline with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated amitriptyline plasma concentrations; however, the clinical implications of this interaction have not been clearly defined. Amitriptyline is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Hepatic isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 also contribute to amitriptyline's metabolism, and these isoenzymes do not appear to be inhibited by the 4-drug regimen. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of chlordiazepoxide and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed. (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Severe) Concomitant use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with atorvastatin is contraindicated due to the potential for severe adverse reactions, including myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Coadministration may result in elevated atorvastatin systemic concentrations. Atorvastatin is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this isoenzyme. (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with ritonavir. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the dosage of either drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage. (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Amobarbital: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Amoxapine: (Major) Ritonavir potently inhibits CYP2D6, and may inhibit the metabolism of amoxapine. Since the magnitude of the interaction with the amoxapine is difficult to predict but may be significant, monitor patients receiving ritonavir and amoxapine concurrently closely. Adjust the dosage of the coadministered drug based on therapeutic response. Amoxapine serum concentration monitoring may be useful to guide adjustments and prevent toxicity.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by ritonavir, consider alternative antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg should not be administered with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in patients with renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin exposure and a 100% decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with ombitasvir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of ombitasvir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-gp. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of paritaprevir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Paritaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher lansoprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lansoprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by ritonavir, consider alternative antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg should not be administered with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in patients with renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin exposure and a 100% decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with ombitasvir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of ombitasvir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-gp. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of paritaprevir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Paritaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. (Moderate) Dosage adjustments of omeprazole may be required during concomitant administration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Use of these drugs together results in decreased omeprazole serum concentrations. Monitor for decreasing efficacy and consider increasing the omeprazole dose if needed; however, adult doses should be limited to no more than 40 mg/day. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Amphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Amphetamines: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Apalutamide: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir with apalutamide is contraindicated due to the potential for decreased paritaprevir concentrations and the potential development of viral resistance. Paritaprevir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and apalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased paritaprevir exposure by 70%. (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir with apalutamide is contraindicated as there is a potential for decreased ritonavir concentrations which may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance; exposure to apalutamide may also increase. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inhibitor. Apalutamide is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inducer.
Apixaban: (Major) Concurrent administration of apixaban with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir requires a dosage adjustment for apixaban. For patients receiving more than 2.5 mg PO twice daily of apixaban, reduce the apixaban dosage by 50%. For patients receiving apixaban 2.5 mg PO twice daily, avoid coadministration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Apixaban is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A4 and P-gp and paritaprevir inhibits P-gp. Coadministration of these agents increases apixaban plasma concentrations and risk of adverse events such as bleeding. (Major) Reduce the apixaban dose by 50% when coadministered with drugs that are both strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-gp, such as ritonavir. If patients are already receiving the reduced dose of 2.5 mg twice daily, avoid concomitant administration of apixaban and ritonavir. Concomitant administration of ritonavir and apixaban results in increased exposure to apixaban and an increase in the risk of bleeding.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ritonavir with aprepitant, fosaprepitant due to substantially increased exposure of aprepitant; after administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. Increased ritonavir exposure may also occur. If coadministration cannot be avoided, use caution and monitor for an increase in ritonavir- and aprepitant-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and aprepitant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of aprepitant by approximately 5-fold, and the mean terminal half-life by approximately 3-fold. Ritonavir is also a is also a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. When administered as a single oral or single intravenous dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak and does not result in a clinically significant increase in the AUC of a sensitive substrate. (Moderate) Avoid the concomitant use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with aprepitant due to substantially increased exposure of aprepitant; increased paritaprevir and ritonavir exposure may also occur. If coadministration cannot be avoided, use caution and monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-, ritonavir-, and aprepitant-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares the same drug interactions. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and aprepitant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a single oral dose of aprepitant (125 mg) on day 5 of a 10-day ketoconazole regimen (strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) increased the aprep

itant AUC approximately 5-fold, and increased the mean terminal half-life by approximately 3-fold. Paritaprevir and ritonavir are also CYP3A4 substrates. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer; substitution of fosaprepitant 115 mg IV on day 1 of the 3-day regimen may lessen the inhibitory effects of CYP3A4. The AUC of a single dose of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam, increased by 2.3-fold and 3.3-fold on days 1 and 5, respectively, when coadministered with a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam increased by 25% on day 4, and decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively, when given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15. As a single 40-mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.2-fold; the midazolam AUC increased by 1.5-fold after a single 125-mg dose of oral aprepitant. After single doses of IV fosaprepitant, the midazolam AUC increased by 1.8-fold (150 mg) and 1.6-fold (100 mg); less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Arformoterol: (Moderate) The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with ritonavir, include beta-agonists.
Aripiprazole: (Major) Because aripiprazole is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the oral aripiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 such as ritonavir. Patients classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor should have their oral aripiprazole dose reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose with subsequent adjustments based upon clinical response. Adults receiving a combination of a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor for more than 14 days should have their Abilify Maintena dose reduced from 400 mg/month to 200 mg/month or from 300 mg/month to 160 mg/month, respectively. Adults receiving Abilify Maintena who are PMs and receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as ritonavir, should have a dose reduction to 200 mg/month IM. In adults receiving Aristada, the Aristada dose should be reduced to the next lower strength during use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for more than 14 days. For patients receiving 882 mg of Aristada every 6 weeks or 1064 mg every 2 months, the next lower strength should be 441 mg administered every 4 weeks. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients taking 441 mg IM of Aristada, if tolerated. Adults receiving Aristada who are PMs of CYP2D6 and receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for more than 14 days should have their dose reduced from 662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg to 441 mg IM; no dose adjustment is needed in patients receiving 441 mg of Aristada, if tolerated. In adults receiving Aristada 662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg, combined use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for more than 14 days should be avoided; no dose adjustment is needed in patients taking 441 mg, if tolerated. Avoid concurrent use of Aristada Initio and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors because the dose of Aristada Initio cannot be modified.
Armodafinil: (Severe) Concurrent administration of armodafinil with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in decreased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Armodafinil is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of this enzyme. (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir with armodafinil may result in elevated armodafinil concentrations and decreased ritonavir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Armodafinil is a substrate and inducer of CYP3A4, and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of P-gp. Ritonavir is also a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Ritonavir is a substrate, potent inhibitor, and inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, depending on the activity of the coadministered drug. Both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme; therefore, coadministration may lead to increased or decreased artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Concomitant use warrants caution due to the potential for increased side effects, including increased potentiation of QT prolongation due to increased drug concentrations, or loss of antimalarial activity depending on the artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Consider ECG monitoring if ritonavir must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. (Major) Ritonavir is a substrate, potent inhibitor, and inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, depending on the activity of the coadministered drug. Both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme; therefore, coadministration may lead to increased or decreased artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Concomitant use warrants caution due to the potential for increased side effects, including increased potentiation of QT prolongation due to increased drug concentrations, or loss of antimalarial activity depending on the artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Consider ECG monitoring if ritonavir must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment.
Artesunate: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in antimalarial efficacy if artesunate is coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration of oral artesunate with ritonavir resulted in a decrease in the AUC of the active metabolite of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, by 38%.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol: (Moderate) Systemic exposure and the maximum serum concentration of carisoprodol were decreased when a single 250 mg dose was administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. If these drugs are given together, monitor for reduced carisoprodol efficacy; consider increasing the carisoprodol dose if clinically needed.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. (Moderate) Systemic exposure and the maximum serum concentration of carisoprodol were decreased when a single 250 mg dose was administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. If these drugs are given together, monitor for reduced carisoprodol efficacy; consider increasing the carisoprodol dose if clinically needed.
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results in decreased tipranavir concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Dosage adjustments of omeprazole may be required during concomitant administration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Use of these drugs together results in decreased omeprazole serum concentrations. Monitor for decreasing efficacy and consider increasing the omeprazole dose if needed; however, adult doses should be limited to no more than 40 mg/day. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like ritonavir can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Aspirin, ASA; Pravastatin: (Major) Adult doses of pravastatin must be limited to no more than 40 mg/day when administered with paritaprevir-containing regimens. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen. Monitor for pravastatin related adverse events, such as myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Use of these drugs together results in elevated pravastatin serum concentrations.
Atazanavir: (Major) Administering atazanavir (boosted with ritonavir) concurrently with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir has resulted in elevated paritaprevir serum concentrations. Coadministration of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and atazanavir is not recommended. If dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is administered with atazanavir, change the atazanavir regimen to atazanavir 300 mg administered only in the morning and given WITHOUT the ritonavir booster. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. (Minor) Coadministration of atazanavir with ritonavir results in higher atazanavir concentrations; reduced adult doses of atazanavir 300 mg once daily are recommended when ritonavir (100 mg once daily) is given concomitantly. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including atazanavir) has not been evaluated. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Major) Administering atazanavir (boosted with ritonavir) concurrently with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir has resulted in elevated paritaprevir serum concentrations. Coadministration of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and atazanavir is not recommended. If dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is administered with atazanavir, change the atazanavir regimen to atazanavir 300 mg administered only in the morning and given WITHOUT the ritonavir booster. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold. (Minor) Coadministration of atazanavir with ritonavir results in higher atazanavir concentrations; reduced adult doses of atazanavir 300 mg once daily are recommended when ritonavir (100 mg once daily) is given concomitantly. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including atazanavir) has not been evaluated. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Atenolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Atorvastatin: (Severe) Concomitant use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with atorvastatin is contraindicated due to the potential for severe adverse reactions, including myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Coadministration may result in elevated atorvastatin systemic concentrations. Atorvastatin is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this isoenzyme. (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with ritonavir. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the dosage of either drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage.
Atorvastatin; Ezetimibe: (Severe) Concomitant use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with atorvastatin is contraindicated due to the potential for severe adverse reactions, including myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Coadministration may result in elevated atorvastatin systemic concentrations. Atorvastatin is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this isoenzyme. (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with ritonavir. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the dosage of either drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage.
Atovaquone: (Minor) The concurrent administration of ritonavir with atovaquone may result in decreased plasma levels of atovaquone. The clinical significance and mechanism of this potential interaction are unknown; the manufacturer states that an increase in atovaquone doses may be needed.
Atovaquone; Proguanil: (Minor) The concurrent administration of ritonavir with atovaquone may result in decreased plasma levels of atovaquone. The clinical significance and mechanism of this potential interaction are unknown; the manufacturer states that an increase in atovaquone doses may be needed.
Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with phenobarbital is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Phenobarbital is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenobarbital may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Avanafil: (Major) Avanafil is a substrate of and primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Studies have shown that drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 can increase avanafil exposure. Patients taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir, should not take avanafil. For example, ketoconazole increased avanafil AUC and Cmax equal to 13-fold and 3-fold, respectively and prolonged the half-life of avanafil to approximately 9 hours. Likewise, coadministration of ritonavir with avanafil resulted in an approximate 13-fold increase in AUC and 2.4-fold increase in Cmax of avanafil. Therefore, concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended.
Avapritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of avapritinib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased avapritinib-related adverse reactions. Avapritinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the AUC of avapritinib by 600% at steady-state.
Avatrombopag: (Major) In patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), increase the starting dose of avatrombopag to 40 mg PO once daily when used concomitantly with ritonavir. In patients starting ritonavir while receiving avatrombopag, monitor platelet counts and adjust the avatrombopag dose as necessary. Dosage adjustments are not required for patients with chronic liver disease. Avatrombopag is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate, and dual moderate or strong inducers such as ritonavir decrease avatrombopag exposure, which may reduce efficacy.
Axitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of axitinib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased axitinib-related adverse reactions. If coadministration is unavoidable, decrease the dose of axitinib by approximately half; subsequent doses can be increased or decreased based on individual safety and tolerability. Resume the original dose of axitinib approximately 3 to 5 half-lives after ritonavir is discontinued. Axitinib is a CYP3A4/5 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor significantly increased the plasma exposure of axitinib in healthy volunteers.
Azelastine; Fluticasone: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate.
Barbiturates: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Concurrent use of bedaquiline and ritonavir should be avoided due to the potential risk of adverse reactions to bedaquiline because of increased systemic exposure. Bedaquiline is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concurrent use of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased bedaquiline exposure by 22%.
Belladonna Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred. (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with phenobarbital is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Phenobarbital is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenobarbital may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Belladonna; Opium: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of opium if the two drugs are coadministered.
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent use of benzhydrocodone with ritonavir may increase the risk of increased opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Consider a dose reduction of benzhydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinuation of ritonavir in a patient taking benzhydrocodone may decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug for hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak in vitro inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Benzphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Bepridil: (Severe) Ritonavir can produce large increases in plasma concentrations of certain drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. The concurrent use of ritonavir is contraindicated with bepridil.
Betamethasone: (Moderate) Consider an alternative corticosteroid that is less affected by CYP3A4 (i.e., beclomethasone or prednisolone), particularly for long-term use, in patients receiving ritonavir. Coadministration may significantly increase betamethasone exposure increasing the risk for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and betamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%.
Betaxolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Betrixaban: (Major) Avoid betrixaban use in patients with severe renal impairment receiving ritonavir. Reduce betrixaban dosage to 80 mg PO once followed by 40 mg PO once daily in all other patients receiving ritonavir. Bleeding risk may be increased; monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Betrixaban is a substrate of P-gp; ritonavir inhibits P-gp.
Bexarotene: (Severe) Concurrent administration of bexarotene with paritaprevir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together may result in decreased concentrations of paritaprevir which may affect antiviral efficacy. Bexarotene is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer; paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Bicalutamide: (Major) Bicalutamide is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Substances that are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 activity, such as protease inhibitors, decrease the metabolism of bicalutamide and increase bicalutamide concentrations. This increase may be clinically relevant as adverse reactions to bicalutamide are related to dose and exposure.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Bisoprolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Boceprevir: (Major) Concurrent administration of ritonavir with boceprevir is not recommended due to the potential for HIV and hepatitis C treatment failures. This combination has resulted in decreased serum concentrations of both medications. Ritonavir is an inhibitor, inducer, and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir is an inhibitor and substrate of this isoenzyme. Additionally, both drugs are substrates and inhibitors of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP). If these drugs are coadministered, health care providers are advised to closely monitor for decreased treatment response and virologic rebound. Health care providers are also encouraged to report any drug-related adverse reactions to the FDA MedWatch Program.
Bortezomib: (Moderate) In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicate that bortezomib is a significant substrate for CYP3A4. Agents that inhibit CYP3A4, such ritonavir, may increase the exposure to bortezomib and increase the risk for toxicity. The manufacturer warns that patients who are receiving bortezomib concurrently with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should be closely monitored for potential toxicity. Additionally, ritonavir can cause peripheral neuropathy. It may be prudent to monitor patients for signs and symptoms of neuropathy.
Bosentan: (Severe) Concurrent administration of bosentan with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated bosentan plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Bosentan is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 and a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and OATP; paritaprevir is also an OATP inhibitor. In addition, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of CYP3A4. (Major) Do not administer bosentan with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors that are not boosted with ritonavir as decreased protease inhibitor concentrations are expected. In addition, administration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with bosentan may increase bosentan serum concentrations due to the inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. In patients who have been receiving protease inhibitor therapy for at least 10 days, initiate bosentan at the recommended initial dose once daily or every other day based on tolerability. For patients on bosentan who need protease inhibitor therapy, discontinue use of bosentan at least 36 hours prior to starting protease inhibitor therapy. After 10 days of the protease inhibitor therapy, bosentan may be restarted at the recommended initial dose once daily or every other day based on tolerability. Bosentan is a substrate for organic anion transport protein (OATP), CYP3A, and CYP2C9. In healthy subjects, initial and steady state trough plasma concentrations of bosentan were approximately 48-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, after coadministration of bosentan 125 mg twice daily PO and lopinavir; ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily PO compared to those measured after bosentan alone. This is most likely explained by inhibition by lopinavir of OATP-mediated uptake into hepatocytes; toxicity of bosentan is possible. Monitor for potential adverse effects of bosentan during coadministration with CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 inhibitors; excessive bosentan dosage may result in hypotension or elevated hepatic enzyme. Additionally, bosentan is a significant inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 hepatic enzymes. Theoretically, bosentan may increase the clearance of the protease inhibitors and potentially lead to a reduction of anti-retroviral efficacy. However, this interaction has not been studied.
Bosutinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of bosutinib and ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir as bosutinib plasma exposure may be significantly increased resulting in an increased risk of bosutinib adverse events (e.g., myelosuppression, GI toxicity). Bosutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a cross-over trial in 24 healthy volunteers, the Cmax and AUC values of bosutinib were increased 5.2-fold and 8.6-fold, respectively, when a single oral dose of bosutinib 100 mg PO was administered after 5 days of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of bosutinib with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir; coadministration is expected to result in elevated bosutinib concentrations and increased risk of adverse events. Bosutinib is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4, and is an inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are P-gp substrates, which suggests elevated plasma concentrations of the antivirals may also occur.
Brentuximab vedotin: (Minor) Concomitant administration of brentuximab vedotin and ritonavir may increase the exposure of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), one of the 3 components released from brentuximab vedotin. The manufacturer suggests that potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may alter MMAE exposure as MMAE is a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for adverse reactions.
Brexpiprazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 inhibitor in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole dose to its original level.
Brigatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of brigatinib with ritonavir if possible due to increased plasma exposure of brigatinib; an increase in brigatinib-related adverse reactions may occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of brigatinib by approximately 50% without breaking tablets (i.e., from 180 mg to 90 mg; from 90 mg to 60 mg); after discontinuation of ritonavir, resume the brigatinib dose that was tolerated prior to initiation of ritonavir. Brigatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of brigatinib by 101% and 21%, respectively. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with brigatinib is necessary. Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP. Brigatinib inhibits both P-gp and BCRP in vitro and may have the potential to increase concentrations of substrates of these transporters. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with brigatinib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP. Brigatinib inhibits both P-gp and BCRP in vitro and may have the potential to increase concentrations of substrates of these transporters.
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Moderate) Timolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair timolol metabolism; the clinical significance of such interactions is unknown.
Bromocriptine: (Major) When bromocriptine is used for diabetes, avoid coadministration with ritonavir ensuring adequate washout before initiating bromocriptine. Use this combination with caution in patients receiving bromocriptine for other indications. Concurrent use may significantly increase bromocriptine concentrations. Bromocriptine is extensively metabolized in the liver via CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Budesonide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and ritonavir due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure to the corticosteroid may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and ritonavir due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure to the corticosteroid may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and ritonavir due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure to the corticosteroid may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Bupivacaine Liposomal: (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP 3A4, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of bupivacaine may be needed.
Bupivacaine: (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP 3A4, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of bupivacaine may be needed.
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4, an isoenzyme that is partially responsible for the metabolism of lidocaine. The concurrent use of systemic lidocaine and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be carefully monitored due to the potential for serious toxicity. (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP 3A4, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of bupivacaine may be needed.
Buprenorphine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and ritonavir can increase the plasma concentration of buprenorphine, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects, particularly when ritonavir is added after a stable buprenorphine dose is achieved. If concurrent use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patient for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. When stopping ritonavir, the buprenorphine concentration will decrease, potentially resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependency. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing buprenorphine dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. Buprenorphine is a substrate of CYP3A4. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and ritonavir can increase the plasma concentration of buprenorphine, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects, particularly when ritonavir is added after a stable buprenorphine dose is achieved. If concurrent use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patient for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. When stopping ritonavir, the buprenorphine concentration will decrease, potentially resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependency. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing buprenorphine dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. Buprenorphine is a substrate of CYP3A4. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Bupropion: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%.
Buspirone: (Major) When buspirone is administered with a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 like ritonavir, a low dose of buspirone used cautiously is recommended. Some patients receiving drugs that are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 with buspirone have reported lightheadedness, asthenia, dizziness, and drowsiness. If the two drugs are to be used in combination, a low dose of buspirone (e.g., 2.5 mg PO twice daily) is recommended. Subsequent dose adjustment of either drug should be based on clinical assessment. Several other anti-retroviral protease inhibitors also inhibit CYP3A4, and these may interact with buspirone in a similar manner.
Butabarbital: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Cabazitaxel: (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabazitaxel with ritonavir if possible due to increased cabazitaxel exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of cabazitaxel by 25%. Cabazitaxel is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased cabazitaxel exposure by 25%.
Cabozantinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabozantinib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased cabozantinib exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of cabozantinib. For patients taking cabozantinib tablets, reduce the dose of cabozantinib by 20 mg (e.g., 60 mg/day to 40 mg/day; 40 mg/day to 20 mg/day); for patients taking cabozantinib capsules, reduce the dose of cabozantinib by 40 mg (e.g., 140 mg/day to 100 mg/day or 100 mg/day to 60 mg/day). Resume the cabozantinib dose that was used prior to initiating treatment with ritonavir 2 to 3 days after discontinuation of ritonavir. Cabozantinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased single-dose cabozantinib exposure by 38%. Cabozantinib is also P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates such as ritonavir; however, the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. (Minor) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cabozantinib is necessary; a dose adjustment of ombitasvir may be necessary. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Cabozantinib is a P-gp inhibitor and has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates; however, the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. (Minor) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cabozantinib is necessary; a dose adjustment of paritaprevir may be necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Cabozantinib is a P-gp inhibitor and has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates; however, the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Caffeine; Ergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Calcifediol: (Moderate) Dose adjustment of calcifediol may be necessary during coadministration with ritonavir. Additionally, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact PTH, and calcium concentrations should be closely monitored if a patient initiates or discontinues therapy with ritonavir. Ritonavir, which is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, may inhibit enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism (CYP24A1 and CYP27B1) and may alter serum concentrations of calcifediol.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of canagliflozin if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. In patients taking ritonavir who have an eGFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. In patients who are tolerating canagliflozin to 200 mg and who require additional glycemic control, the dose may be increased to 300 mg once daily. In patients taking ritonavir who have an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. Consider other antihyperglycemic therapy in patients who require additional glycemic control. Canagliflozin is a UGT1A9 and 2B4 substrate and ritonavir is a UGT inducer. Coadministration with a nonselective inducer of several UGT enzymes decreased canagliflozin exposure by 51%. In addition, new onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of antiretroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of canagliflozin if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. In patients taking ritonavir who have an eGFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. In patients who are tolerating canagliflozin to 200 mg and who require additional glycemic control, the dose may be increased to 300 mg once daily. In patients taking ritonavir who have an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. Consider other antihyperglycemic therapy in patients who require additional glycemic control. Canagliflozin is a UGT1A9 and 2B4 substrate and ritonavir is a UGT inducer. Coadministration with a nonselective inducer of several UGT enzymes decreased canagliflozin exposure by 51%. In addition, new onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of antiretroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Candesartan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of candesartan; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated candesartan plasma concentrations. A candesartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in candesartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of candesartan; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated candesartan plasma concentrations. A candesartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in candesartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of candesartan; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated candesartan plasma concentrations. A candesartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in candesartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of candesartan; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated candesartan plasma concentrations. A candesartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in candesartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker.
Capmatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in capmatinib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Capmatinib is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased capmatinib exposure by 42%. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with capmatinib is necessary. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP substrate. Capmatinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with capmatinib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP substrate. Capmatinib is a P-gp and BCRP inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase paritaprevir exposure.
Carbamazepine: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with carbamazepine is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Carbamazepine is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, carbamazepine induces P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Ritonavir decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of carbamazepine, resulting in increased carbamazepine concentrations. In addition, carbamazepine increases the metabolism of the protease inhibitors and may lead to decreased efficacy of these medications. Carbamazepine is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of this isoenzyme. In addition, carbamazepine induces P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which ritonavir is a substrate. Treatment failures have been reported with protease inhibitors when carbamazepine is used concomitantly. The appropriate drug-dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both antiretroviral drugs and carbamazepine are unknown. If used concomitantly, the patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy of the antiretroviral regimen or for carbamazepine toxicity.
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respirato ry depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Cariprazine: (Major) Cariprazine and its active metabolites are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. When a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as ritonavir, is initiated in a patient who is on a stable dose of cariprazine, reduce the cariprazine dosage by half. For adult patients taking cariprazine 4.5 mg daily, the dosage should be reduced to 1.5 mg or 3 mg daily. For patients taking cariprazine 1.5 mg daily, the dosing frequency should be adjusted to every other day. When the CYP3A4 inhibitor is withdrawn, the cariprazine dosage may need to be increased. When initiating cariprazine in a patient who is stable on a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the patient should be administered 1.5 mg of cariprazine on Day 1 and on Day 3 with no dose administered on Day 2. From Day 4 onward, the dose should be administered at 1.5 mg daily, then increased to a maximum dose of 3 mg daily. When the CYP3A4 inhibitor is withdrawn, the cariprazine dosage may need to be increased.
Carisoprodol: (Moderate) Systemic exposure and the maximum serum concentration of carisoprodol were decreased when a single 250 mg dose was administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. If these drugs are given together, monitor for reduced carisoprodol efficacy; consider increasing the carisoprodol dose if clinically needed.
Carteolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Carvedilol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of carvedilol with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of carvedilol and the components of the hepatitis C regimen. Carvedilol is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6 and a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir inhibits CYP2D6 and P-gp. In addition, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all P-gp substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Inhibitors of the hepatic CYP450 isozyme CYP2D6, such as ritonavir, may inhibit the hepatic oxidative metabolism of carvedilol. In addition, both drugs are inhibitors and subtrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Close monitoring of serum drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required when carvedilol is coadministered with ritonavir.
Ceritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with ritonavir due to increased exposure to ceritinib; plasma concentrations of ritonavir may also increase. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the dose of ceritinib by approximately one-third, rounded to the nearest multiple of 150 mg; monitor for treatment-related adverse reactions. After ritonavir is discontinued, resume the dose of ceritinib taken prior to initiating ritonavir. Both drugs are CYP3A4 substrates and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ceritinib exposure by 2.9-fold after a single dose in healthy subjects. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ceritinib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and ceritinib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2- to 2.9-fold.
Cetirizine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53% increase in half-life, and 29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53% increase in half-life, and 29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition.
Cevimeline: (Major) Cevimeline is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors inhibit one or both of these isoenzymes and are expected to lead to an increase in cevimeline plasma concentrations.
Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chloramphenicol with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir and subsequent adverse events. Chloramphenicol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chloramphenicol with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir, and subsequent adverse events. Chloramphenicol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate of this enzyme. Monitor patient for ritonavir-related adverse events.
Chlordiazepoxide: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of chlordiazepoxide and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of chlordiazepoxide and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed.
Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Ciclesonide: (Moderate) Coadministration of ciclesonide with ritonavir may cause elevated ciclesonide serum concentrations, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Ciclesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Corticosteroids, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, should be considered, especially for long-term use.
Cidofovir: (Moderate) Additive adverse effects may be seen when cidofovir is given with other agents that cause neutropenia. Patients receiving anti-retroviral protease inhibitors in combination with cidofovir may have an increased risk of iritis or uveitis.
Cilostazol: (Major) Concurrent administration of cilostazol with protease inhibitors can result in elevated cilostazol plasma concentrations; the manufacturer recommends prescribers consider up to a 50% reduction in cilostazol dosage during concurrent administration. Cilostazol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors block this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of cimetidine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir. Cimetidine is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; ritonavir is partially metabolized by both of these enzymes. In addition, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of CYP3A4. Monitor for adverse events if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of cimetidine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Cimetidine is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; ritonavir is partially metabolized by both of these enzymes. Monitor for adverse events if these drugs are administered together.
Cinacalcet: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of cinacalcet with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of cinacalcet. Cinacalcet is a substrate of CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Cisapride: (Severe) Concurrent use of cisapride with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PI) is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Cisapride is metabolized by CYP3A4, and all PIs inhibit this enzyme; thus, coadministration may increases cisapride plasma concentrations and increase the risk of adverse events. Cases of QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including TdP and death, have been observed during post-marketing surveillance when cisapride is administered with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Citalopram: (Minor) Concurrent use of ritonavir may increase citalopram exposure and treatment-related adverse effects. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Because CYP3A4 is one of the primary enzymes involved in the metabolism of citalopram, it is expected that strong CYP3A4 inhibitors might decrease the clearance of citalopram. However, coadministration of citalopram and another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of citalopram.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by ritonavir, consider alternative antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg should not be administered with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in patients with renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin exposure and a 100% decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for different bacteria. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with ombitasvir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of ombitasvir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-gp. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering clarithromycin concurrently with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs together may result in elevated concentrations of paritaprevir. Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Paritaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Clevidipine: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Clindamycin: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in clindamycin-related adverse reactions with coadministration of ritonavir as concurrent use may increase clindamycin exposure. Clindamycin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Clobazam: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced response to ritonavir and increased adverse effects from both clobazam and ritonavir during concurrent use. Coadministration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of clobazam and altered concentrations of ritonavir. Clobazam is a substrate of CYP3A4, weak inducer of CYP3A4, and an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is also a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Clofarabine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofarabine, a substrate of OCT1, and ritonavir, an inhibitor of OCT1, may result in increased clofarabine levels. Therefore, monitor for signs of clofarabine toxicity such as gastrointestinal toxicity (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal inflammation), hematologic toxicity, and skin toxicity (e.g. hand and foot syndrome, rash, pruritus) in patients also receiving OCT1 inhibitors.
Clomipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Clonazepam: (Moderate) Use protease inhibitors cautiously and carefully monitor patients receiving concurrent clonazepam due to impaired metabolism of clonazepam leading to exaggerated concentrations and adverse effects, such as CNS and/or respiratory depression. Clonazepam is a CYP3A4 substrate. Protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Clopidogrel: (Major) Avoid coadministration of clopidogrel with ritonavir due to the potential for decreased clopidogrel efficacy. Prasugrel is preferred to clopidogrel if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Although clopidogrel is primarily converted to its active metabolite via CYP2C19, it has been suggested that inhibition of CYP3A4 also reduces its conversion to the active metabolite, thereby reducing its antiplatelet effect. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Clorazepate: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of N-desmethyldiazepam, the active metabolite of clorazepate, and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. Monitor patients closely who receive concurrent therapy.
Clozapine: (Major) Consider a clozapine dose adjustment if coadministered with ritonavir and monitor for efficacy and adverse reactions. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor for lack of clozapine effect and adverse effects and adjust dose if necessary. A clinically relevant increase or decrease in the plasma concentration of clozapine may occur during concurrent use. Clozapine is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 and weak CYP2D6 inhibitor and a moderate inducer of CYP1A2.
Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Cobimetinib: (Major) Avoid the concurrent use of cobimetinib with paritaprevir due to the risk of cobimetinib toxicity. Cobimetinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; paritaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration may increase cobimetinib serum concentrations. (Major) Avoid the concurrent use of cobimetinib with ritonavir due to the risk of cobimetinib toxicity. Cobimetinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate as well as a CYP3A substrate in vitro; ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor as well as a strong CYP3A inhibitor. In healthy subjects (n = 15), coadministration of a single 10 mg dose of cobimetinib with itraconazole (200 mg once daily for 14 days), another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the mean cobimetinib AUC by 6.7-fold (90% CI, 5.6 to 8) and the mean Cmax by 3.2-fold (90% CI, 2.7 to 3.7).
Cocaine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of cocaine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of cocaine, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Cocaine is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2D6; ritonavir is a substrate/inhibitor of both these enzymes. In addition, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. While single uses of topical cocaine for local anethesia would not be expected to have clinically significant interactions, users of systemic cocaine could experience adverse events. (Moderate) Concurrent use of cocaine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of cocaine and ritonavir. Cocaine is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2D6; ritonavir is a substrate/inhibitor of both these enzymes. While single uses of topical cocaine for local anethesia would not be expected to have clinically significant interactions, users of systemic cocaine could experience adverse events.
Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy.
Colchicine: (Severe) Coadministration of colchicine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated due to the potential for serious and life-threatening toxicity. Colchicine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Paritaprevir is also a P-gp inhibitor. When coadministered with P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitors, patients with renal or hepatic impairment may experience a significant increase in colchicine serum concentration; thereby, increasing the risk for seroius toxicity. (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid coadministration of colchicine and ritonavir in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be greater in these populations. Ritonavir can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken ritonavir in the past 14 days or require concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3 mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day.
Colchicine; Probenecid: (Severe) Coadministration of colchicine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated due to the potential for serious and life-threatening toxicity. Colchicine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Paritaprevir is also a P-gp inhibitor. When coadministered with P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitors, patients with renal or hepatic impairment may experience a significant increase in colchicine serum concentration; thereby, increasing the risk for seroius toxicity. (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid coadministration of colchicine and ritonavir in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be greater in these populations. Ritonavir can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken ritonavir in the past 14 days or require concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3 mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day.
Conivaptan: (Severe) Coadministration of conivaptan with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors like ritonavir is contraindicated. The plasma concentrations of both drugs may be elevated during concurrent use. Coadministration of conivaptan with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, results in 4- and 11- fold increase in conivaptan Cmax and AUC, respectively; similar pharmacokinetic effects could be seen with the coadministration of conivaptan and ritonavir. In addition, conivaptan inhibits both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Per the manufacturer of conivaptan, concomitant use of conivaptan with CYP3A4 substrates should be avoided. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates may be initiated no sooner than 1 week after completion of conivaptan therapy.
Conjugated Estrogens: (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering ritonavir (more than 30 days) with conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated by signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene: (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering ritonavir (more than 30 days) with conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated by signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4 in vitro. (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering ritonavir (more than 30 days) with conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated by signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Copanlisib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of copanlisib and ritonavir if possible; increased copanlisib exposure may occur. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the copanlisib dose to 45 mg and monitor patients for copanlisib-related adverse events (e.g., hypertension, infection, and skin rash). Copanlisib is a CYP3A substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Crizotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with crizotinib due to increased plasma concentrations of crizotinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of crizotinib to 250 mg by mouth once daily; resume the original crizotinib dose after discontinuation of ritonavir. Crizotinib is a CYP3A substrate. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with one strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of single-dose crizotinib by 216% and 44%, respectively. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the steady-state AUC and Cmax of crizotinib by 57% and 33%, respectively, compared to crizotinib alone.
Cyclobenzaprine: (Moderate) Systemic exposure and the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of cyclobenzaprine were decreased when a single 5 mg dose was administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. If these drugs are given together, monitor for reduced cyclobenzaprine efficacy; consider increasing the cyclobenzaprine dose if clinically needed.
Cyclosporine: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. (Major) Reduce cyclosporine dose to one-fifth (1/5th) of the patients current cyclosporine dose when initiating treatment with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as coadministration results in elevated cyclosporine blood concentrations. With subsequent doses, monitor cyclosporine blood concentrations to determine further dose adjustments. After completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen, the dose should be re-adjusted based on measured blood concentrations. Monitor for renal function and cyclosporine associated adverse reactions. (Major) Reduce cyclosporine dose to one-fifth (1/5th) of the patients current cyclosporine dose when initiating treatment with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as coadministration results in elevated cyclosporine blood concentrations. With subsequent doses, monitor cyclosporine blood concentrations to determine further dose adjustments. After completion of thehepatitis C treatment regimen, the dose should be re-adjusted based on measured blood concentrations. Monitor for renal function and cyclosporine associated adverse reactions
Dabigatran: (Moderate) Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is coadministered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. Patients should be monitored for increased adverse effects of dabigatran. When dabigatran is administered for treatment or reduction in risk of recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) or prophylaxis of DVT or PE following hip replacement surgery, avoid coadministration with P-gp inhibitors like ritonavir in patients with CrCl less than 50 mL/min. When dabigatran is used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and severe renal impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/min), avoid coadministration with ritonavir, as serum concentrations of dabigatran are expected to be higher than when administered to patients with normal renal function. P-gp inhibition and renal impairment are the major independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran. (Moderate) Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is coadministered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. Patients should be monitored for increased adverse effects of dabigatran. When dabigatran is administered for treatment or reduction in risk of recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), avoid coadministration with P-gp inhibitors like ritonavir in patients with CrCl less than 50 mL/min. When dabigatran is used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and severe renal impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/min), avoid coadministration with ritonavir, as serum concentrations of dabigatran are expected to be higher than when administered to patients with normal renal function. P-gp inhibition and renal impairment are the major independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran. (Moderate) Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is coadministered with ritonavir, a P-gp inhibitor. Patients should be monitored for increased adverse effects of dabigatran. When dabigatran is administered for treatment or reduction in risk of recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or prophylaxis of DVT or PE following hip replacement surgery, avoid coadministration with P-gp inhibitors like ritonavir in patients with CrCl less than 50 mL/minute. When dabigatran is used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and severe renal impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/minute), avoid coadministration with ritonavir, as serum concentrations of dabigatran are expected to be higher than when administered to patients with normal renal function. P-gp inhibition and renal impairment are the major independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran.
Dabrafenib: (Major) Concurrent administration of dabrafenib with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated dabrafenib plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Dabrafenib's product labeling recommends avoidance of coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors if possible. Dabrafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Dabrafenib is a CYP3A4 inducer, which could increase the metabolism of the antivirals. If these drugs must be administered together, caution and close monitoring are advised. (Major) The concomitant use of dabrafenib, a CYP3A4 substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inducer, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a CYP3A4 substrate and inducer, may result in altered levels of either agent; avoid concomitant use if possible. If another agent cannot be substituted and coadministration of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients closely for dabrafenib or ritonavir adverse effects and/or reduced efficacy.
Daclatasvir: (Major) Taking daclatasvir with ombitasvir may increase serum concentrations of ombitasvir, and potentially increase the risk for adverse effects. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates; daclatasvir is a P-gp inhibitor. (Major) Taking daclatasvir with paritaprevir may increase serum concentrations of paritaprevir, and potentially increase the risk for adverse effects. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates; daclatasvir is a P-gp inhibitor. (Major) The dose of daclatasvir, a CYP3A4 substrate, must be reduced to 30 mg PO once daily when administered in combination with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir. Taking these drugs together may increase daclatasvir serum concentrations, and potentially increase the risk for adverse effects. In addition, the therapeutic effects of ritonavir, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, may be increased by daclatasvir, a P-gp inhibitor.
Dalfopristin; Quinupristin: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dalfopristin; quinupristin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is expected to result in elevated plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. According to the manufacturer of dalfopristin; quinupristin, concomitant use with CYP3A4 substrates that may prolong the QT interval should be avoided. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. Quinupristin is a potent inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Danazol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of danazol with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Danazol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of this enzyme. Although therapy with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinical relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation in other trials. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Dapsone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dapsone with ritonavir may result in elevated dapsone plasma concentrations. Dapsone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Darifenacin: (Moderate) The daily dose of darifenacin should not exceed 7.5 mg PO when administered with ritonavir due to increased darifenacin exposure. Darifenacin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Darolutamide: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with darolutamide is necessary. Concomitant use may increase plasma concentrations of ombitasvir. Ombitasvir is a BCRP substrate. Darolutamide is a BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with darolutamide is necessary. Concomitant use may increase plasma concentrations of paritaprevir. Paritaprevir is a BCRP substrate. Darolutamide is a BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor patients more frequently for darolutamide-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary due to the risk of increased darolutamide exposure; decrease the dose of darolutamide for grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions or for otherwise intolerable adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; darolutamide is a CYP3A4 substrate. Concomitant use with another combined P-gp inhibitor and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean AUC and Cmax of darolutamide by 1.7-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively.
Darunavir: (Major) Darunavir trough concentrations (Cmin) are reduced when darunavir (boosted with ritonavir) is administered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Avoid concurrent use of these drugs in treatment experienced patients with 1 or more darunavir-associated mutations or with no baseline resistance data. However, for treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with no darunavir-associated mutations, darunavir may be administered with the 3- or 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimens if: darunavir is dosed at 800 mg daily; darunavir is given WITHOUT ritonavir; darunavir is given at the same time as the hepatitis C treatment regimen. The darunavir dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Major) Darunavir trough concentrations (Cmin) are reduced when darunavir (boosted with ritonavir) is administered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Avoid concurrent use of these drugs in treatment experienced patients with 1 or more darunavir-associated mutations or with no baseline resistance data. However, for treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with no darunavir-associated mutations, darunavir may be administered with the 3- or 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimens if: darunavir is dosed at 800 mg daily; darunavir is given WITHOUT ritonavir; darunavir is given at the same time as the hepatitis C treatment regimen. The darunavir dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Major) Darunavir trough concentrations (Cmin) are reduced when darunavir (boosted with ritonavir) is administered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Avoid concurrent use of these drugs in treatment experienced patients with 1 or more darunavir-associated mutations or with no baseline resistance data. However, for treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with no darunavir-associated mutations, darunavir may be administered with the 3- or 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimens if: darunavir is dosed at 800 mg daily; darunavir is given WITHOUT ritonavir; darunavir is given at the same time as the hepatitis C treatment regimen. The darunavir dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Dasatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of dasatinib and ritonavir due to the potential for increased dasatinib exposure and subsequent toxicity including QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). An alternative to ritonavir with no or minimal enzyme inhibition potential is recommended if possible. If coadministration cannot be avoided, consider a dasatinib dose reduction to 40 mg PO daily if original dose was 140 mg daily, 20 mg PO daily if original dose was 100 mg daily, or 20 mg PO daily if original dose was 70 mg daily. Concomitant use of ritonavir is not recommended in patients receiving dasatinib 60 mg or 40 mg daily. If dasatinib is not tolerated after dose reduction, consider alternative therapies. If ritonavir is stopped, allow a washout of approximately 1 week before increasing the dasatinib dose. Dasatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has the potential to prolong the QT interval; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of dasatinib by 4-fold and 5-fold, respectively.
Deferasirox: (Severe) Concurrent administration of deferasirox with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in altered deferasirox plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Deferasirox is an inducer of CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, deferasirox is a substrate for uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT); dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. In addition, ritonavir may induce UGT. (Major) Concurrent administration of deferasirox with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in altered deferasirox plasma concentrations. Deferasirox is a substrate for uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT); dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. In addition, ritonavir may induce UGT. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Major) Deferasirox undergoes UGT metabolism, and ritonavir is a potent inducer of this enzyme system. The concomitant administration of deferasirox (single dose of 30 mg/kg) and the potent UGT inducer rifampin (i.e., rifampicin 600 mg/day for 9 days) resulted in a decrease in deferasirox AUC by 44%. Although specific drug interaction studies of deferasirox and ritonavir are not available, a similar interaction may occur. Avoid the concomitant use of ritonavir and deferasirox if possible. If ritonavir and deferasirox coadministration is necessary, consider increasing the initial dose of deferasirox. Monitor serum ferritin concentrations and clinical response for further modifications.
Deflazacort: (Major) Decrease deflazacort dose to one third of the recommended dosage when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may significantly increase concentrations of 21-desDFZ, the active metabolite of deflazacort, resulting in an increased risk of toxicity. Deflazacort is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Administration of deflazacort with clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased total exposure to 21-desDFZ by about 3-fold.
Delavirdine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of delavirdine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of delavirdine, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. During concurrent administration of delavirdine with ritonavir, increased ritonavir AUC (70%) has been noted. Appropriate doses of ritonavir in combination with delavirdine in regard to safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics have not been established. Both delavirdine and ritonavir CYP3A4 potent inhibitors and substrates as well as CYP2D6 inhibitors and substrates. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity of ritonavir during coadministration of delavirdine. Appropriate doses of ritonavir in combination with delavirdine with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. The exposure to ritonavir has been increased by 70% during concurrent administration of delavirdine.
Desipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Dexamethasone: (Severe) Concurrent administration of dexamethasone with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated dexamethasone plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Antiviral efficacy could be affected. Dexamethasone is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and a CYP3A4 substrate/inducer. Ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor and a CYP3A4 substrate/potent inhibitor. Both paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. (Moderate) Close monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects is required when dexamethasone is coadministered with ritonavir. Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Dexlansoprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dexlansoprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated dexlansoprazole plasma concentrations. Dexlansoprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and monitoring for adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Use caution if ritonavir is coadministered with dexmedetomidine due to the potential for decreased dexmedetomidine exposure which may decrease its efficacy. Limited data suggests that dexmedetomidine is metabolized by several enzymes, including CYP2C19. Ritonavir is an inducer of CYP2C19.
Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Severe) The manufacturer of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir recommends caution and therapeutic drug monitoring (when available) if administered concurrently with quinidine. However, since one of the components of the 3-drug combination is ritonavir, use of these drugs together is contraindicated. Both ritonavir and quinidine are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use increases the risk for developing Torsade de Pointes (TdP). In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, an enzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of quinidine. If administered together, serum concentration of quinidine may increase. (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and quinidine is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious consideration may be given to administering quinidine with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as quinidine, should be expected with concurrent use.
Diazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of diazepam and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. Prolonged sedation and respiratory depression can occur. A decrease in the diazepam dose may be needed (Moderate) Systemic exposure of diazepam and its metabolite, nordiazepam, were decreased when a single 2 mg dose was administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. If these drugs are given together, monitor for reduced diazepam efficacy; consider increasing the diazepam dose if clinically needed.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diclofenac with ritonavir may result in elevated diclofenac plasma concentrations. Diclofenac is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diclofenac with ritonavir may result in elevated diclofenac plasma concentrations. Diclofenac is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Didanosine, ddI: (Major) Administration of didanosine, ddI and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir should be separated by at least 2.5 hours to avoid formulation incompatibilities. Didanosine is given on an empty stomach, and the 4-drug hepatitis regimen must be given with food. Coadministration of ritonavir and didanosine resulted in decreases in the AUC and Cmax of didanosine by 13% and 16%, respectively, in pharmacokinetic trials. Dosage adjustments might be required when didanosine is administered with ritonavir.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Digoxin: (Major) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with digoxin is expected to increase digoxin serum concentrations. Digoxin's product labeling recommends a digoxin dosage reduction of 30 to 50%. Measure digoxin serum concentration before initiating dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, and then as clinically appropriate during coadministration to ensure appropriate digoxin dosage titration. Monitor for therapeutic and adverse effects. Digoxin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and ritonavir and paritaprevir are a P-gp inhibitors. (Major) In a pharmacokinetic study of 11 healthy men, increases in digoxin AUC (86%), volume of distribution, and half-life were seen, while renal and non-renal clearance decreased, when coadministered with ritonavir. It appears that this interaction is mediated by ritonavir's inhibition or P-glycoprotein-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including digoxin) has not been evaluated. Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir. Reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing the digoxin dose by approximately 30 to 50% or by modifying the dosing frequency and continue monitoring.
Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Dihydroergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Diltiazem: (Major) Ritonavir is expected to decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of diltiazem, resulting in increased diltiazem concentrations. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased diltiazem may be warranted. In addition, ritonavir and diltiazem both prolong the PR interval and caution for increased risk is recommended with coadministration.
Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Disopyramide: (Major) Caution is warranted when ritonavir is coadministered with antiarrhythmics, including disopyramide. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, and increased concentrations of disopyramide may be expected during coadministration. Therapeutic antiarrhythmic concentration monitoring is suggested when available. Monitor therapeutic response closely; dosage reduction may be needed. In some cases, the drug interaction may require more than 50% dosage reduction due to potent inhibitory effects and drug accumulation. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with disopyramide.
Disulfiram: (Major) Oral solutions of ritonavir contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Docetaxel: (Major) Avoid coadministration of docetaxel with ritonavir if possible due to increased plasma concentrations of docetaxel. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for docetaxel-related adverse reactions and consider a 50% dose reduction of docetaxel. Docetaxel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased docetaxel exposure by 2.2-fold.
Dofetilide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dofetilide and ritonavir may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) due to increased dofetilide exposure. Dofetilide is metabolized to a small degree by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Dolutegravir: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with ombitasvir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ombitasvir inhibits UGT1A1. (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with paritaprevir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Paritaprevir inhibits UGT1A1 and BCRP.
Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with ombitasvir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ombitasvir inhibits UGT1A1. (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with paritaprevir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Paritaprevir inhibits UGT1A1 and BCRP.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with ombitasvir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ombitasvir inhibits UGT1A1. (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Concurrent administration of dolutegravir with paritaprevir may result in elevated dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Dolutegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Paritaprevir inhibits UGT1A1 and BCRP.
Donepezil: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of donepezil may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or cholinergic effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a CYP2D6 inhibitor, while donepezil is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of donepezil may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or cholinergic effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a CYP2D6 inhibitor, while donepezil is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate.
Doravirine: (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations. Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, concurrent use of ritonavir increased doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant.
Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations. Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, concurrent use of ritonavir increased doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: (Moderate) Timolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair timolol metabolism; the clinical significance of such interactions is unknown.
Doxazosin: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for signs of hypotension during coadministration. The plasma concentrations of doxazosin may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; doxazosin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of doxazosin with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in a 10% increase in mean AUC and an insignificant increase in mean Cmax and mean half-life of doxazosin. Although not studied in combination with doxazosin, strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may have a larger impact on doxazosin concentrations and therefore should be used with caution.
Doxepin: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) Protease inhibitors may decrease efficacy of doxercalciferol. Doxercalciferol is converted in the liver to 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, the major active metabolite, and 1-alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D2, a minor metabolite. Although not specifically studied, cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors, including protease inhibitors, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy. Patients should be monitored for a decrease in efficacy if these drugs are administered together.
Doxorubicin Liposomal: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with doxorubicin due to increased systemic exposure of doxorubicin resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor; doxorubicin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 and/or P-gp inhibitors with doxorubicin has resulted in clinically significant interactions.
Doxorubicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with doxorubicin due to increased systemic exposure of doxorubicin resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor; doxorubicin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 and/or P-gp inhibitors with doxorubicin has resulted in clinically significant interactions.
Dronabinol: (Major) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with ritonavir is necessary, and closely monitor for an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., cognitive impairment, psychosis, seizures, and hemodynamic instability, as well as feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate CYP2C9 inducer; it is contraindicated with sensitive drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A4/5 for clearance. Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate; concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol.
Dronedarone: (Severe) The concomitant use of dronedarone and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Dronedarone use is contraindicated with other drugs that prolong the QTc and may induce Torsade de Pointes (TdP), such as ritonavir. Furthermore, no data exist for the safe administration of dronedarone (CYP3A substrate/moderate inhibitor) with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, and concomitant use is contraindicated. Elevated concentrations of each drug can be expected, followed by further risk of serious adverse reactions. Dronedarone is also a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir are CYP3A and P-gp substrates; ombitasvir is also a P-gp substrate. (Severe) The concomitant use of dronedarone and ritonavir is contraindicated. Dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A, is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A, and is an inhibitor of P-gp. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, is an inducer of CYP3A, and is a substrate of CYP3A and P-gp. Repeated doses of ketoconazole, also a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased dronedarone exposure 17-fold and increased dronedarone Cmax 9-fold. Furthermore, coadministration of dronedarone and ritonavir may, theoretically, result in decreased concentrations of dronedarone due to CYP3A induction by ritonavir; the net effect on dronedarone plasma concentrations is not known. However, no data exist regarding the safe administration of dronedarone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; therefore, concomitant use is contraindicated. Also, the effects of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir have not been described, although an increase in ritonavir serum concentrations is possible.
Droperidol: (Major) An increased risk of adverse events, including QT prolongation, and elevated droperidol plasma concentrations may result if droperidol is coadministered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to any patient who is receiving other drugs that may prolong the QT interval. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with QT prolongation in other trials. If these drugs must be used together, initiate droperidol at the lowest dose with cautious upward dosage adjustments, if needed, to achieve the desired effect. Further caution is warranted as droperidol is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of P-gp. Paritaprevir is also a P-gp inhibitor. Increased droperidol concentrations would be expected, along with an increased risk of serious adverse effects.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Dutasteride: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dutasteride with protease inhibitors may result in elevated dutasteride plasma concentrations. Dutasteride is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Dutasteride; Tamsulosin: (Major) Plasma concentrations of tamsulosin may be increased with concomitant use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Tamsulosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 hepatic enzymes. In clinical evaluation, concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in tamsulosin exposure. Such increases in tamsulosin concentrations may be expected to produce clinically significant and potentially serious side effects, such as hypotension. Therefore, concomitant use of tamsulosin with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, or an agent with both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor activity, should be avoided. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dutasteride with protease inhibitors may result in elevated dutasteride plasma concentrations. Dutasteride is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Duvelisib: (Major) Reduce duvelisib dose to 15 mg PO twice daily and monitor for increased toxicity when coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration may increase the exposure of duvelisib. Duvelisib is a CYP3A substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. The increase in exposure to duvelisib is estimated to be approximately 2-fold when used concomitantly with strong CYP3A inhibitors such as ritonavir.
Echinacea: (Moderate) Use Echinacea sp. with caution in patients taking medications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Some experts have suggested that Echinacea's effects on the immune system might cause problems for patients with HIV infection, particularly with long-term use. There may be less risk with short-term use (less than 2 weeks). A few pharmacokinetic studies have shown reductions in blood levels of some antiretroviral medications when Echinacea was given, presumably due to CYP induction. However, more study is needed for various HIV treatment regimens. Of the agents studied, the interactions do not appear to be significant or to require dose adjustments at the time of use. Although no dose adjustments are required, monitoring drug concentrations may give reassurance during co-administration. Monitor viral load and other parameters carefully during therapy.
Edoxaban: (Moderate) Coadministration of edoxaban and ritonavir may result in increased concentrations of edoxaban. Edoxaban is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Increased concentrations of edoxaban may occur during concomitant use of ritonavir; monitor for increased adverse effects of edoxaban. Dosage reduction may be considered for patients being treated for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism.
Efavirenz: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with efavirenz is contraindicated. The use of this drug combination was pooly tolerated by recipients and resulted in hepatic enzyme elevations. (Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) when efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both drugs.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with efavirenz is contraindicated. The use of this drug combination was pooly tolerated by recipients and resulted in hepatic enzyme elevations. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) when efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both drugs.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with efavirenz is contraindicated. The use of this drug combination was pooly tolerated by recipients and resulted in hepatic enzyme elevations. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) when efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both drugs.
Elagolix: (Severe) Concomitant use of elagolix and strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors such as paritaprevir is contraindicated. Use of elagolix with drugs that inhibit OATP1B1 may increase elagolix plasma concentrations. Elagolix is a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1. Another OATP1B1 potent inhibitor increased elagolix AUC in the range of 2- to 5.58-fold. Increased elagolix concentrations increase the risk for dose-related side effects, including loss of bone mineral density. (Major) Concomitant use of elagolix 200 mg twice daily and ritonavir for more than 1 month is not recommended. Limit concomitant use of elagolix 150 mg once daily and ritonavir to 6 months. Monitor for elagolix-related side effects and reduced response to ritonavir. Elagolix is a CYP3A substrate and a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase elagolix plasma concentrations and decrease ritonavir concentrations. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of elagolix with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of elagolix by 77% and 120%, respectively.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Severe) Concomitant use of elagolix and strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors such as paritaprevir is contraindicated. Use of elagolix with drugs that inhibit OATP1B1 may increase elagolix plasma concentrations. Elagolix is a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1. Another OATP1B1 potent inhibitor increased elagolix AUC in the range of 2- to 5.58-fold. Increased elagolix concentrations increase the risk for dose-related side effects, including loss of bone mineral density. (Major) Concomitant use of elagolix 200 mg twice daily and ritonavir for more than 1 month is not recommended. Limit concomitant use of elagolix 150 mg once daily and ritonavir to 6 months. Monitor for elagolix-related side effects and reduced response to ritonavir. Elagolix is a CYP3A substrate and a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase elagolix plasma concentrations and decrease ritonavir concentrations. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of elagolix with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of elagolix by 77% and 120%, respectively. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Severe) Concurrent administration of grazoprevir with paritaprevir is contraindicated. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase grazoprevir plasma concentrations, and may result in adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations). Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP); grazoprevir is a substrate of OATP1B1/3. (Major) Concurrent administration of elbasvir with ritonavir should be avoided if possible. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of elbasvir, and may result in adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations and hepatotoxicity). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A, while elbasvir is metabolized by CYP3A. (Major) Concurrent administration of grazoprevir with ritonavir should be avoided if possible. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of grazoprevir, and may result in adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations and hepatotoxicity). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A, while grazoprevir is metabolized by CYP3A. In addition, concentrations of ritonavir (also a CYP3A substrate) may be increased when given with grazoprevir (a weak CYP3A inhibitor).
Eletriptan: (Severe) Eletriptan is contraindicated for use within 72 hours of using any drug that is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor as described in the prescribing information of the interacting drug including protease inhibitors. Eletriptan is metabolized via CYP3A4, and coadministration with protease inhibitors may cause increased eletriptan concentrations and thus toxicity.
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor when coadministered with ritonavir; coadministration may increase elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 2 elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor combination tablets twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor are CYP3A4 substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate); ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased elexacaftor exposure by 2.8- fold, tezacaftor exposure by 4.5-fold, and ivacaftor exposure by 15.6-fold. (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of tezacaftor; ivacaftor when coadministered with ritonavir; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 1 tezacaftor; ivacaftor combination tablet twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate); ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased tezacaftor and ivacaftor exposure 4- and 15.6-fold, respectively. (Moderate) Monitor for paritaprevir-related adverse reactions during coadministration of elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor as concurrent use may increase exposure of paritaprevir. Paritaprevir is a substrate for the transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3; elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor may inhibit uptake of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
Eliglustat: (Severe) Coadministration of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and eliglustat is contraindicated. Ritonavir is a substrate/inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Eliglustat is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate, and a P-gp inhibitor; ritonavir, paritaprevir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir are all P-gp substrates In addition, eliglustat is predicted to cause PR, QRS, and/or QT prolongation at significantly elevated plasma concentrations. Use of these drugs together may result in additive effects on the QT interval and, potentially, increased plasma concentrations of eliglustat and/or ritonavir, further increasing the risk of serious adverse events (e.g., QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias). Coadministration of eliglustat with both a moderate or strong CYP3A inhibitor and a moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is contraindicated in all patients because it inhibit eliglustat's metabolic clearance through both pathways. (Severe) Coadministration of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and eliglustat is contraindicated. Ritonavir is a substrate/inhibitor of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Eliglustat is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate, and a P-gp inhibitor; ritonavir, paritaprevir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir are all P-gp substrates. In addition, eliglustat is predicted to cause PR, QRS, and/or QT prolongation at significantly elevated plasma concentrations. Use of these drugs together may result in additive effects on the QT interval and, potentially, increased plasma concentrations of eliglustat and/or ritonavir, further increasing the risk of serious adverse events (e.g., QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias). Coadministration of eliglustat with both a moderate or strong CYP3A inhibitor and a moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is contraindicated in all patients because it inhibit eliglustat's metabolic clearance through both pathways. (Major) Coadministration of eliglustat and ritonavir is contraindicated in intermediate or poor CYP2D6 metabolizers (IMs or PMs). In extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (EMs), coadministration of these agents requires dosage reduction of eliglustat to 84 mg PO once daily. The coadministration of eliglustat with ritonavir and a moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is contraindicated in all patients. Eliglustat is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate. Coadministration of eliglustat with CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir, increases eliglustat exposure and the risk of serious adverse events (e.g., QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias); this risk is the highest in CYP2D6 IMs and PMs because a larger portion of the eliglustat dose is metabolized via CYP3A.
Eltrombopag: (Moderate) Eltrombopag is metabolized by CYP1A2. The significance of administering inducers of CYP1A2, such as ritonavir, on the systemic exposure of eltrombopag has not been established. Monitor patients for a decrease in the efficacy of eltrombopag if these drugs are coadministered.
Eluxadoline: (Major) When administered concurrently with paritaprevir, the dose of eluxadoline must be reduced to 75 mg PO twice daily, and the patient should be closely monitored for adverse effects. Both eluxadoline and paritaprevir are substrates and inhibitors of the organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP1B1). In addition, eluxadoline may inhibit the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); paritaprevir is a substrate of this transporter. This specific interaction has not been evaluated; however, administration of eluxadoline with another OATP and BCRP substrate (rosuvastatin) resulted in an increase in the exposure (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of rosuvastatin by 40% and 18%, respectively. In another study, coadministration of eluxadoline with an OATP inhibitor (cyclosporine) resulted in elevated AUC and Cmax of eluxadoline by 4.4- and 6.2-fold, respectively. Advise patients against driving or operating machinery until the combine effects of these drugs on the individual patient is known. (Major) When administered concurrently with ritonavir, the dose of eluxadoline must be reduced to 75 mg PO twice daily, and the patient should be closely monitored for eluxadoline-related adverse effects (i.e., decreased mental and physical acuity). Advise patients against driving or operating machinery until the combine effects of these drugs on the individual patient is known. Eluxadoline is a substrate of the organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP1B1); ritonavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor.
Elvitegravir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1/3) and the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1/3) and the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1/3) and the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cobicistat is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and cobicistat is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Emtricitabine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Enalapril; Felodipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of felodipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated felodipine plasma concentrations. This increase in felodipine concentration may lead to increased therapeutic and adverse effects, such as lower blood pressure, dizziness, and headache. Felodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring.
Encainide: (Major) Concurrent administration of encainide with ritonavir may result in elevated encainide plasma concentrations. Encainide is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme and may increase serum encainide concentrations by as much as 2-fold. Because encainide has a narrow therapeutic index and adverse events may be severe, close monitoring and dose adjustment are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Encorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and ritonavir due to increased encorafenib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the encorafenib dose to one-third of the dose used prior to the addition of ritonavir. If ritonavir is discontinued, the original encorafenib dose may be resumed after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Encorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor with a single 50 mg dose of encorafenib (0.1 times the recommended dose) increased the encorafenib AUC and Cmax by 3-fold and 68%, respectively.
Enfortumab vedotin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of enfortumab vedotin-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Concomitant use may increase free monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) exposure, which may increase the incidence or severity of enfortumab-vedotin toxicities. MMAE, the microtubule-disrupting component of enfortumab vedotin, is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Clinical drug interaction studies have not been conducted for enfortumab vedotin. However, coadministration of another antibody-drug conjugate that contains MMAE with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of MMAE by 25% and 34%, respectively, with no change in the total exposure of the antibody-drug conjugate.
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with ritonavir due to increased entrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older with BSA greater than 1.5 m2, reduce the entrectinib dose to 100 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original entrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Entrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of entrectinib by 6-fold in a drug interaction study.
Enzalutamide: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir with enzalutamide is contraindicated due to the potential for decreased paritaprevir concentrations and the potential development of viral resistance. Paritaprevir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased paritaprevir exposure by 70%. (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir with enzalutamide is contraindicated as there is a potential for decreased ritonavir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4; enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer.
Eplerenone: (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir and eplerenone is contraindicated. Ritonavir potently inhibits the hepatic CYP3A4 isoenzyme and can increase the serum concentrations of eplerenone. Increased eplerenone concentrations may lead to a risk of developing hyperkalemia and hypotension.
Erdafitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erdafitinib and ritonavir due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of erdafitinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for erdafitinib-related adverse reactions and consider dose modifications as clinically appropriate. If ritonavir is discontinued, the dose of erdafitinib may be increased in the absence of drug-related toxicity. Erdafitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The mean ratios for the Cmax and AUC of erdafitinib were 105% and 134%, respectively, when coadministered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Ergoloid Mesylates: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Ergonovine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Ergot alkaloids: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Ergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Erlotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erlotinib with ritonavir if possible due to the increased risk of erlotinib-related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable and severe reactions occur, reduce the dose of erlotinib by 50 mg decrements. Erlotinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased erlotinib exposure by 67%.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Erythromycin: (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ombitasvir as concurrent administration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ombitasvir. Monitor for adverse events such as gastrointestinal and skin reactions. Erythromycin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ombitasvir is a P-gp substrate. (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and paritaprevir as concurrent administration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of paritaprevir. Monitor for adverse events such as gastrointestinal and skin reactions. Erythromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ritonavir as erythromycin may increase ritonavir serum concentrations resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Erythromycin inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Erythromycin; Sulfisoxazole: (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ombitasvir as concurrent administration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ombitasvir. Monitor for adverse events such as gastrointestinal and skin reactions. Erythromycin is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ombitasvir is a P-gp substrate. (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and paritaprevir as concurrent administration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of paritaprevir. Monitor for adverse events such as gastrointestinal and skin reactions. Erythromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ritonavir as erythromycin may increase ritonavir serum concentrations resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Erythromycin inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Eslicarbazepine: (Severe) Concurrent administration of eslicarbazepine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in decreased plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir, which may result in decreased antiviral activity. Eslicarbazepine is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by this enzyme. (Major) Concurrent administration of eslicarbazepine with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Eslicarbazepine is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for decreased antiviral efficacy are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Esmolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers, resulting in increased beta-blocker concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted.
Esomeprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of esomeprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated esomeprazole plasma concentrations. Esomeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor patients for increased side effects if these drugs are administered together.
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of esomeprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated esomeprazole plasma concentrations. Esomeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor patients for increased side effects if these drugs are administered together.
Estazolam: (Moderate) In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicate that the biotransformation of estazolam to the major circulating metabolite 4-hydroxy-estazolam is mediated by CYP3A. In theory, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of estazolam and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity (i.e., prolonged sedation and respiratory depression)
Esterified Estrogens: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4 in vitro. (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estradiol: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estradiol; Progesterone: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol.
Estropipate: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers.
Eszopiclone: (Major) The adult dose of eszopiclone should not exceed 2 mg/day during co-administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. CYP3A4 is a primary metabolic pathway for eszopiclone, and increased systemic exposure to eszopiclone increases the risk of next-day psychomotor or memory impairment, which may decrease the ability to perform tasks requiring full mental alertness such as driving.
Ethanol: (Major) Concurrent administration of ethanol with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Ethanol is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if ethanol and ritonavir are administered together.
Ethinyl Estradiol: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of etonogestrel. Contraceptive efficacy may be reduced. Etonogestrel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Ferrous bisglycinate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Ethosuximide: (Moderate) Ritonavir decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of ethosuximide, resulting in increased ethosuximide concentrations. If coadministration is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring of ethosuximide concentrations. A 50% dose reduction of ethosuximide may be needed.
Ethotoin: (Major) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethotoin should be undertaken with extreme caution due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposure to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Although specific data are unavailable regarding cytochrome P450 enzyme involvement with ethotoin metabolism or enzyme induction, interactions that are documented with phenytoin may theoretically occur with ethotoin. Phenytoin is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenytoin may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Etonogestrel: (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of etonogestrel. Contraceptive efficacy may be reduced. Etonogestrel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer.
Etravirine: (Severe) Concurrent administration of etravirine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could may result in increased etravirine plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Etravirine is partially metabolized by CYP3A4 (in addition to CYP2C9 and CYP2C19). Ritonavir potently inhibits CYP3A4, which may reduce etravirine's metabolism. Etravirine is also a CYP3A4 inducer and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates and all 4 antiviral drugs are all P-gp substrates. (Major) Concurrent administration of etravirine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased etravirine plasma concentrations and altered antiviral concentrations. Etravirine is partially metabolized by CYP3A4 (in addition to CYP2C9 and CYP2C19). Ritonavir potently inhibits CYP3A4, which may reduce etravirine's metabolism. While coadministration with full-dose ritonavir (600 mg twice daily) is not recommended; etravirine can be administered with lower ritonavir doses such as those used for boosting other protease inhibitors. Etravirine is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates and all 4 antiviral drugs are all P-gp substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concomitant use of etravirine with full-dose ritonavir (i.e., 600 mg twice daily) may cause a significant decrease in etravirine plasma concentration and, thus, a loss of therapeutic effect. Etravirine and full-dose ritonavir should not be coadministered.
Everolimus: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with everolimus (Afinitor; Afinitor Disperz) due to increased plasma concentrations of everolimus. Coadministration of ritonavir with everolimus (Zortress) is not recommended without close monitoring of everolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Everolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate as well as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitor increased everolimus exposure by 15-fold.
Ezetimibe; Simvastatin: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir may increase simvastatin exposure. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3; simvastatin is a substrate of OATP1B1/3. (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. One report has demonstrated that ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy markedly increases the AUC for simvastatin by 3059%. Simvastatin is a substrate for CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors.
Fedratinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of fedratinib with ritonavir as concurrent use may increase fedratinib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of fedratinib to 200 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the fedratinib dose as follows: 300 mg PO once daily for 2 weeks and then 400 mg PO once daily thereafter as tolerated. Fedratinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased fedratinib exposure by 3-fold.
Felbamate: (Major) Concurrent administration of felbamate with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Felbamate is a mild inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by this enzyme. Monitor for antiviral efficacy if these drugs are administered together. (Major) Concurrent administration of felbamate with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Felbamate is a mild inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Monitor for antiviral efficacy if these drugs are administered together.
Felodipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of felodipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated felodipine plasma concentrations. This increase in felodipine concentration may lead to increased therapeutic and adverse effects, such as lower blood pressure, dizziness, and headache. Felodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring.
Fentanyl: (Major) Consider a reduced dose of fentanyl with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the fentanyl dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Fentanyl is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like ritonavir can increase fentanyl exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of fentanyl. If ritonavir is discontinued, fentanyl plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to fentanyl. Clinical investigations have suggested that ritonavir may decrease the clearance of fentanyl by 67%, increase the elimination half-life from 9.4 to 20.1 hours, and increase the systemic exposure of fentanyl by 174% (range: 52 to 420%).
Fesoterodine: (Moderate) Fesoterodine is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, which is metabolized via hepatic CYP3A4 and 2D6. In theory, the CYP3A4 inhibitory effects of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may result in an increase in plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors which also inhibit 2D6, such as ritonavir, may impair both CYP metabolic pathways of 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine. Fesoterodine doses greater than 4 mg/day are not recommended during concurrent use of potent 3A4 inhibitors.
Fexofenadine: (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate. (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate.
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate. (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate.
Flecainide: (Major) Concurrent use of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir with flecainide is contraindicated. Cautious consideration may be given to administering amiodarone with boosting doses of ritonavir. The potential increase in plasma concentrations of flecainide could result in significant adverse effects.
Flibanserin: (Severe) The concomitant use of flibanserin and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, is contraindicated. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase flibanserin concentrations, which can cause severe hypotension and syncope. If initiating flibanserin following use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, start flibanserin at least 2 weeks after the last dose of the CYP3A4 inhibitor. If initiating a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor following flibanserin use, start the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor at least 2 days after the last dose of flibanserin.
Fluconazole: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of fluconazole with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir due to an increased risk of QT prolongation. Although therapy with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinical relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation in other trials. Concurrent use of fluconazole with other agents known to prolong the QT interval and which are metabolized by CYP3A4 is contraindicated. Fluconazole is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by this enzyme. (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of fluconazole and ritonavir as ritonavir serum concentrations may be increased resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Fluconazole is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, while ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Fluoxetine: (Major) Coadministration of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and fluoxetine should be undertaken cautiously and with careful monitoring; a dose reduction of fluoxetine may be necessary. Both fluoxetine and ritonavir have been associated with dose-related QT prolongation, and coadministration can result in elevated concentrations of both fluoxetine and ritonavir. Neurologic adverse events have also been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6; ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Ritonavir is a substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; fluoxetine potently inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to a lesser degree. In addition, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4; therefore, their concentrations may also be affected by coadministration. (Moderate) A dose reduction of fluoxetine may ne necessary if coadministered with ritonavir. Increased fluoxetine exposure may occur. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir has been administered with fluoxetine.
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine: (Major) Coadministration of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and fluoxetine should be undertaken cautiously and with careful monitoring; a dose reduction of fluoxetine may be necessary. Both fluoxetine and ritonavir have been associated with dose-related QT prolongation, and coadministration can result in elevated concentrations of both fluoxetine and ritonavir. Neurologic adverse events have also been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6; ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Ritonavir is a substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; fluoxetine potently inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to a lesser degree. In addition, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4; therefore, their concentrations may also be affected by coadministration. (Moderate) A dose reduction of fluoxetine may ne necessary if coadministered with ritonavir. Increased fluoxetine exposure may occur. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir has been administered with fluoxetine. (Moderate) Ritonavir may reduce olanzapine serum concentrations by approximately 50%; how this affects olanzapine efficacy, however, is not known. Ritonavir appears to induce olanzapine's metabolism by either CYP1A2 or glucuronide conjugation. If ritonavir and olanzapine are used concurrently, monitor for reduced olanzapine effect and adjust olanzapine dose as needed.
Flurazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of flurazepam and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the flurazepam dose may be needed.
Fluticasone: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate.
Fluticasone; Salmeterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of salmeterol with ritonavir. The coadministration of salmeterol with CYP3A4 inhibitors can result in elevated salmeterol plasma concentrations and increased risk for adverse reactions, particularly cardiovascular effects. (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate.
Fluticasone; Umeclidinium; Vilanterol: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate.
Fluticasone; Vilanterol: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate.
Fluvastatin: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may increase exposure to drugs metabolized by this enzyme, such as fluvastatin. Because fluvastatin does not rely exclusively on CYP3A4 for its metabolism (approximately 20%), ritonavir may not interact to the same extent as expected with other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Elevated serum concentrations of fluvastatin may increase the risk for adverse reactions, such as myopathy.
Fluvoxamine: (Major) Concurrent administration of fluvoxamine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Fluvoxamine is partially metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP2D6. In addition, ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4, and fluvoxamine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of fluvoxamine with ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of one or both drugs. Fluvoxamine is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and ritonavir is a weak CYP2D6 inhibitor. In addition, ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4, and fluvoxamine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Food: (Moderate) The pharmacokinetic parameters of anti-retroviral medications (anti-retroviral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), anti-retroviral nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors) metabolized through the CYP isoenzyme system are slightly altered by smoked and oral marijuana. Despite this interaction, marijuana is not expected to adversely affect anti-retroviral efficacy. However, the incidence of marijuana associated adverse effects may change following coadministration with anti-retroviral drugs. Many anti-retrovirals are inhibitors of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of marijuana's most psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC). When given concurrently with anti-retrovirals, the amount of Delta-9-THC converted to the active metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) may be reduced. These changes in Delta-9-THC and 11-OH-THC plasma concentrations may result in an altered marijuana adverse event profile.
Formoterol; Mometasone: (Moderate) Coadministration of mometasone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause mometasone serum concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an alternative corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, especially during long-term treatment.
Fosamprenavir: (Major) Concurrent administration of fosamprenavir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of amprenavir, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Fosamprenavir is the prodrug of amprenavir. Amprenavir is a substrate of CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-gp. When boosted with ritonavir, the recommended dosage of fosamprenavir is 700 mg PO twice daily (with ritonavir 100 mg twice daily) or 1400 mg PO once daily (with ritonavir 100 mg or 200 mg once daily). In addition to the effects on amprenavir concentrations, concurrent use may increase ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir concentrations through amprenavir's CYP3A4 inhibition. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Foscarnet: (Moderate) Abnormal renal function has been observed in clinical practice during the use of foscarnet in combination with ritonavir. If these drugs are administered together, monitor kidney function.
Fosphenytoin: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with fosphenytoin is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Phenytoin is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenytoin may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Fostamatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for fostamatinib toxicities that may require fostamatinib dose reduction (i.e., elevated hepatic enzymes, neutropenia, high blood pressure, severe diarrhea) if given concurrently with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of fostamatinib with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases exposure to the major active metabolite, R406, which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. R406 is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased R406 AUC by 102% and Cmax by 37%. (Moderate) Monitor for ombitasvir toxicities that may require ombitasvir dose reduction if given concurrently with fostamatinib. Concomitant use of fostamatinib with a BCRP or P-gp substrate may increase the concentration of the BCRP or P-gp substrate. Fostamatinib is a P-gp inhibitor, and the active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, is a BCRP inhibitor; ombitasvir is a substrate for BCRP and P-gp. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another BCRP substrate increased the substrate AUC by 95% and Cmax by 88%. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another P-gp substrate increased the substrate AUC by 37% and Cmax by 70%. (Moderate) Monitor for paritaprevir toxicities that may require paritaprevir dose reduction if given concurrently with fostamatinib. Concomitant use of fostamatinib with a BCRP or P-gp substrate may increase the concentration of the BCRP or P-gp substrate. Fostamatinib is a P-gp inhibitor, and the active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, is a BCRP inhibitor; paritaprevir is a substrate for BCRP and P-gp. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another BCRP substrate increased the substrate AUC by 95% and Cmax by 88%. Coadministration of fostamatinib with another P-gp substrate increased the substrate AUC by 37% and Cmax by 70%.
Fostemsavir: (Moderate) Monitor for increased ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministered with fostemsavir. Concurrent use may increase ombitasvir exposure. Ombitasvir is a substrate of BCRP and fostemsavir is a BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for increased paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministered with fostemsavir. Concurrent use may increase paritaprevir exposure. Paritaprevir is a substrate of BCRP and OATP1B1/3; fostemsavir is a BCRP and OATP1B1/3 inhibitor.
Furosemide: (Moderate) The manufacturer of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir recommends caution and clinical monitoring if administered concurrently with furosemide. Use of these drugs in combination has resulted in elevated furosemide maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax). Individualize the dose of furosemide based on the patient's clinical response. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen.
Gefitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in gefitinib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Gefitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased gefitinib exposure by 80%.
Gilteritinib: (Major) Consider an alternative to ritonavir during treatment with gilteritinib. Concurrent use may increase gilteritinib exposure resulting in treatment-related adverse events. If coadministration is required, frequently monitor for gilteritinib adverse reactions. Interrupt therapy and reduce the gilteritinib dose if serious or life-threatening toxicity occurs. Gilteritinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the gilteritinib AUC by 120% in a drug interaction study.
Glasdegib: (Major) Consider an alternative to ritonavir during treatment with glasdegib. Concurrent use may increase glasdegib exposure resulting in treatment-related adverse events including QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for increased adverse events; more frequent ECG monitoring is recommended. Glasdegib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the glasdegib AUC by 2.4-fold in a drug interaction study.
Glecaprevir; Pibrentasvir: (Major) Coadministration of glecaprevir with ritonavir is not recommended as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of glecaprevir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Glecaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Additionally, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate and glecaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor; concentrations of ritonavir may also be increased. (Major) Coadministration of pibrentasvir with ritonavir is not recommended as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of pibrentasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Pibrentasvir is a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of P-gp. Additionally, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate and pibrentasvir is a P-gp inhibitor; concentrations of ritonavir may also be increased. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of glecaprevir and ombitasvir as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of ombitasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); glecaprevir is an inhibitor of P-gp and BCRP. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of glecaprevir and paritaprevir as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of both drugs and increase the risk of adverse effects. Glecaprevir and paritaprevir are both substrates and inhibitors of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/3. Additionally, paritaprevir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and substrate and inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); glecaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor and a substrate and inhibitor of BCRP. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of pibrentasvir and ombitasvir as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of ombitasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Ombitasvir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); pibrentasvir is an inhibitor of P-gp and BCRP. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of pibrentasvir and paritaprevir as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of both drugs and increase the risk of adverse effects. Paritaprevir is a substrate of of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1/3; pibrentasvir is an inhibitor of all these drug transporters. Additionally, pibrentasvir is a substrate of BCRP while paritaprevir is an inhibitor of BCRP.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Granisetron: (Minor) Plasma concentrations of granisetron may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal or CNS effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor; granisetron is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Grapefruit juice: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with grapefruit juice may result in elevated plasma concentrations of all 4 antiviral medications. Grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, and an inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4. In addition, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates for P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ritonavir with grapefruit juice may result in elevated ritonavir concentrations. Grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, and an inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir is metabolized by both enzymes and is a substrate for P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Griseofulvin: (Major) Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution and capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received griseofulvin may result in disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing). A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets or oral powder).
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Guanfacine: (Major) Ritonavir may significantly alter guanfacine plasma concentrations. Guanfacine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor; moderate CYP3A4 induction has been reported with concomitant use of voriconazole. The net effect of this potential interaction is unclear, but guanfacine dosage adjustments, most likely a dose decrease, may be required. FDA-approved labeling for extended-release (ER) guanfacine recommends that, if used with a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the guanfacine dosage should be decreased to half of the recommended dose and the patient should be closely monitored for alpha-adrenergic effects (e.g., hypotension, drowsiness, bradycardia). However, if used with a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inducer, labeling recommends to consider doubling the recommended dose of guanfacine ER; if the inducer is added in a patient already receiving guanfacine, this escalation should occur over 1 to 2 weeks. If the inducer or inhibitor is discontinued, guanfacine ER should return to its recommended dose (with downward titration occurring over 1 to 2 weeks). Specific recommendations for immediate-release (IR) guanfacine are not available.
Halofantrine: (Moderate) Protease Inhibitors significantly inhibit cytochrome CYP3A4,and may lead to an inhibition of halofantrine metabolism, placing the patient at risk for halofantrine cardiac toxicity.
Haloperidol: (Moderate) Mild to moderate increases in haloperidol plasma concentrations have been reported during concurrent use of haloperidol and inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6, such as ritonavir. Elevated haloperidol concentrations may increase the risk of adverse effects. Closely monitor for adverse events when these medications are coadministered.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydantoins: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of losartan with ritonavir may result in elevated losartan plasma concentrations. Losartan is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol: (Moderate) Metoprolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair metoprolol metabolism. Clinicians should be alert to exaggerated beta-blocker effects if metoprolol is given with these drugs.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of propranolol with ritonavir may result in elevated propranolol plasma concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Propranolol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Decreased beta-blocker dosage may be needed.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6.
Hydroxyprogesterone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of hydroxyprogesterone with ritonavir may result in elevated hydroxyprogesterone plasma concentrations. Hydroxyprogesterone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Ibrutinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ibrutinib and ritonavir; ibrutinib plasma concentrations may increase resulting in severe ibrutinib toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, bleeding, infection). Ibrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. When ibrutinib was administered with multiple doses of other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, the Cmax and AUC values of ibrutinib were increased significantly.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like ritonavir can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Idelalisib: (Severe) Concomitant use of idelalisib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the exposure of idelalisib. Additionally, idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor while ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib. Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib and ritonavir. (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of idelalisib with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Coadministration is expected to result in elevated plasma concentrations idelalisib, ritonavir, dasabuvir, and paritaprevir and increased risk of serious adverse events, such as hepatotoxicity. Idelalisib and ritonavir are both substrates and potent inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are also metabolized by this enzyme. If coadministration is unavoidable, extreme caution and close monitoring are advised.
Ifosfamide: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in the efficacy of ifosfamide if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Ifosfamide is metabolized by CYP3A4 to its active alkylating metabolites. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration may decrease plasma concentrations of these active metabolites, decreasing the effectiveness of ifosfamide treatment.
Iloperidone: (Major) Reduce the iloperidone dose by one-half if coadministered with ritonavir. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the iloperidone dose to the previous level. Increased iloperidone exposure may occur with concurrent use. Iloperidone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of iloperidone and its metabolites P88 and P95 by 57%, 55% and 35%, respectively.
Imatinib: (Major) Protease Inhibitors inhibit cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and may decrease the metabolism of imatinib and increase imatinib concentrations leading to an increased incidence of adverse reactions. In addition, because imatinib inhibits CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, the metabolism of protease inhibitors may be decreased by imatinib. Close monitoring of the antiviral and antineoplastic responses is recommended. (Moderate) Coadministration of paritaprevir and imatinib may result in increased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir and/or imatinib. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A substrate and a BCRP inhibitor; imatinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and a BCRP substrate.
Imipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of protease inhibitors. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Indacaterol: (Moderate) Although no dosage adjustment of the 75 mcg indacaterol daily dose is needed, use caution if indacaterol and ritonavir are used concurrently. Monitor the patient clinically for beta-agonist side effects like tremor, nervousness, or fast, irregular heart rate. In addition, both ritonavir and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. By inhibiting CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein, ritonavir reduces indacaterol metabolism. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of indacaterol 300 mcg (single dose) with ritonavir (300 mg twice daily for 7.5 days) resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in indacaterol exposure (AUC) whereas indacaterol maximal concentration (Cmax) was unaffected.
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Although no dosage adjustment of the 75 mcg indacaterol daily dose is needed, use caution if indacaterol and ritonavir are used concurrently. Monitor the patient clinically for beta-agonist side effects like tremor, nervousness, or fast, irregular heart rate. In addition, both ritonavir and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. By inhibiting CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein, ritonavir reduces indacaterol metabolism. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of indacaterol 300 mcg (single dose) with ritonavir (300 mg twice daily for 7.5 days) resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in indacaterol exposure (AUC) whereas indacaterol maximal concentration (Cmax) was unaffected.
Indinavir: (Minor) Concurrent administration of indinavir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is expected to result in increased plasma concentrations of indinavir, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Indinavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Paritaprevir also inhibits P-gp. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates, and indinavir in a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. Patients should be closely monitored for possible indinavir toxicity during concurrent administration; indinavir dosage reductions may be necessary. In general when ritonavir and indinavir are used together, the recommended dosage regimen is indinavir 800 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100 or 200 mg twice daily; however, additional dosage adjustments may be necessary for certain additional interacting drugs. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Minor) Ritonavir inhibits the clearance of indinavir, and increased indinavir serum concentrations are seen with concurrent administration. In a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers, the AUC of single indinavir dose increased 185 to 475% during concurrent ritonavir dosing; the mean indinavir half-life increased from 1.2 to 2.7 hours. In an observational study of HIV-infected patients, the combination of indinavir 1200 mg and ritonavir 100 mg, both twice daily, led to high systemic exposure to indinavir and was not well tolerated. The combination of indinavir 800 mg and ritonavir 100 mg twice daily resulted in therapeutic indinavir serum concentrations with improved tolerability and similar maximum serum concentrations as the approved indinavir dosage of 800 mg three times a day. Patients should be closely monitored for possible indinavir toxicity during concurrent administration; indinavir dosage reductions may be necessary. The recommended dosing regimen for this combination is indinavir 800 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100 or 200 mg twice daily.
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving insulin closely for changes in diabetic control, specifically hyperglycemia, when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are instituted. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment.
Interferon Alfa-2b; Ribavirin: (Major) The concomitant use of ribavirin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with caution as both can cause hepatic damage. Most protease inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity, with lopinavir/low-dose ritonavir, fosamprenavir/low-dose ritonavir, and nelfinavir being less hepatotoxic and tipranavir/low-dose ritonavir being the most hepatotoxic. Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with atazanavir and/or indinavir therapy but does not reflect liver damage and is related to the inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferase. Overall, the HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving HAART. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation.
Interferons: (Moderate) The concomitant use of interferons and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with caution as both can cause hepatotoxicity. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. Most protease inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity. Cirrhotic chronic HCV infected patients co-infected with HIV receiving HAART and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared to patients not receiving HAART. The HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving HAART.
Irinotecan Liposomal: (Major) Avoid administration of ombitasvir during treatment with irinotecan unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is a UGT1A1 substrate; ombitasvir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure to SN-38 (Major) Avoid administration of paritaprevir during treatment with irinotecan unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is a UGT1A1 substrate; paritaprevir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Concomitant use with UGT1A1 inhibitors may increase systemic exposure to SN-38. (Major) Avoid administration of ritonavir during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior to starting therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. Irinotecan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of irinotecan.
Irinotecan: (Major) Avoid administration of ombitasvir during treatment with irinotecan unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is a UGT1A1 substrate; ombitasvir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure to SN-38 (Major) Avoid administration of paritaprevir during treatment with irinotecan unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN-38, is a UGT1A1 substrate; paritaprevir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Concomitant use with UGT1A1 inhibitors may increase systemic exposure to SN-38. (Major) Avoid administration of ritonavir during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior to starting therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. Irinotecan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of irinotecan.
Isavuconazonium: (Severe) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with high-dose ritonavir (i.e., 400 mg every 12 hours) is contraindicated due to the risk for increased isavuconazole serum concentrations and serious adverse reactions, such as hepatic toxicity. Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a sensitive substrate of hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of this enzyme. According to the manufacturer, coadministration of isavuconazole with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is contraindicated. Isavuconazole serum concentrations were increased 5-fold when coadministered with ketoconazole, another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Elevated ritonavir concentrations may also be seen with coadministration, as ritonavir is a substrate and isavuconazole is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). (Moderate) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased serum concentrations of both drugs. Dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are all substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp); additionally, paritaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4, ritonavir is a substrate and potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, and dasabuvir is a substrate of CYP3A4. Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a sensitive substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased ritonavir concentrations; HIV treatment failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days) decreases the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may lead to loss of virologic response if ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV Treatment Guidelines recommend ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative antimycobacterial agents, such as rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs are coadministered, but this appears to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost' concentrations of other protease inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses; however, a net CYP3A4 induction still results when used with rifampin. (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with rifampin is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Rifampin is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. Rifampin also induces CYP2D6 and CYP2C8, enzymes partially responsible for the metabolism of ritonavir and dasabuvir, respectively. In addition, rifampin induces the drug transporter proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and UGT; dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates for P-gp, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are also substrates of UGT.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased ritonavir concentrations; HIV treatment failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days) decreases the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may lead to loss of virologic response if ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV Treatment Guidelines recommend ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative antimycobacterial agents, such as rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs are coadministered, but this appears to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost' concentrations of other protease inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses; however, a net CYP3A4 induction still results when used with rifampin. (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with rifampin is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Rifampin is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. Rifampin also induces CYP2D6 and CYP2C8, enzymes partially responsible for the metabolism of ritonavir and dasabuvir, respectively. In addition, rifampin induces the drug transporter proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and UGT; dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates for P-gp, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are also substrates of UGT.
Isradipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of isradipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated isradipine plasma concentrations and increased hypotensive effects. Isradipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Istradefylline: (Major) Do not exceed 20 mg once daily of istradefylline if administered with ritonavir as istradefylline exposure and adverse effects may increase. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Istradefylline exposure was increased by 2.5-fold when administered with a strong inhibitor in a drug interaction study.
Itraconazole: (Major) Concurrent administration of itraconazole with ombitasvir is expected to result in elevated ombitasvir plasma concentrations, which increases the risk of adverse events. Itraconazole is an inhibitor of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Ombitasvir is a substrate for P-gp and BCRP. (Major) Concurrent administration of itraconazole with paritaprevir is expected to result in elevated paritaprevir plasma concentrations, which increases the risk of adverse events. Itraconazole is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein. Paritaprevir is a substrate for CYP3A4, P-gp, and BCRP. (Major) When administering itraconazole with ritonavir or ritonavir-containing drugs, do not exceed the maximum recommended itraconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration may result in increased exposure to both drugs. Monitor patients for itraconazole and ritonavir-associated adverse effects. Both itraconazole and ritonavir are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates.
Ivabradine: (Severe) Coadministration of ivabradine and ritonavir is contraindicated. Ivabradine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration will increase the plasma concentrations of ivabradine. Increased ivabradine concentrations may result in bradycardia exacerbation and conduction disturbances.
Ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of ivosidenib, which increases the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of ivosidenib to 250 mg PO once daily. Monitor ECGs for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes, correcting any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. If ritonavir is discontinued, wait at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir before increasing the dose of ivosidenib to the recommended dose of 500 mg PO once daily. Ivosidenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivosidenib single-dose AUC to 269% of control, with no change in Cmax.
Ixabepilone: (Major) If possible, avoid coadministration of ixabepilone with ritonavir; concurrent use is expected to result in increased ixabepilone plasma concentrations and risk of adverse events. Consider alternative therapies before using ixabepilone with ritonavir. If coadministration of ixabepilone with ritonavir cannot be avoided, consider an ixabepilone dosage reduction to 20 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours given every 3 weeks, as this dose is predicted to adjust the ixabepilone AUC to the range observed without inhibitors. Carefully monitor for adverse events. If a patient is already receiving ritonavir, a washout period of approximately 1 week is recommended before starting ixabepilone. Ixabepilone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme.
Ketamine: (Moderate) Use caution if ritonavir is coadministered with ketamine due to the potential for increased ketamine exposure which may increase the risk of toxicity. Ketamine is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Ketoconazole: (Major) When administering ketoconazole with ritonavir or ritonavir-containing drugs, do not exceed the maximum recommended ketoconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration of ritonavir (a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) with ketoconazole (a CYP3A4 substrate) significantly increases ketoconazole systemic concentrations. In one drug interaction study, ketoconazole exposure was increased by 3.4-fold when given concurrently with ritonavir (500 mg twice daily).
Labetalol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Lacosamide: (Moderate) Use caution during concurrent use of lacosamide and ritonavir, particularly in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Lacosamide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may have significantly increased exposure to lacosamide if coadministered with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Dosage reduction of lacosamide may be necessary in this population.
Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Minor) Since ritonavir induces glucuronidation, there is the potential for reduction in zidovudine, ZDV plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy with ritonavir. When coadministered with ritonavir, the AUC and Cmax of zidovudine, ZDV are decreased by 12% and 27%. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown.
Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Lamotrigine: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir; ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%. (Moderate) If coadministration of lamotrigine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is warranted, use caution and carefully monitor lamotrigine concentrations; lamotrigine dosage adjustments may be needed. Ritoanvir may increase the hepatic metabolism of lamotrigine via glucuronidation, resulting in decreased lamotrigine concentrations. Additionally, lamotrigine interactions are thought to be mediated by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT), and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Further alterations to lamotrigine concentrations could occur.
Lansoprazole: (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher lansoprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lansoprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher lansoprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lansoprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Lanthanum Carbonate: (Major) Oral compounds known to interact with antacids, like protease inhibitors, should not be taken within 2 hours of dosing with lanthanum carbonate. If these agents are used concomitantly, space the dosing intervals appropriately. Monitor serum concentrations and clinical condition.
Lapatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lapatinib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of lapatinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the dose of lapatinib to 500 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase lapatinib to the indicated dose after a washout period of approximately 1 week. Lapatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lapatinib exposure by 3.6-fold and increased the half-life of lapatinib by 1.7-fold. (Major) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lapatinib is necessary. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lapatinib is a P-gp inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lapatinib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lapatinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Larotrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of larotrectinib with ritonavir due to increased larotrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the larotrectinib dose by 50%. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original larotrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Larotrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of larotrectinib by 4.3-fold in a drug interaction study.
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when ritonavir is administered with ledipasvir; sofosbuvir as there is a potential for elevated concentrations of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Both ledipasvir and sofosbuvir are substrates of P-gp. According to the manufacturer, no dosage adjustments are required when ledipasvir; sofosbuvir is administered concurrently with P-gp inhibitors; however, if these drugs are given together, consider increased monitoring for potential adverse effects. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ledipasvir; sofosbuvir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ledipasvir, sofosbuvir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Ledipasvir is an inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. In addition, ritonavir is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); ledipasvir, dasabuvir and paritaprevir are substrates/inhibitors of BCRP, while sofosbuvir is a BCRP substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of sofosbuvir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); dasabuvir and paritaprevir are substrates/inhibitors of BCRP, while sofosbuvir is a BCRP substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Lefamulin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with oral lefamulin due to increased lefamulin exposure; ritonavir may be administered with intravenous lefamulin. Lefamulin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the exposure of oral and intravenous lefamulin by 165% and 31%, respectively.
Lemborexant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lemborexant and ritonavir as concurrent use is expected to significantly increase lemborexant exposure and the risk of adverse CNS effects. Lemborexant is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of lemborexant with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lemborexant AUC by up to 4.5-fold.
Lesinurad: (Moderate) Ritonavir may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic effect of lesinurad; monitor for potential reduction in efficacy. Ritonavir is a CYP2C9 inducer, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate.
Lesinurad; Allopurinol: (Moderate) Ritonavir may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic effect of lesinurad; monitor for potential reduction in efficacy. Ritonavir is a CYP2C9 inducer, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate.
Letermovir: (Moderate) A clinically relevant increase in the plasma concentration of ritonavir may occur if given with letermovir. In patients who are also receiving treatment with cyclosporine, the magnitude of this interaction may be amplified. Ritonavir is primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Letermovir is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; however, when given with cyclosporine, the combined effect on CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Moderate) Administering paritaprevir concurrently with letermovir may result in elevated concentrations of both drugs. The magnitude of this interaction may be increased in patients who are also receiving cyclosporine. Closely monitor for adverse events, including tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, hepatotoxicity, and gastrointestinal events. Both paritaprevir and letermovir are substrates and inhibitors of the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1/3). Paritaprevir is also primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Letermovir is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; however, when given with cyclosporine, the combined effect on CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, cyclosporine is an OATP1B1 inhibitor, which could further amplify this interaction.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Levobupivacaine: (Minor) Levobupivacaine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Known inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may result in increased systemic levels of levobupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of levobupivacaine may be needed.
Levocetirizine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53% increase in half-life, and 29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition.
Levomethadyl: (Major) Agents that inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP 3A4, including ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of levomethadyl, increase levomethadyl levels, and may precipitate severe arrhythmias including torsade de pointes.
Levomilnacipran: (Major) The adult dose of levomilnacipran should not exceed 80 mg/day during concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir. Levomilnacipran is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, and decreased metabolism of the drug can lead to an increased risk of adverse effects such as urinary retention. Additionally, ritonavir could further increase levomilnacipran concentrations by inhibiting its P-glycoprotein (P-gp) metabolism.
Levonorgestrel: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Levorphanol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of levorphanol if the two drugs are coadministered.
Lidocaine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4, an isoenzyme that is partially responsible for the metabolism of lidocaine. The concurrent use of systemic lidocaine and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be carefully monitored due to the potential for serious toxicity.
Lidocaine; Prilocaine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4, an isoenzyme that is partially responsible for the metabolism of lidocaine. The concurrent use of systemic lidocaine and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be carefully monitored due to the potential for serious toxicity.
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Lisdexamfetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Lomitapide: (Severe) Concomitant use of ritonavir and lomitapide is contraindicated. If treatment with ritonavir is unavoidable, lomitapide should be stopped during the course of treatment. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The exposure to lomitapide was increased 27-fold in the presence of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Loperamide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of loperamide and ritonavir may increase the risk for adverse reactions, such as CNS events and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest). At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, TdP, and cardiac arrest. Loperamide is a substrate for the enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of both enzymes and P-gp. When these drugs were administered together, an increase was seen in loperamide's Cmax (17%), Tmax (56%), AUC (223%), and amount excreted in the urine (118%). There was also a decrease in loperamide's oral clearance (70%). No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were observed in this study, but it should be noted that because ritonavir is a potent P-gp inhibitor, it has the potential to hinder transport of loperamide out of the CNS and thereby depress respiratory ventilation. Monitor for depressed respiratory ventilation and adverse cardiac effects if these drugs are to be coadministered.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of loperamide and ritonavir may increase the risk for adverse reactions, such as CNS events and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest). At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, TdP, and cardiac arrest. Loperamide is a substrate for the enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of both enzymes and P-gp. When these drugs were administered together, an increase was seen in loperamide's Cmax (17%), Tmax (56%), AUC (223%), and amount excreted in the urine (118%). There was also a decrease in loperamide's oral clearance (70%). No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were observed in this study, but it should be noted that because ritonavir is a potent P-gp inhibitor, it has the potential to hinder transport of loperamide out of the CNS and thereby depress respiratory ventilation. Monitor for depressed respiratory ventilation and adverse cardiac effects if these drugs are to be coadministered.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs in combination has resulted in elevated paritaprevir serum concentrations. Paritaprevir is a substrate of the drugs transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor.
Lorlatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lorlatinib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of lorlatinib, which may increase the incidence and severity of adverse reactions. Ritonavir plasma concentrations may also decrease, leading to reduced efficacy and increasing the potential for viral resistance. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the starting dose of lorlatinib from 100 mg to 75 mg once daily, or from 75 mg to 50 mg once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original dose of lorlatinib after 3 half-lives of ritonavir. Lorlatinib is a CYP3A substrate and moderate inducer. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lorlatinib exposure by 42%.
Losartan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of losartan with ritonavir may result in elevated losartan plasma concentrations. Losartan is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Lovastatin: (Severe) Concurrent use of lovastatin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated. The risk of developing myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure is substantially increased if lovastatin is administered concomitantly with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Lovastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of CYP3A4; therefore, coadministration may result in substantial increases in plasma concentrations of lovastatin.
Lovastatin; Niacin: (Severe) Concurrent use of lovastatin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated. The risk of developing myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure is substantially increased if lovastatin is administered concomitantly with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Lovastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of CYP3A4; therefore, coadministration may result in substantial increases in plasma concentrations of lovastatin.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of ritonavir; avoid concurrent use if possible. If concomitant use of ritonavir is necessary, monitor antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage adjustment is not required when ritonavir is started in a patient already taking lumacaftor; ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is initiated in a patient already taking ritonavir, reduce the dose of lumacaftor; ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules every other day for the first week of treatment, and then increase to the usual recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also necessary if lumacaftor; ivacaftor therapy has been interrupted for more than 1 week and re-initiated while the patient is taking ritonavir. The 1-week lead-in period at the lower lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state. Ritonavir is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may decrease the systemic exposure of ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Although ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, net ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved with ivacaftor monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO every 12 hours) because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies, coadministration of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. Lastly, ritonavir is also a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and lumacaftor; ivacaftor has the potential to both induce and inhibit P-gp. The net effect on P-gp substrates is not clear, but their exposure may be affected.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and lumacaftor; ivacaftor is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Dasabuvir is a 2C8 and 3A (minor) substrate; ombitasvir is a P-gp substrate; paritaprevir is a 3A4 substrate and P-gp substrate; ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer; in vitro data also suggest that lumacaftor; ivacaftor may induce and/or inhibit CYP2C8 and P-gp. (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of ritonavir; avoid concurrent use if possible. If concomitant use of ritonavir is necessary, monitor antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage adjustment is not required when ritonavir is started in a patient already taking lumacaftor; ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is initiated in a patient already taking ritonavir, reduce the dose of lumacaftor; ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules every other day for the first week of treatment, and then increase to the usual recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also necessary if lumacaftor; ivacaftor therapy has been interrupted for more than 1 week and re-initiated while the patient is taking ritonavir. The 1-week lead-in period at the lower lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state. Ritonavir is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may decrease the systemic exposure of ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Although ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, net ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved with ivacaftor monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO every 12 hours) because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies, coadministration of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. Lastly, ritonavir is also a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and lumacaftor; ivacaftor has the potential to both induce and inhibit P-gp. The net effect on P-gp substrates is not clear, but their exposure may be affected.
Lumateperone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lumateperone and ombitasvir as concurrent use may increase lumateperone exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Lumateperone is a UGT1A1 substrate; ombitasvir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. (Major) Avoid coadministration of lumateperone and ritonavir as concurrent use may increase lumateperone exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Lumateperone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lumateperone exposure by approximately 4-fold.
Lurasidone: (Severe) Concurrent use of lurasidone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, is contraindicated. Lurasidone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased lurasidone plasma concentrations are expected when the drug is co-administered with inhibitors of CYP3A4.
Lurbinectedin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lurbinectedin and ritonavir due to the risk of increased lurbinectedin exposure which may increase the incidence of lurbinectedin-related adverse reactions. Lurbinectedin is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
Macitentan: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of macitentan and ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of macitentan with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor approximately doubled macitentan exposure. Consider alternative treatment options for pulmonary hypertension if treatment with ritonavir is necessary.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Ritonavir potently inhibits the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 isozymes, and thus may inhibit the metabolism of maprotiline. Since the magnitude of the interaction with the maprotiline is difficult to predict but may be significant, monitor patients receiving ritonavir and maprotiline concurrently closely. Adjust the dosage of maprotiline based on therapeutic response. Maprotiline serum concentration monitoring may be useful to guide adjustments and prevent toxicity.
Maraviroc: (Major) Coadministration of maraviroc (a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, MRP2) with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp/MRP2 inhibitor) has been reported to significantly increase maraviroc concentrations. Reduce the dose of maraviroc when coadministered with strong CYP3A inhibitors; coadministration of maraviroc with strong CYP3A inhibitors is contraindicated in patients with CrCl less than 30 mL/min. Adjust the maraviroc dosage as follows when administered with ritonavir (with or without a concomitant CYP3A inducer): adults and children weighing 40 kg or more: 150 mg PO twice daily; children weighing 30 to 39 kg: 100 mg PO twice daily; children weighing 20 to 29 kg: 75 mg PO twice daily (or 80 mg PO twice daily for solution); children weighing 10 to 19 kg: 50 mg PO twice daily. (Moderate) Use caution and closely monitor for increased adverse effects during concurrent administration of maraviroc and paritaprevir as increased maraviroc concentrations may occur. Maraviroc is a substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1. The effects of this transporter on the concentrations of maraviroc are unknown, although an increase in concentrations and thus, toxicity, are possible.
Meclizine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of meclizine with ritonavir may result in elevated meclizine plasma concentrations. Meclizine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4 in vitro.
Mefloquine: (Major) Concurrent administration of mefloquine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of all 5 drugs and susequent adverse effects such as QT prolongation. Mefloquine is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4, and a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits P-gp. In addition, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. Mefloquine alone has not been reported to cause QT prolongation. However, due to the lack of clinical data, mefloquine should be used with caution and careful monitoring in patients receiving drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as ritonavir. (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mefloquine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or neuropsychiatric effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while mefloquine is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of meloxicam with ritonavir may result in elevated meloxicam plasma concentrations. Meloxicam is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Meperidine: (Severe) Concomitant use of high-dose, long-term meperidine therapy with ritonavir is not recommended due the increased concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. Ritonavir is associated with a 62% decrease in meperidine AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and Cmax of normeperidine, the toxic metabolite of meperidine, increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of ritonavir.
Meperidine; Promethazine: (Severe) Concomitant use of high-dose, long-term meperidine therapy with ritonavir is not recommended due the increased concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. Ritonavir is associated with a 62% decrease in meperidine AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and Cmax of normeperidine, the toxic metabolite of meperidine, increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of ritonavir.
Mephobarbital: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with mephobarbital is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Mephobarbital is converted to phenobarbital in vivo, and phenobarbital is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenobarbital may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Severe) Because mestranol is converted to ethinyl estradiol in the body, comcomitant use of mestranol; norethindrone with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Mestranol; norethindrone must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks after completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving ethinyl estradiol with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of mestranol. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and ritonavir should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with ritonavir to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Metformin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Metformin; Pioglitazone: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) Coadministration of repaglinide and protease inhibitors may increase or decrease glucose concentrations and increase repaglinide AUC; if coadministration is necessary, repaglinide dosage adjustment may be necessary and increased frequency of glucose monitoring is recommended. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. In addition, repaglinide is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors and inhibitors of OATP. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of repaglinide with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated repaglinide plasma concentrations. Monitor blood glucose concentrations closely; a repaglinide dosage reduction may be necessary. Repaglinide is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4, and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Major) While no dosage adjustment of metformin is recommended in patients with normal hepatic or renal function, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin and/or the potentially interfering drug is recommended with concurrent use. Monitor for signs of onset of lactic acidosis such as respiratory distress, somnolence, and non-specific abdominal distress or worsening renal function. Do not use metformin with paritaprevir in patients with renal insufficiency or hepatic impairment. Drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the organic anion transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. While initial drug-drug interaction studies of paritaprevir-containing hepatitis treatments have not noted an effect on metformin concentrations, more study is needed. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Methadone: (Moderate) Coadministration of ritonavir with methadone has resulted in decreased methadone plasma concentrations. However, because methadone is metabolized by multiple CYP450 enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6, and ritonavir is known to inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and induce CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, the potential for increased methadone exposure should also be considered with concomitant administration. Therefore, concurrent use may increase or prolong opioid effects, resulting in fatal overdose or may decrease methadone efficacy or produce onset of withdrawal symptoms in patients physically dependent on methadone. Monitor for respiratory depression, sedation, and signs of opioid withdrawal. Consider adjusting the methadone dose until stable drug effects are achieved. If ritonavir is discontinued, and its CYP450 effects decline, methadone plasma concentrations may increase or decrease. Closely monitor for increased opioid adverse effects and for evidence of withdrawal and adjust the methadone dose as necessary when ritonavir is discontinued.
Methamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Methohexital: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Methylergonovine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Methylprednisolone: (Moderate) Coadministration of methylprednisolone with ritonavir may cause elevated methylprednisolone serum concentrations, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Monitor closely. For long-term use, consider an alternative corticosteroid, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, if appropriate. whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Methylprednisolone is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Methysergide: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Metoclopramide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of metoclopramide with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of metoclopramide. Metoclopromide is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Metoprolol: (Moderate) Metoprolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair metoprolol metabolism. Clinicians should be alert to exaggerated beta-blocker effects if metoprolol is given with these drugs.
Metronidazole: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Mexiletine: (Major) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (in vitro), and may increase exposure to drugs metabolized by these enzymes, such as mexiletine. Increased mexiletine serum concentrations may increase the risk for adverse reactions.
Midazolam: (Major) The use of oral midazolam and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to the potential for serious and/or life-threatening events such as prolonged or increased sedation or respiratory depression. Parenteral midazolam can be used with protease inhibitors in a setting that allows for close clinical monitoring with the ability to manage respiratory depression or sedation should they occur; a reduction in the dose of parenteral midazolam may be warranted. Lorazepam, oxazepam, or temazepam may be safer alternatives, as these benzodiazepines are not oxidatively metabolized. Midazolam is metabolized by hepatic isozyme CYP3A4. Protease inhibitors have been shown to increase oral midazolam AUCs by up to 3-fold, resulting in clinically significant potentiation of sedation.
Midostaurin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of midostaurin and ritonavir as significantly increased exposure of midostaurin and its active metabolites may occur resulting in increased toxicity. Consider an alternative agent to replace ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for signs and symptoms of midostaurin toxicity (e.g., gastrointestinal toxicity, hematologic toxicity, bleeding, and infection), particularly during the first week of midostaurin therapy for systemic mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia and the first week of each cycle of midostaurin therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Midostaurin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The AUC values of midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421 increased by 10.4-fold, 3.5-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, when midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor in a drug interaction study. The Cmin (trough) levels of midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421 on day 28 increased by 2.1-fold, 1.2-fold, and 1.3-fold, respectively, when midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor compared with day 21 Cmin levels with midostaurin alone in another drug interaction study.
Mifepristone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with mifepristone if possible because increased serum concentrations of either drug may result. The benefit of concomitant use of these agents should be carefully weighed against the potential risks. The CYP3A4 metabolism of mifepristone may be inhibited by ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, mifepristone is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and may lead to an increase in serum concentrations of CYP3A4 substrates, such as ritonavir. When mifepristone is used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, coadministration with strong CYP3A inhibitors should be done only when necessary, and in such cases, the dose of mifepristone should be limited to 600 mg per day. In a patient already receiving ritonavir, initiate mifepristone at a dose of 300 mg and titrate to a maximum of 600 mg if clinically indicated. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient already receiving mifepristone 300 mg, mifepristone dosage adjustments are not required. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient already receiving mifepristone 600 mg, reduce dose of mifepristone to 300 mg and titrate to a maximum of 600 mg if clinically indicated. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient already receiving mifepristone 900 mg or 1,200 mg, reduce the mifepristone dose to 600 mg. (Major) Elevated ombitasvir concentrations may result if mifepristone is coadministered chronically. If these drugs must be used together, closely monitor the patient for antiviral-related adverse events. Because ombitasvir is used in drug regimens that may reduce the clearance of mifepristone and increase the risk for QT prolongation, dosage reduction of mifepristone is necessary with certain medications. The response to mifepristone, when used chronically for hormonal conditions like Cushing's syndrome, requires careful monitoring. Consult the mifepristone package insert/product labeling for appropriate dose reduction. Mifepristone is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and substrate and may be a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Ombitasvir is a P-gp substrate. Inhibition of P-gp may increase the plasma concentrations of ombitasvir. (Major) Elevated paritaprevir concentrations may result if mifepristone is coadministered chronically. If these drugs must be used together, closely monitor the patient for antiviral-related adverse events. Because paritaprevir is used in drug regimens that may reduce the clearance of mifepristone and increase the risk for QT prolongation, dosage reduction of mifepristone is necessary with certain medications. The response to mifepristone, when used chronically for hormonal conditions like Cushing's syndrome, requires careful monitoring. Consult the mifepristone package insert/product labeling for appropriate dose reduction. Mifepristone is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and may inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Miglitol: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Mirabegron: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of mirabegron with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Mirabegron is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a CYP2D6 substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mirtazapine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as CNS or GI effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, while mirtazapine is a CYP3A4. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased mirtazapine exposure by approximately 50%.
Mitomycin: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mitomycin may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as myelosuppression and pulmonary toxicity, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while mitomycin is a P-gp substrate.
Mitotane: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with mitotane is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposure to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Mitotane is a strong inducer of CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of mitotane with ritonavir due to the potential for reduced antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for decreased efficacy of ritonavir. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrates; coadministration may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Another strong CYP3A inducer, rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days), decreased the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively.
Modafinil: (Severe) Concurrent administration of modafinil with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated plasma concentrations of modafinil and decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Modafinil is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. (Major) Concurrent administration of modafinil with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of modafinil and decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Modafinil is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. Because the resultant effect of coadministration of a CYP3A4 inducer (modafinil) and inhibitor (ritonavir) on the plasma concentrations of these drugs is not defined, caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Mometasone: (Moderate) Coadministration of mometasone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause mometasone serum concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an alternative corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, especially during long-term treatment.
Morphine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering morphine with ritonavir due to an increased potential for morphine-related adverse events, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Dosage reductions of morphine and/or ritonavir may be required. Morphine is a substrate of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of this efflux protein. Coadministration may cause an approximate 2-fold increase in morphine exposure.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering morphine with ritonavir due to an increased potential for morphine-related adverse events, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Dosage reductions of morphine and/or ritonavir may be required. Morphine is a substrate of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of this efflux protein. Coadministration may cause an approximate 2-fold increase in morphine exposure.
Moxifloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ritonavir with moxifloxacin may increase ritonavir adverse effects. After 3 days of ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily), ritonavir exposure was approximately 1.5 times higher than exposure that has been observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily alone. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Nabilone: (Moderate) Coadministration of ritonavir and oral THC results in increased THC concentrations. A decreased dose of nabilone may be needed if these drugs are coadministered with ritonavir.
Nadolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Nafcillin: (Major) Concurrent administration of nafcillin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Nafcillin is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advis ed if these drugs are administered together. (Major) Concurrent administration of nafcillin with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Nafcillin is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Naldemedine: (Major) Monitor for potential naldemedine-related adverse reactions if coadministered with ritonavir. The plasma concentrations of naldemedine may be increased during concurrent use. Naldemedine is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp; ritonavir is a moderate P-gp inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Naloxegol: (Severe) Concomitant use of naloxegol with ritonavir is contraindicated. Naloxegol is metabolized primarily by CYP3A. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, can significantly increase exposure to naloxegol which may precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms such as hyperhidrosis, chills, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anxiety, irritability, and yawning.
Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paclitaxel-related adverse reactions if coadministration of nab-paclitaxel with ritonavir is necessary due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Nab-paclitaxel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In vitro, coadministration with both strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paclitaxel exposure; however, the concentrations used exceeded those found in vivo following normal therapeutic doses. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel may also be altered in vivo as a result of interactions with CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nateglinide with some protease inhibitors may result in elevated nateglinide plasma concentrations via inhibition of CYP2C9. Ritonavir may induce CYP2C9 leading to a reduction of nateglinide concentrations. Monitor blood glucose concentrations during coadministration as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia could occur. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Monitor blood glucose concentrations during coadministration. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Nebivolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers like nebivolol, resulting in increased beta-blocker concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of nebivolol and ritonavir is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers like nebivolol, resulting in increased beta-blocker concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of nebivolol and ritonavir is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Nefazodone: (Major) Elevated plasma concentrations of nefazodone and ritonavir may occur. Both ritonavir and nefazodone are CYP3A4 substrates/potent inhibitors. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with nefazodone. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. A 50% reduction in the nefazodone dose may be warranted. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs with potential bradycardic effects has not been evaluated. (Major) If coadministration of nefazodone and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Cardiac and neurological events have been reported when ritonavir has been coadministered with nefazodone. Ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some; the impact on the PR interval during coadministration with drugs that posess bradycardic effects, such as nefazodone, has not been specifically evaluated. Elevated plasma concentrations of nefazodone, dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir may occur. Both ritonavir and nefazodone are CYP3A4 substrates/potent inhibitors, and paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates.
Nelfinavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nelfinavir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of nelfinavir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. When nelfinavir and ritonavir are coadministered, the nelfinavir AUC increases 1.5-fold; dosage recommendations for coadministration are given in the HIV treatment guidelines that cannot be met with the combination product (ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus nelfinavir 500 to 750 mg twice daily). If these drugs are given together, closely monitor patients for adverse events. Both ritonavir and nelfinavir are potent inhibitors and substrates of CYP3A4; paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, nelfinavir is a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a subsrate and inhibitor of P-gp; and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are all substrates of P-gp. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nelfinavir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of nelfinavir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. When nelfinavir and ritonavir are coadministered, the nelfinavir AUC increases 1.5-fold; dosage recommendations for coadministration are given in the HIV treatment guidelines that cannot be met with the combination product (ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus nelfinavir 500 to 750 mg twice daily). If these drugs are given together, closely monitor patients for adverse events. Both ritonavir and nelfinavir are potent inhibitors and substrates of CYP3A4; paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, nelfinavir is a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a subsrate and inhibitor of P-gp; paritaprevir inhibits P-gp; and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are all substrates of P-gp. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ritonavir and nelfinavir results in a 1.5-fold increase of nelfinavir AUC. Dosage recommendations for coadministration from HIV treatment guidelines are ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus nelfinavir 500 to 750 mg twice daily. Both ritonavir and nelfinavir are potent inhibitors and substrates of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Neratinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of ritonavir with neratinib due to an increased risk of neratinib-related toxicity. Neratinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased neratinib exposure by 381%; concomitant use with other strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 may also increase neratinib concentrations. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with neratinib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Neratinib may inhibit the transport of P-gp substrates.
Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron: (Major) Concurrent administration of netupitant; palonosetron with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of netupitant, palonosetron, dasabuvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Both ritonavir and netupitant are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4; palonosetron, paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4. Netupitant is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and should be used with caution in patients receiving concomitant medications that are metabolized through CYP3A4 such as ritonavir; the inhibitory effect of CYP3A4 can last for multiple days. Increased ritonavir concentrations may lead to ritonavir-induced side effects, including a possible risk for QT prolongation. Coadministration of netupitant; palonosetron with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor such as ritonavir can significantly increase the systemic exposure to netupitant. No dosage adjustment is necessary for single dose adminstration of netupitant; palonosetron. In addition, palonosetron is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Coadministration may result in increased netupitant and ritonavir exposure. Netupitant is a CYP3A4 substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4; the inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 can last for multiple days. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased netupitant exposure by 140%. No dosage adjustment is necessary.
Nevirapine: (Severe) Concurrent administration of nevirapine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated nevirapine plasma concentrations and decreased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Nevirapine is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate and potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are also metabolized by CYP3A4. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nevirapine with ritonavir may result in elevated nevirapine plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Nevirapine is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate and potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for antiviral efficacy and adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Niacin; Simvastatin: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir may increase simvastatin exposure. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3; simvastatin is a substrate of OATP1B1/3. (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. One report has demonstrated that ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy markedly increases the AUC for simvastatin by 3059%. Simvastatin is a substrate for CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors.
Nicardipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Nifedipine: (Major) According to the manufacturer of nifedipine, coadministration with ritonavir may result in increased exposure to nifedipine, and initiation of nifedipine should begin with the lowest available dose. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib and ritonavir. If coadministration is required, monitor patients closely for prolongation of the QT interval and reduce the nilotinib dose to 300 mg once daily in patients with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML or to 200 mg once daily in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML. If ritonavir is discontinued, a washout period should be allowed before adjusting the nilotinib dosage upward to the indicated dose. Nilotinib is a substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a substrate and a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Nimodipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors and may decrease the hepatic metabolism of nimodipine, leading to increased plasma concentrations of nimodipine. In addition, ritonavir and calcium channel blockers both prolong the PR interval and the manufacturer for ritonavir recommends caution during coadministration. Monitor therapeutic response and for adverse effects, such as hypotension. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Nintedanib: (Moderate) Dual inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, are expected to increase the exposure and clinical effect of nintedanib. If use together is necessary, closely monitor for increased nintedanib side effects including gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite), headache, elevated liver enzymes, and hypertension. A dose reduction, interruption of therapy, or discontinuation of nintedanib therapy may be necessary. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor; nintedanib is a P-gp substrate and a minor CYP3A4 substrate. In drug interactions studies, administration of nintedanib with a dual P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitor increased nintedanib AUC by 60%.
Nisoldipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. In addition, ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Norethindrone: (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Obeticholic Acid: (Moderate) Obeticholic acid may increase the exposure to paritaprevir. Paritaprevir is a substrate of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and obeticholic acid inhibits OAT1B1 and OATP1B3 in vitro. Caution and close monitoring is advised if obeticholic acid is administered with products containing paritaprevir.
Octreotide: (Major) An increased risk of adverse events, including torsade de pointes (TdP), and elevated plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir may occur if octreotide and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir are used concomitantly. Caution is warranted, along with careful monitoring of patients for adverse events. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with QT prolongation in other trials. Bradycardia is a risk factor for development of torsade de pointes (TdP), and sinus bradycardia has occurred during octreotide therapy. The potential for bradycardia during octreotide administration theoretically increases the risk of TdP in patients receiving drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as ritonavir. There is also the potential for elevated ritonavir concentrations, further increasing the risk for serious adverse events, as octreotide is expected to inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of ritonavir. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are also CYP3A4 substrates; elevated concentrations may be seen.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) Ritonavir may reduce olanzapine serum concentrations by approximately 50%; how this affects olanzapine efficacy, however, is not known. Ritonavir appears to induce olanzapine's metabolism by either CYP1A2 or glucuronide conjugation. If ritonavir and olanzapine are used concurrently, monitor for reduced olanzapine effect and adjust olanzapine dose as needed.
Olaparib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of olaparib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased olaparib-related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of olaparib to 100 mg twice daily; the original dose may be resumed 3 to 5 elimination half-lives after ritonavir is discontinued. Olaparib is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; concomitant use may increase olaparib exposure. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the olaparib Cmax by 42% and the AUC by 170%.
Olodaterol: (Moderate) Beta-agonists, such as olodaterol, may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation. Beta-agonists should be administered with extreme caution to patients being treated with drugs known to prolong the QT interval because the action of beta-agonists on the cardiovascular system may be potentiated. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with olodaterol include ritonavir.
Omeprazole: (Moderate) Dosage adjustments of omeprazole may be required during concomitant administration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Use of these drugs together results in decreased omeprazole serum concentrations. Monitor for decreasing efficacy and consider increasing the omeprazole dose if needed; however, adult doses should be limited to no more than 40 mg/day. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Severe) Concurrent administration of rifabutin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated rifabutin plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Rifabutin is a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, rifabutin is an inducer of CYP3A4, and ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Although rifabutin appears to induce the enzyme to a lesser degree than rifampin, the plasma concentrations of ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir may be reduced. (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir and rifabutin results in clinically significant alterations of rifabutin pharmacokinetic parameters, with the rifabutin AUC being increased by 430%. In patients receiving any dosage of ritonavir, the dose of rifabutin should always be decreased to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week. (Moderate) Dosage adjustments of omeprazole may be required during concomitant administration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Use of these drugs together results in decreased omeprazole serum concentrations. Monitor for decreasing efficacy and consider increasing the omeprazole dose if needed; however, adult doses should be limited to no more than 40 mg/day. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results in decreased tipranavir concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids. (Moderate) Dosage adjustments of omeprazole may be required during concomitant administration with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Use of these drugs together results in decreased omeprazole serum concentrations. Monitor for decreasing efficacy and consider increasing the omeprazole dose if needed; however, adult doses should be limited to no more than 40 mg/day. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen. (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
Ondansetron: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Ondansetron exposure may be altered resulting in increased adverse effects or decreased efficacy. Ondansetron is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and induces CYP1A2.
Oritavancin: (Major) Concurrent administration of oritavancin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Oritavancin is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of CYP3A4. Ritonavir is also partially metabolized by CYP2D6. Monitor for antiviral efficacy if these drugs are administered together. (Major) Ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (minor); oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inducer. Plasma concentrations and efficacy of ritonavir may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently.
Orlistat: (Major) According to the manufacturer of orlistat, HIV RNA levels should be frequently monitored in patients receiving orlistat while being treated for HIV infection with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Loss of virological control has been reported in HIV-infected patients taking orlistat with atazanavir, ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, lopinavir; ritonavir, and emtricitabine; efavirenz; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The exact mechanism for this interaction is not known, but may involve inhibition of systemic absorption of the anti-retroviral agent. If an increased HIV viral load is confirmed, orlistat should be discontinued.
Osilodrostat: (Major) Reduce the dose of osilodrostat by one-half during coadministration of ritonavir; concurrent use may increase osilodrostat exposure and the risk of osilodrostat-related adverse reactions. Osilodrostat is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Osimertinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with osimertinib is necessary. Concomitant use may increase plasma concentrations of ombitasvir. Ombitasvir is a BCRP and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Osimertinib is a BCRP and P-gp inhibitor. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with osimertinib is necessary. Concomitant use may increase plasma concentrations of paritaprevir. Paritaprevir is a BCRP and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Osimertinib is a BCRP and P-gp inhibitor.
Ospemifene: (Major) Use caution when administering ospemifene to a patient taking ritonavir, as concurrent use may increase ospemifene systemic exposure and increase the risk of ospemifene-related adverse reactions. Consider if alternative therapy is appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a CYP2C9 inhibitor, and ospemifene is a CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 substrate. Co-administration of ospemifene with a drug known to inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isoenzymes increased the ospemifene exposure 2.7-fold.
Oxcarbazepine: (Severe) Concurrent administration of oxcarbazepine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in decreased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Oxcarbazepine is a moderate inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4, and ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. (Major) Concurrent administration of oxcarbazepine with ritonavir should be undertaken with caution and careful monitoring of antiviral efficacy. Oxcarbazepine is a moderate inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4, and ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Oxybutynin: (Moderate) Oxybutynin is metabolized by CYP3A4. Caution should be used when oxybutynin is given in combination with inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as protease inhibitors. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like ritonavir can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Oxymorphone: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of oxymorphone if the two drugs are coadministered.
Ozanimod: (Major) Coadministration of ozanimod with paritaprevir is not recommended. Coadministration may increase the exposure of the active metabolites of ozanimod, which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Ozanimod is a BCRP substrate and paritaprevir is a BCRP inhibitor. Coadministration with another BCRP inhibitor had no effect on ozanimod exposure, but doubled the exposure of the minor active metabolites, RP101988 and RP101075 (the direct precursor of the major active metabolite CC112273). Coadministration of ozanimod with BCRP inhibitors may also increase exposure of CC112273 and CC1084037.
Paclitaxel: (Minor) Concurrent administration of paclitaxel (or nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel) with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased paclitaxel plasma concentrations and risk for toxicity. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Paclitaxel is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C8 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, paclitaxel is a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and ritonavir also inhibits P-gp. Paritaprevir also inhibits P-gp. (Minor) Due to ritonavir's potential inhibitory effects on various hepatic isoenzymes, numerous drug interactions may occur with ritonavir. Close monitoring of serum drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required when paclitaxel (a CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrate) is coadministered with ritonavir (a CYP3A4 inhibitor). In addition, paclitaxel is a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and ritonavir also inhibits P-gp.
Palbociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with palbociclib; significantly increased plasma exposure of palbociclib may occur. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of palbociclib to 75 mg PO once daily and monitor for increased adverse reactions. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the palbociclib dose (after 3 to 5 half-lives of ritonavir) to the dose used before initiation of ritonavir. Palbociclib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction trial, coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of palbociclib by 87% and 34%, respectively.
Paliperidone: (Major) Concurrent administration of paliperidone with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of all 5 drugs; however, the clinical significance of potential alterations in drug exposure is not clear. In addition, there may be an increased risk for QT prolongation if these drugs are coadministered. Paliperidone has also been associated with QT prolongation; TdP and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with QT prolongation in other trials. If coadministration cannot be avoided, caution and close monitoring are advised. Paliperidone is a substrate of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both enzymes and P-pg. In vivo data indicate that hepatic metabolism plays a relatively minor role in overall paliperidone clearance; therefore, the clinical significance of ritonavir's CYP inhibition is unclear. In addition, paliperidone inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. (Major) Concurrent administration of paliperidone with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of all 5 drugs; however, the clinical significance of potential alterations in drug exposure is not clear. In addition, there may be an increased risk for QT prolongation if these drugs are coadministered. Paliperidone has been associated with QT prolongation; torsade de pointes (TdP) and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with QT prolongation in other trials. If coadministration cannot be avoided, caution and close monitoring are advised. Paliperidone is a substrate of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both enzymes and P-pg. In vivo data indicate that hepatic metabolism plays a relatively minor role in overall paliperidone clearance; therefore, the clinical significance of ritonavir's CYP inhibition is unclear. In addition, paliperidone inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp.
Panobinostat: (Major) Reduce the starting dose of panobinostat to10 mg when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may increase systemic exposure of panobinostat. Panobinostat is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of panobinostat by 73%.
Paricalcitol: (Moderate) Paricalcitol is partially metabolized by CYP3A4. Care should be taken when dosing paricalcitol with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors. Dose adjustments of paricalcitol may be required. Monitor plasma PTH and serum calcium and phosphorous concentrations if a patient initiates or discontinues therapy with this combination.
Paroxetine: (Major) A dose reduction of paroxetine may be necessary during co-administration of ritonavir. Concurrent use of CYP2D6 substrates, such as paroxetine, with ritonavir could result in increases (up to 2-fold) in the AUC of paroxetine. Paroxetine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Pazopanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pazopanib and ritonavir due to the potential for increased pazopanib exposure. If concurrent use is unavoidable, reduce the pazopanib dose to 400 mg PO once daily; further dose adjustments may be necessary if adverse effects occur. Pazopanib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concurrent use of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of pazopanib by 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively. (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of pazopanib with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir if possibile. Complex metabolic interactions may occur resulting in elevated plasma concentrations of all 5 drugs. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce the pazopanib dosage to 400 mg PO once daily, and monitor for adverse effects. Further dosage adjustments may be necessary depending on tolerability. Both pazopanib and ritonavir are substrates and inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are also CYP3A4 substrates. Pazopanib inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP2C8; dasabuvir is primarily metabolized by CYP2C8 and CYP2D6 is partially responsible for the metabolism of ritonavir. Pazopanib is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); ritonavir, dasabuvir, paritaprevir are BCRP inhibitors. Finally, pazopanib is a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. Ritonavir is also a P-gp inhibitor.
Pemigatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pemigatinib and ritonavir due to the risk of increased pemigatinib exposure which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce the dose of pemigatinib to 9 mg PO once daily if original dose was 13.5 mg per day and to 4.5 mg PO once daily if original dose was 9 mg per day. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original pemigatinib dose after 3 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Pemigatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased pemigatinib exposure by 88%.
Penbutolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Pentobarbital: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with pentobarbital should be undertaken with great caution due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Barbituates are known to induce hepatic CYP isoenzymes; phenobarbital, a potent inducer of CYP3A4, is contraindicated for use with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates of CYP3A4. (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with pentobarbital should be undertaken with great caution due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Barbituates are known to induce hepatic CYP isoenzymes; phenobarbital, a potent inducer of CYP3A4, is contraindicated for use with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. Dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates of CYP3A4. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Perampanel: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of perampanel with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated perampanel plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Perampanel is a weak inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, perampanel is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent use of perampanel with ritonavir may decrease ritonavir concentrations and increase perampanel concentrations. Both drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4. Ritonavir is also a CYP3A4 inhibitor, while perampanel is a weak inducer of CYP3A4. Monitor patients for increases in adverse effects such as anger, anxiety, irritability, somnolence, dizziness, or nausea. Dose adjustment may be required.
Pergolide: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Major) Concurrent administration of amitriptyline with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated amitriptyline plasma concentrations; however, the clinical implications of this interaction have not been clearly defined. Amitriptyline is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Hepatic isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 also contribute to amitriptyline's metabolism, and these isoenzymes do not appear to be inhibited by the 4-drug regimen. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Pexidartinib: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir with pexidartinib is contraindicated due to the potential for decreased paritaprevir concentrations and the potential development of viral resistance. Paritaprevir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and pexidartinib is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. (Major) Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with ombitasvir as concurrent use may increase pexidartinib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of pexidartinib. If ombitasvir is discontinued, increase the pexidartinib dose to the original dose after 3 plasma half-lives of ombitasvir. Dose adjustments are as follows: 800 mg/day or 600 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg twice daily; 400 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg once daily. Pexidartinib is a UGT substrate; ombitasvir is a UGT inhibitor. Coadministration with another UGT inhibitor increased pexidartinib exposure by 60%. (Major) Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with ritonavir as concurrent use may increase pexidartinib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of pexidartinib. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the pexidartinib dose to the original dose after 3 plasma half-lives of ritonavir. Dose adjustments are as follows: 800 mg/day or 600 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg twice daily; 400 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg once daily. Pexidartinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased pexidartinib exposure by 70%.
Phenobarbital: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with phenobarbital is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Phenobarbital is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenobarbital may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are all metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Phenytoin: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with phenytoin is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Phenytoin is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenytoin may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Reduce the dose of pimavanserin to 10 mg PO once daily and monitor for pimavanserin-related adverse reactions, including nausea, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance or coordination, and QT prolongation if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Concurrent use may increase pimavanserin exposure. Pimavanserin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In drug interaction studies, coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased exposure to pimavanserin by 3-fold.
Pimozide: (Severe) Coadministration of pimozide with protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Pimozide is thought to be metabolized through CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent CYP1A2 and CYP2D6. Elevated pimozide plasma levels are probable when coadministered with CYP450 inhibitors, such as the protease inhibitors. Increased plasma concentrations of pimozide have been associated with QT prolongation and serious cardiovascular adverse events including death due to TdP.
Pindolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of pindolol, resulting in increased beta-blocker concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted.
Pirfenidone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of pirfenidone with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Pirfenidone is a mild inhibitor of CYP3A4; an enzyme for which ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates. In addition, pirfenidone is a mild inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. Monitor for antiviral adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of pirfenidone with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir. Pirfenidone is a mild inhibitor of CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Monitor for antiviral adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
Pitavastatin: (Major) Concurrent administration of pitavastatin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in altered pitavastatin and ritonavir plasma concentrations; the drug interaction is complex and the ultimate effect on concentrations is undefined. Pitavastatin is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1. Paritaprevir inhibits OATP1B1; therefore, coadministration may result in increased pitavastatin concentrations. In contrast, pharmacokinetic studies of ritonavir-boosted regimens in combination with pitavastatin showed a reduction in pitavastatin exposure when the drugs were coadministered. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Polatuzumab Vedotin: (Moderate) Monitor for increased polatuzumab vedotin toxicity during coadministration of ritonavir due to the risk of elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of polatuzumab vedotin, MMAE. MMAE is metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are predicted to increase the exposure of MMAE by 45%.
Pomalidomide: (Moderate) Use pomalidomide and ritonavir together with caution; decreased pomalidomide exposure may occur resulting in reduced pomalidomide effectiveness. Pomalidomide is a CYP1A2 substrate and ritonavir is a CYP1A2 inducer.
Ponatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of ponatinib and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may increase systemic exposures of all 5 drugs. Ponatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. If use of ponatinib and a ritonavir-containing medication is necessary, reduce the starting ponatinib dose to 30 mg/day. Additionally, ponatinib is a P-gp inhibitor, while dasabuvir, paritaprevir, ombitasvir and ritonavir are all P-gp substrates. (Major) Concomitant use of ponatinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the exposure of ponatinib. If the use of both agents is necessary, reduce the starting ponatinib dose to 30 mg/day. Additionally, ponatinib is a P-gp inhibitor and may increase the plasma concentration of a P-gp substrate such as, ritonavir.
Posaconazole: (Major) Concurrent administration of posaconazole with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of both drugs, which increases the risk of serious adverse events such as QT prolongation. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; an enzyme for which ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates. In one study, coadministration of posaconazole (400 mg PO twice daily) with ritonavir (100 mg PO daily) resulted in significant increases in ritonavir Cmax (49% increase) and AUC (80% increase). While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. Posaconazole has been associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. In addition, posaconazole inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); all 4 antiviral drugs are P-gp substrates. Similarly, posaconazole is a P-gp substrate, and ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. If coadministration is unavoidable, careful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects is recommended. (Major) Concurrent administration of posaconazole with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of both drugs, which increases the risk of serious adverse events such as QT prolongation. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; an enzyme for which ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates. In one study, coadministration of posaconazole (400 mg PO twice daily) with ritonavir (100 mg PO daily) resulted in significant increases in ritonavir Cmax (49% increase) and AUC (80% increase). While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. Posaconazole has been associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. In addition, posaconazole inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); all 4 antiviral drugs are P-gp substrates. Similarly, posaconazole is a P-gp substrate, and ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. If coadministration is unavoidable, careful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects is recommended. (Moderate) Perform frequent monitoring of adverse effects and toxicity of ritonavir during coadministration with posaconazole. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated ritonavir plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for ritonavir-related adverse events. Data from one study found the Cmax and AUC of ritonavir increased by 49% and 80%, respectively, when administered with posaconazole.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Pravastatin: (Major) Adult doses of pravastatin must be limited to no more than 40 mg/day when administered with paritaprevir-containing regimens. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the hepatitis C treatment regimen. Monitor for pravastatin related adverse events, such as myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Use of these drugs together results in elevated pravastatin serum concentrations.
Praziquantel: (Moderate) Monitor for increased side effects of praziquantel if administered with ritonavir. Concurrent administration may result in elevated praziquantel plasma concentrations. Praziquantel is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Prednisolone: (Moderate) Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4, and prednisolone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for corticosteroid-related side effects if prednisone or prednisolone and ritonavir are taken.
Prednisone: (Moderate) Coadministration of prednisone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause prednisone serum concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an alternative corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, especially during long-term treatment.
Primidone: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with primidone is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Primidone is converted to phenobarbital in vivo, and phenobarbital is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, phenobarbital may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are substrates. (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Propafenone: (Severe) The manufacturer of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir recommends caution and therapeutic drug monitoring (when available) if administered concurrently with propafenone. However, since one of the components of the 3-drug combination is ritonavir, use of these drugs together is contraindicated. Both ritonavir and propafenone are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use increases the risk for developing Torsade de Pointes (TdP). In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, an enzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of propafenone. If administered together, serum concentration of propafenone may increase. (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and propafenone is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. However, propafenone and ritonavir may be coadministered with caution to patients receiving ritonavir as a boosting agent. Ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Drugs that inhibit both pathways are expected to increase propafenone serum concentrations.
Propofol: (Moderate) Use caution if ritonavir is coadministered with propofol due to the potential for decreased propofol exposure which may decrease its efficacy. Propofol is a CYP2B6 substrate and ritonavir is a CYP2B6 inducer.
Propoxyphene: (Moderate) Due to effects on microsomal isoenzymes responsible for hepatic metabolism, ritonavir may alter the response and/or increase the AUC of opiate analgesics. Concurrent use of ritonavir and propoxyphene is not recommended, due the increased formation of the neurotoxic metabolites of propoxyphene. Also, propoxyphene is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4. Increased serum concentrations of propoxyphene can occur from concurrent use of ritonavir, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. A reduced dosage of propoxyphene may be needed. Monitor for CNS and respiratory depression.
Propranolol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of propranolol with ritonavir may result in elevated propranolol plasma concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Propranolol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Decreased beta-blocker dosage may be needed.
Protriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations.
Quazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of quazepam and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the quazepam dose may be needed.
Quetiapine: (Major) The manufacturer of quetiapine recommends a quetiapine dose reduction to one-sixth the original dose during concurrent administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir. When ritonavir is discontinued, the dose should be increased by 6-fold. The plasma concentrations of quetiapine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir.
Quinidine: (Severe) The manufacturer of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir recommends caution and therapeutic drug monitoring (when available) if administered concurrently with quinidine. However, since one of the components of the 3-drug combination is ritonavir, use of these drugs together is contraindicated. Both ritonavir and quinidine are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use increases the risk for developing Torsade de Pointes (TdP). In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, an enzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of quinidine. If administered together, serum concentration of quinidine may increase. (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and quinidine is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious consideration may be given to administering quinidine with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as quinidine, should be expected with concurrent use.
Quinine: (Major) Concomitant use of quinine and ritonavir should be avoided due to increased quinine concentrations. In a study of healthy patients who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine with the 15th dose of ritonavir (200 mg PO Q12h for 9 days), there was a 4-fold increase in the mean quinine AUC and Cmax and an increase in the mean quinine elimination half-life (13.4 h vs. 11.2 h) when compared to quinine administered alone. There were no significant changes in the ritonavir pharmacokinetics. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor and quinine is a CYP3A4 substrate. (Major) Concurrent administration of quinine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is expected to result in e levated quinine plasma concentrations and altered concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Quinine's product labeling recommends avoiding concomitant use with ritonavir due to increased quinine concentrations and risk for toxicity. In a study of healthy patients who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine with the 15th dose of ritonavir (200 mg PO q12h for 9 days), there was a 4-fold increase in the mean quinine AUC and Cmax and an increase in the mean quinine elimination half-life compared to when quinine was administered alone. The dosage of ritonavir in dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is lower than that studied; therefore, the degree of increase in quinine plasma concentrations with coadministration of these specific products in not known. Both ritonavir and quinine are substrates and inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are also substrates of CYP3A4. Quinine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and ritonavir and paritaprevir inhibit P-gp. Both ritonavir and quinine have been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent fashion. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Rabeprazole: (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are administered together. (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are administered together.
Ramelteon: (Moderate) The serum concentrations of ramelteon may increase when ramelteon is administered with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors like the anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Because there is the potential for multiple CYPP450 enzyme inhibition interactions between protease inhibitors and ramelteon, caution should be used if these 2 drugs are coadministered. The patient should be monitored closely for toxicity even though ramelteon has a wide therapeutic index.
Ranolazine: (Severe) Coadministration of ranolazine with strong CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir-containing regimens, is contraindicated. Concurrent administration of ranolazine with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is expected to result in elevated plasma concentrations of ranolazine, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Both ritonavir and ranolazine are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); both drugs are also associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Paritaprevir also inhibits P-gp. Increased plasma concentrations of ranolazine and ritonavir increase the risk of drug toxicity and proarrhythmic effects. Plasma concentrations of the other antiviral agents may also be affected. Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are metabolized by CYP3A4, and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir, are all substrates of P-gp. (Severe) Concomitant use of ranolazine with ritonavir is contraindicated due to the potential for increased ranolazine plasma concentrations and therefore increased risk of QTc prolongation and possibly torsade de pointes. Ranolazine is a CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and P-gp. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased plasma concentrations of ranolazine by 220%.
Red Yeast Rice: (Severe) The risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, may be increased when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are given in combination with most HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Since compounds in red yeast rice claim to have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor activity, coadministration of red yeast rice with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is not recommended.
Regorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of regorafenib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of regorafenib and decreased plasma concentrations of the active metabolites M-2 and M-5, which may lead to increased toxicity. Regorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased regorafenib exposure by 33% and decreased exposure of M-2 and M-5 by 93% each. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with regorafenib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a BCRP substrate and regorafenib is a BCRP inhibitor.
Remifentanil: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of remifentanil if the two drugs are coadministered.
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Coadministration of repaglinide and protease inhibitors may increase or decrease glucose concentrations and increase repaglinide AUC; if coadministration is necessary, repaglinide dosage adjustment may be necessary and increased frequency of glucose monitoring is recommended. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. In addition, repaglinide is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors and inhibitors of OATP. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of repaglinide with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated repaglinide plasma concentrations. Monitor blood glucose concentrations closely; a repaglinide dosage reduction may be necessary. Repaglinide is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP). Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4, and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Retapamulin: (Moderate) Coadministration of retapamulin with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, in patients younger than 24 months is not recommended. Systemic exposure of topically administered retapamulin may be higher in patients younger than 24 months than in patients 2 years and older. Retapamulin is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Revefenacin: (Major) Coadministration of revefenacin is not recommended with paritaprevir because it could lead to an increase in systemic exposure of the active metabolite of revefenacin and an increased potential for anticholinergic adverse effects. The active metabolite of revefenacin is a substrate of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3; paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
Ribavirin: (Major) The concomitant use of ribavirin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with caution as both can cause hepatic damage. Most protease inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity, with lopinavir/low-dose ritonavir, fosamprenavir/low-dose ritonavir, and nelfinavir being less hepatotoxic and tipranavir/low-dose ritonavir being the most hepatotoxic. Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with atazanavir and/or indinavir therapy but does not reflect liver damage and is related to the inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferase. Overall, the HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving HAART. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation.
Ribociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with ritonavir due to the potential for significantly increased exposure to ribociclib. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of ribociclib to 400 mg once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the previous ribociclib dose after at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong inhibitor increased the ribociclib AUC and Cmax by 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, in healthy volunteers. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ribociclib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with ritonavir due to the potential for significantly increased exposure to ribociclib. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of ribociclib to 400 mg once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the previous ribociclib dose after at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong inhibitor increased the ribociclib AUC and Cmax by 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, in healthy volunteers. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ribociclib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate and ribociclib is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased paritaprevir exposure by 2.2-fold to 2.9-fold.
Rifabutin: (Severe) Concurrent administration of rifabutin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in elevated rifabutin plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Rifabutin is a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, rifabutin is an inducer of CYP3A4, and ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Although rifabutin appears to induce the enzyme to a lesser degree than rifampin, the plasma concentrations of ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir may be reduced. (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir and rifabutin results in clinically significant alterations of rifabutin pharmacokinetic parameters, with the rifabutin AUC being increased by 430%. In patients receiving any dosage of ritonavir, the dose of rifabutin should always be decreased to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week.
Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased ritonavir concentrations; HIV treatment failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days) decreases the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may lead to loss of virologic response if ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV Treatment Guidelines recommend ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative antimycobacterial agents, such as rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs are coadministered, but this appears to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost' concentrations of other protease inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses; however, a net CYP3A4 induction still results when used with rifampin. (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with rifampin is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. Rifampin is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. Rifampin also induces CYP2D6 and CYP2C8, enzymes partially responsible for the metabolism of ritonavir and dasabuvir, respectively. In addition, rifampin induces the drug transporter proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and UGT; dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates for P-gp, while dasabuvir, ombitasvir and paritaprevir are also substrates of UGT.
Rifapentine: (Severe) Concurrent use of rifapentine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could result in decreased concentrations of paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir, which may affect antiviral efficacy. Rifapentine is expected to induce the CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 metabolism of dasbuvir and the CYP3A4 metabolism of paritaprevir and ritonavir. (Major) Rifapentine is an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8/9, and should not be coadministered with protease inhibitors as complex interactions may lead to decreased plasma concentrations of the anti-retroviral agents. In one study, indinavir Cmax and AUC were reduced by 55% and 70%, respectively. The clearance of indinavir was increased 3-fold in the presence of rifapentine while half-life did not change. Additionally, HIV patients treated with rifapentine have a higher rate of TB relapse than those treated with other rifamycin-based regimens; an alternative agent is recommended.
Rifaximin: (Moderate) Although the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, concurrent use of rifaximin, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and ritonavir, a P-gp inhibitor, may substantially increase the systemic exposure to rifaximin; caution is advised if these drugs must be administered together. During one in vitro study, coadministration with cyclosporine, a potent P-gp inhibitor, resulted in an 83-fold and 124-fold increase in the mean Cmax and AUC of rifaximin, respectively. In patients with hepatic impairment, the effects of reduced metabolism and P-gp inhibition may further increase exposure to rifaximin. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rifaximin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated rifaximin and ombitasvir plasma concentrations and altered concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Rifaximin is a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. Although ritonavir's effect on rifaximin clearance is not defined, coadministration with cyclosporine, a potent P-gp inhibitor, resulted in an 83-fold and 124-fold increase in rifaximin Cmax and AUC, respectively. In patients with hepatic impairment, the reduced metabolism and P-gp inhibition may further increase rifaximin exposure. Dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are also P-gp substrates. In addition, ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are substrates of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Rifaximin has been shown to be an inducer of CYP3A4, but enzyme induction is not expected when rifaximin is given at FDA-approved dosages in patients with normal liver function. It is not known whether rifaximin has a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4 substrates in patients with hepatic impairment. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in adverse reactions related to either therapy if coadministration is necessary. Rifaximin is a substrate and inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. In patients with hepatic impairment, a potential additive effect of reduced metabolism may further increase systemic rifaximin exposure. Coadministration with one P-gp inhibitor decreased the efflux ration of rifaximin by greater than 50%. Concomitant use with another P-gp inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of rifaximin by 83-fold and 124-fold. Dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are also P-gp substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Riluzole: (Moderate) Coadministration of riluzole with ritonavir may result in decreased riluzole efficacy. In vitro findings suggest decreased riluzole exposure is likely. Riluzole is a CYP1A2 substrate and ritonavir is a CYP1A2 inducer.
Rimegepant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rimegepant with paritaprevir; concurrent use may increase rimegepant exposure. Rimegepant is a substrate of BCRP and paritaprevir is a BCRP inhibitor. (Major) Avoid coadministration of rimegepant with ritonavir; concurrent use may significantly increase rimegepant exposure. Rimegepant is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration of rimegepant with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased rimegepant exposure by 4-fold.
Riociguat: (Major) Concomitant use of riociguat with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may increase riociguat exposure and result in hypotension. Ritonavir inhibits isoenzymes and drug transporters that metabolize riociguat, specifically CYP3A4, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). In addition, dasabuvir and paritaprevir are also BCRP inhibitors. If these drugs are to be coadministered, consider an initial riociguat dose of 0.5 mg PO three times a day, monitor patients for hypotension, and decrease the riociguat dose in patients who do not tolerate the hypotensive effects. (Major) Concomitant use of riociguat with strong cytochrome CYP inhibitors and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitors, such as ritonavir, increases riociguat exposure and may result in hypotension. Consider a starting adult dose of 0.5 mg PO three times a day when initiating riociguat in patients receiving strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension on initiation and on treatment with strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. A dose reduction should be considered in patients who may not tolerate the hypotensive effect of riociguat.
Ripretinib: (Moderate) Monitor patients more frequently for ripretinib-related adverse reactions if coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration may increase the exposure of ripretinib and its active metabolite (DP-5439), which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Ripretinib and DP-5439 are metabolized by CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ripretinib and DP-5439 exposure by 99%.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Ritonavir may increase risperidone exposure; use together with caution and monitor for adverse effects of risperidone, including QT prolongation or other risperidone side effects. A decreased dosage of risperidone may be required. Risperidone is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and is also partially metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir inhibits both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
Rivaroxaban: (Major) Avoid concomitant administration of rivaroxaban and ritonavir; significant increases in rivaroxaban exposure may increase bleeding risk. Rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter. Concurrent use of a single dose of rivaroxaban and ritonavir, a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, led to an increase in the rivaroxaban AUC by 150% and Cmax by 60%. Similar increases in pharmacodynamic effects such as factor Xa inhibition and PT prolongation were also observed.
Rocuronium: (Moderate) Monitor clinical effect and decrease the rocuronium dosage, if needed, if rocuronium is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Ritonavir may potentially decrease biliary excretion of rocuronium.
Roflumilast: (Major) Patients receiving roflumilast may have altered serum concentrations if coadministered with ritonavir. Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor and an inducer of CYP3A4, and roflumilast is a CYP3A4 substrate. Specific pharmacokinetic study of this potential interaction has not been conducted.
Romidepsin: (Major) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with romidepsin may increase romidepsin concentrations and the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Romidepsin is known to increase the QT interval. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. In addition, romidepsin is a CYP3A4 substrate and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, while ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Paritaprevir is also a P-gp inhibitor. Therefore, coadministration may increase romidepsin plasma concentrations and further increase the risk of QT prolongation and romidepsin toxicity; dosage adjustments may be necessary. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Monitor for toxicity related to increased romidepsin exposure and follow the dose modifications for toxicity during initial administration of romidepsin with ritonavir. Romidepsin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction trial a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased romidepsin AUC by approximately 25%.
Rosuvastatin: (Major) Initiate rosuvastatin at a reduced dosage of 5 mg once daily if coadministered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir; do not exceed a rosuvastatin dosage of 10 mg once daily. Concurrent use results in elevated rosuvastatin serum concentrations; thereby increasing the risk for myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Closely monitor for statin-associated adverse reactions, such as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The dose should be re-adjusted after completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen.
Ruxolitinib: (Major) Reduce the ruxolitinib dosage during coadministration with ritonavir in patients with myelofibrosis (MF) or polycythemia vera (PV) as increased ruxolitinib exposure and toxicity may occur; no dose adjustments are necessary for patients with graft-versus-host disease. In MF patients, reduce the initial dose to 10 mg PO twice daily for platelet count of 100,000 cells/mm3 or more and 5 mg PO once daily for platelet count of 50,000 to 99,999 cells/mm3. In PV patients, reduce the initial dose to 5 mg PO twice daily. Avoid the use of ritonavir in MF or PV patients who are stable on a ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO once daily. In MF or PV patients stable on ruxolitinib dose of 10 mg PO twice daily or more, reduce dose by 50%; in patients stable on ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO twice daily, reduce ruxolitinib to 5 mg PO once daily. Additional dose modifications should be made with frequent monitoring of safety and efficacy. Ruxolitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Sacituzumab Govitecan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of sacituzumab govitecan and ombitasvir due to the risk of increased sacituzumab govitecan exposure which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. The cytotoxic component of sacituzumab govitecan, SN-38, is metabolized by UGT1A1 and ombitasvir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Formal drug interaction studies with sacituzumab govitecan have not been conducted but the concomitant use of UGT1A1 inhibitors is expected to increase SN-38 exposure. (Major) Avoid coadministration of sacituzumab govitecan and paritaprevir due to the risk of increased sacituzumab govitecan exposure which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. The cytotoxic component of sacituzumab govitecan, SN-38, is metabolized by UGT1A1 and paritaprevir is a UGT1A1 inhibitor. Formal drug interaction studies with sacituzumab govitecan have not been conducted but the concomitant use of UGT1A1 inhibitors is expected to increase SN-38 exposure. (Major) Avoid coadministration of sacituzumab govitecan and ritonavir due to the risk of decreased sacituzumab govitecan exposure which may reduce its efficacy. The cytotoxic component of sacituzumab govitecan, SN-38, is metabolized by UGT1A1 and ritonavir is a UGT1A1 inducer. Formal drug interaction studies with sacituzumab govitecan have not been conducted but the concomitant use of UGT1A1 inducers is expected to decrease SN-38 exposure.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of valsartan and regimens containing paritaprevir may result in elevated valsartan plasma concentrations. A valsartan dose reduction, and close monitoring for adverse events (i.e., hypotension and worsening renal function) are advised during coadministration. If adverse events are observed, consider further reductions in valsartan dose or an alternative to the angiotensin receptor blocker. Valsartan is a substrate of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and paritaprevir is an OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration.
Salmeterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of salmeterol with ritonavir. The coadministration of salmeterol with CYP3A4 inhibitors can result in elevated salmeterol plasma concentrations and increased risk for adverse reactions, particularly cardiovascular effects.
Sapropterin: (Moderate) Caution is advised with the concomitant use of sapropterin and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir as coadministration may result in increased systemic exposure of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. All 3 drugs are substrates for the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); in vitro data show that sapropterin may inhibit P-gp. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for increased side effects of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the concomitant use of sapropterin and ritonavir as coadministration may result in increased systemic exposure of ritonavir. Ritonavir is a substrate for the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); in vitro data show that sapropterin may inhibit P-gp. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for increased side effects of ritonavir.
Saquinavir: (Major) Concurrent administration of saquinavir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of saquinavir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir and subsequent adverse effects such as QT prolongation. Both saquinavir and ritonavir are substrates and inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are partially metabolized by CYP3A4. In addition, saquinavir inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. Saquinavir and ritonavir have both been associated with QT prolongation; caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Secobarbital: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with ethinyl estradiol is contraindicated due to the potential for elevated liver function tests (LFTs). Ethinyl estradiol-containing medications must be discontinued prior to starting the hepatitis C regimen, and restarted no sooner than 2 weeks following completion of the hepatitis C regimen. Alternate forms of contraception should be employed at this time. During clinical studies, female patients receiving these drugs in combination experienced significantly higher rates of ALT elevations. Health care providers are advised that estrogens other than ethinyl estradiol did not show the same increase in ALT; however, due to the limited number of study subjects, the manufacturer recommends these estrogens be used with caution when administered with the hepatitis C regimen. (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of segesterone. Contraceptive efficacy may be reduced. Segesterone is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer. (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of selpercatinib and ritonavir due to the risk of increased selpercatinib exposure which may increase the risk of adverse reactions, including QT prolongation. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce the dose of selpercatinib to 40 mg PO twice daily if original dose was 120 mg twice daily, and to 80 mg PO twice daily if original dose was 160 mg twice daily. Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation more frequently. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original selpercatinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Selpercatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased selpercatinib exposure by 133%.
Selumetinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of selumetinib and ritonavir due to the risk of increased selumetinib exposure which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce the dose of selumetinib to 20 mg/m2 PO twice daily if original dose was 25 mg/m2 twice daily and 15 mg/m2 PO twice daily if original dose was 20 mg/m2 twice daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original selumetinib dose after 3 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Selumetinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased selumetinib exposure by 49%.
Sibutramine: (Moderate) Due to ritonavir's potential inhibitory effects on various hepatic isoenzymes, close monitoring of serum drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required when sibutramine is coadministered with ritonavir; dosage reduction may be needed.
Sildenafil: (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir is contraindicated in patients receiving sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). If used for erectile dysfunction, the dose of sildenafil should not exceed 25 mg in 48 hours with increased monitoring for adverse reactions during times of coadministration. Concurrent use substantially increases the sildenafil plasma concentrations and may result in increased associated adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual changes, and prolonged erection. Ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the AUC of sildenafil, a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, by 11-fold in a drug interaction study.
Silodosin: (Severe) Coadministration of silodosin and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Silodosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and the manufacturer contraindicates concurrent use with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir. Also of note, silodosin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir and paritaprevir are P-gp inhibitors. Coadministration would be expected to cause significant increases in silodosin plasma concentrations. (Severe) Concurrent use of silodosin and ritonavir is contraindicated. Silodosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Also of note, silodosin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration may cause significant increases in silodosin plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in adverse events.
Simeprevir: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of simeprevir and ritonavir. Inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by ritonavir causes significantly increased plasma concentrations of simeprevir, potentially resulting in adverse effects. (Major) Avoid the coadministration of simeprevir and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. The FDA-approved labeling for simeprevir, a CYP3A4 substrate, states that coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir, is not recommended as significant increases in simeprevir could result. Additional metabolic interactions are expected which would lead to elevated plasma concentrations of simeprevir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Simeprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate/inhibitor, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate/inhibitor, and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are P-gp substrates. Simeprevir and paritaprevir are both OATP1B1/3 substrate/inhibitors. Finally, simeprevir is a mild CYP3A4 inhibitor and dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are CYP3A4 substrates. (Major) Avoid the coadministration of simeprevir and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir. The FDA-approved labeling for simeprevir, a CYP3A4 substrate, states that coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir, is not recommended as significant increases in simeprevir could result. Additional metabolic interactions are expected which would lead to elevated plasma concentrations of simeprevir, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Simeprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate/inhibitor, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate/inhibitor, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are P-gp substrates, and paritaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor. Simeprevir and paritaprevir are both OATP1B1/3 substrate/inhibitors. Finally, simeprevir is a mild CYP3A4 inhibitor and dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are CYP3A4 substrates.
Simvastatin: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir may increase simvastatin exposure. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3; simvastatin is a substrate of OATP1B1/3. (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. One report has demonstrated that ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy markedly increases the AUC for simvastatin by 3059%. Simvastatin is a substrate for CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors.
Simvastatin; Sitagliptin: (Severe) Coadministration of paritaprevir may increase simvastatin exposure. Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3; simvastatin is a substrate of OATP1B1/3. (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. One report has demonstrated that ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy markedly increases the AUC for simvastatin by 3059%. Simvastatin is a substrate for CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors. (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Siponimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of siponimod and ritonavir may increase siponimod exposure. If the patient is also receiving a drug regimen containing a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor, use of siponimod is not recommended due to a significant increase in siponimod exposure. Siponimod is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a moderate CYP2C9/CYP3A4 dual inhibitor led to a 2-fold increase in the exposure of siponimod.
Sirolimus: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with sirolimus is contraindicated due to the potential for severe immunosuppressant-associated adverse events. When administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, the maximum plasma concentration (peak), minimum plasma concentration (trough), and systemic exposure of sirolimus are significantly increased. (Major) Avoid the use of sirolimus with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors may affect absorption and elimination of sirolimus leading to increased blood concentrations. Sirolimus is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 in the gut and liver and undergoes counter-transport from enterocytes of the small intestine into the gut lumen by the P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump. Sirolimus is potentially recycled between enterocytes and the gut lumen to allow continued metabolism by CYP3A4.
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results in decreased tipranavir concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids.
Sodium Oxybate: (Major) One case report describes a possible interaction between sodium oxybate and ritonavir and saquinavir, leading to repetitive, clonic contractions. The patient also experienced shallow respirations, a heart rate of 40 beats per min, and was responsive only to painful stimuli. The exact contribution of ritonavir and saquinavir to this reaction cannot be determined since several other compounds were detected through a urinary toxin screen.
Sofosbuvir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of sofosbuvir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); dasabuvir and paritaprevir are substrates/inhibitors of BCRP, while sofosbuvir is a BCRP substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of sofosbuvir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); dasabuvir and paritaprevir are substrates/inhibitors of BCRP, while sofosbuvir is a BCRP substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of sofosbuvir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); dasabuvir and paritaprevir are substrates/inhibitors of BCRP, while sofosbuvir is a BCRP substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Solifenacin: (Major) Use of ritonavir with solifenacin may increase exposure to solifenacin and risk for solifenacin-related side effects. If these drugs must be administered together, do not exceed solifenacin 5 mg per day in adults; do not exceed the initial solifenacin starting dose in pediatric patients. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor and solifenacin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased solifenacin exposure by 2.7-fold.
Somatropin, rh-GH: (Minor) When somatropin, an inducer of CYP3A4, and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, a CYP3A4 substrate, are coadministered, patients should be monitored for changes in anti-retroviral efficacy. Published data indicate that in HIV-infected patients receiving somatropin for wasting or HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome (HARS), somatropin did not adversely affect antiretroviral effectiveness as indicated by no change in the concentration of circulating CD4 counts or viral load.
Sonidegib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sonidegib and ritonavir as sonidegib levels may be significantly increased resulting in an increased risk of adverse events, particularly musculoskeletal toxicity. Sonidegib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of sonidegib by 2.2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively
Sorafenib: (Major) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with sorafenib is necessary. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and sorafenib inhibits P-gp in vitro. Sorafenib may increase the concentrations of concomitantly administered drugs that are P-gp substrates. (Major) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with sorafenib is necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and sorafenib inhibits P-gp in vitro. Sorafenib may increase the concentrations of concomitantly administered drugs that are P-gp substrates.
Sotalol: (Major) The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with ritonavir include sotalol.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum is contraindicated due to the potential for hepatitis C treatment failure. Coadministration may result in reduced systemic exposes to dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir. St. John's Wort is a potent inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; dasabuvir (minor), paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates of this isoenzyme. In addition, St. John's Wort may induce P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are substrates. (Severe) Use of St. John's wort with protease inhibitors is contraindicated. St. John's wort is an inducer of CYP3A and is expected to significantly decrease the plasma concentrations of all currently marketed protease inhibitors. Reductions in plasma concentrations of these drugs could lead to HIV treatment failures or the development of viral-resistance. St. John's wort in all forms, including teas, should be avoided in HIV patients treated with these agents.
Streptogramins: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dalfopristin; quinupristin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is expected to result in elevated plasma concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. According to the manufacturer of dalfopristin; quinupristin, concomitant use with CYP3A4 substrates that may prolong the QT interval should be avoided. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. Quinupristin is a potent inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Sufentanil: (Moderate) Because the dose of the sufentanil sublingual tablets cannot be titrated, consider an alternate opiate if a protease inhibitor must be administered. Consider a reduced dose of sufentanil injection with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of a protease inhibitor is necessary. If a protease inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the sufentanil injection dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Sufentanil is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like protease inhibitors can increase sufentanil exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of sufentanil. If a protease inhibitor is discontinued, sufentanil plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to sufentanil.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
Sunitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with sunitinib if possible due to increased sunitinib exposure, which may increase the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of sunitinib in 12.5 mg decrements based on individual safety and tolerability to a minimum of 37.5 mg (GIST and RCC) or 25 mg (pNET) daily. In the adjuvant RCC study, the minimum dose administered was 37.5 mg. Sunitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased exposure to sunitinib and its primary active metabolite by 51%.
Suvorexant: (Major) Coadministration of suvorexant and ritonavir is not recommended due to the potential for significantly increased suvorexant exposure. Suvorexant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the suvorexant AUC by 2.8-fold.
Tacrolimus: (Severe) Concomitant use of dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir with tacrolimus is contraindicated due to the potential for severe immunosuppressant-associated adverse events. When administered concurrently with ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, the maximum plasma concentration (peak), minimum plasma concentration (trough), and systemic exposure of tacrolimus are significantly increased. (Major) Closely monitor tacrolimus concentrations and adjust the dose of tacrolimus as appropriate if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Concurrent administration is expected to increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and QT prolongation. Consider a tacrolimus dose reduction to 0.5 mg to 1 mg once per week when coadministered with a protease inhibitor. In one study, the tacrolimus half-life increased to 10.6 days in one patient and 20.6 days in another following coadministration of tacrolimus and lopinavir; ritonavir. Up to 80% reductions in tacrolimus dosages and 7-fold increase in dosage intervals were needed when tacrolimus was coadministered with protease inhibitors in studies. Tacrolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Tadalafil: (Major) For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, do not exceed 10 mg of tadalafil within 72 hours of ritonavir for the 'as needed' dose or 2.5 mg daily for the 'once-daily' dose. Avoid the use of tadalafil for pulmonary hypertension during the initiation of ritonavir therapy. Stop tadalafil at least 24 hours prior to starting ritonavir. After at least 1 week of ritonavir therapy, resume tadalafil at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based on tolerability. Coadministration of ritonavir with tadalafil results in a 124% increase in tadalafil AUC. Substantially increased tadalafil plasma concentrations may result in increased adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual changes, and prolonged erection. It should be noted that during once daily administration of tadalafil, the presence of continuous plasma tadalafil concentrations may change the potential for interactions with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4.
Tafamidis: (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of tafamidis and ombitasvir due to the potential for increased plasma concentrations of ombitasvir increasing the risk of adverse effects. Ombitasvir dose adjustment may be needed with coadministration. Ombitasvir is a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and tafamidis is a BCRP inhibitor. (Moderate) Caution is advised with the coadministration of tafamidis and paritaprevir due to the potential for increased plasma concentrations of paritaprevir increasing the risk of adverse effects. Paritaprevir dose adjustment may be needed with coadministration. Paritaprevir is a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and tafamidis is a BCRP inhibitor.
Talazoparib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of paritaprevir with talazoparib due to increased talazoparib exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor for an increase in talazoparib-related adverse reactions. Talazoparib is a BCRP substrate and paritaprevir is a BCRP inhibitor. The effect of concomitant administration of BCRP inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of talazoparib has not been studied; however, BCRP inhibitors may increase talazoparib exposure. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in talazoparib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Talazoparib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration with other P-gp inhibitors increased talazoparib exposure by 8% to 45%.
Tamsulosin: (Major) Plasma concentrations of tamsulosin may be increased with concomitant use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Tamsulosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 hepatic enzymes. In clinical evaluation, concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in tamsulosin exposure. Such increases in tamsulosin concentrations may be expected to produce clinically significant and potentially serious side effects, such as hypotension. Therefore, concomitant use of tamsulosin with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, or an agent with both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor activity, should be avoided.
Tasimelteon: (Major) Concurrent use of tasimelteon and strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, should be avoided if possible. Because tasimelteon is partially metabolized via CYP3A4, a large increase in exposure of tasimelteon with the potential for adverse reactions is possible if these drugs are coadministered. During administration of tasimelteon and another potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, tasimelteon exposure increased by about 50%.
Tazemetostat: (Major) Avoid coadministration of tazemetostat with ritonavir as concurrent use may increase tazemetostat exposure and the frequency and severity of adverse reactions. Tazemetostat is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tazemetostat exposure by 3.1-fold.
Telaprevir: (Major) Concurrent administration of telaprevir with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of both drugs. Both ritonavir and telaprevir are substrates and inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are all substrates of P-gp. Telaprevir also inhibits the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1. Paritaprevir is a substrate of OATP1B1. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Telithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of telithromycin and ritonavir due to increased telithromycin exposure which may increase the risk of QT prolongation; ritonavir exposure may also increase. Both drugs are substrates and strong inhibitors of CYP3A4. (Major) Concurrent administration of telithromycin with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of both drugs and subsequent adverse effects. There may be a risk of QT prolongation when these drugs are administered together. While dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir and ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir did not prolong the QT interval to a clinically relevant extent in healthy subjects, ritonavir has been associated with dose-related QT prolongation in other trials. Telithromycin also has the potential to cause QT prolongation. Both ritonavir and telithromycin are substrates and potent inhibitors of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; paritaprevir and dasabuvir (minor) are CYP3A4 substrates. In addition, telithromycin inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are all substrates of P-gp. Telithromycin also inhibits the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP). Paritaprevir is a substrate of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Telotristat Ethyl: (Severe) The use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated with telotristat ethyl, due to reduced systemic exposure resulting in reduced efficacy. Paritaprevir is a CYP3A4 substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by 25% and 48%, respectively, when coadministered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat ethyl increases the glucuronidation of the CYP3A4 substrate. The Cmax and AUC ratio of paritaprevir was 0.34 and 0.3, respectively, after carbamazepine adminsitration compared with paritaprevir alone. (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of telotristat ethyl and ritonavir is necessary, as the systemic exposure of ritonavir may be decreased resulting in reduced efficacy; exposure to telotristat ethyl may also be increased. If these drugs are used together, monitor patients for suboptimal efficacy of ritonavir as well as an increase in adverse reactions related to telotristat ethyl. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by 25% and 48%, respectively, when coadministered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat ethyl increases the glucuronidation of the CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased the ritonavir AUC and Cmax by 35% and 25%, respectively. Additionally, the active metabolite of telotristat ethyl, telotristat, is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Exposure to telotristat ethyl may increase.
Temsirolimus: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with temsirolimus due to increased plasma concentrations of the primary active metabolite of temsirolimus (sirolimus); exposure to ritonavir may also increase. If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of temsirolimus to 12.5 mg per week. Allow a washout period of approximately 1 week after discontinuation of ritonavir before increasing temsirolimus to its original dose. Temsirolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor did not significantly affect temsirolimus exposure, but increased the AUC and Cmax of sirolimus by 3.1-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. Ritonavir is also a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and temsirolimus is a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use may lead to increased concentrations of ritonavir. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in ombitasvir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with temsirolimus is necessary. Ombitasvir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and temsirolimus is a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use is likely to lead to increased concentrations of ombitasvir. (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paritaprevir-related adverse reactions if coadministration with temsirolimus is necessary. Paritaprevir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and temsirolimus is a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use is likely to lead to increased concentrations of paritaprevir.
Teniposide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of teniposide with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated teniposide plasma concentrations. Teniposide is a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is inhibits both CYP3A44 and P-gp. Paritaprevir also inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of teniposide with ritonavir may result in elevated teniposide plasma concentrations. Teniposide is a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A44 and P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Tenofovir, PMPA: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tenofovir, PMPA with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in elevated tenofovir plasma concentrations. Tenofovir is a substrate for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are BCRP inhibitors, and ritonavir inhibits P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Terbinafine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering terbinafine with ritonavir. Although this interaction has not been studied by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may alter the systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs. Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenyzmes, with major contributions coming from CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inducer of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9, and an inhibitor/inducer of CYP3A4. Monitor patients for adverse reactions and breakthrough fungal infections if these drugs are coadministered.
Terfenadine: (Severe) Caution should be used in patients receiving protease inhibitors concurrently with drugs metabolized via CYP3A4 and known to cause QT prolongation. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 isoenzyme at clinically relevant concentrations, which may lead to increased serum concentrations of terfenadine and an increased potential for QT prolongation or other adverse effects. Serious and/or life-threatening drug interactions could potentially occur between protease inhibitors and terfenadine.
Teriflunomide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ombitasvir may result in elevated plasma concentrations ombitasvir. Ombitasvir is a substrate of BCRP, and teriflunomide is a BRCP inhibitor. The degree of increase in the plasma concentrations of the antivirals has not been defined. Close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of teriflunomide with paritaprevir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of paritaprevir. Paritaprevir are substrates of BCRP, and teriflunomide is a BRCP inhibitor. In addition, paritaprevir is a substrate of the organic anion transporting poly

Technivie Oral Tab: 12.5-75-50mg

Adults

25 mg/day PO for ombitasvir; 150 mg/day PO for paritaprevir; 100 mg/day PO for ritonavir

Geriatric

25 mg/day PO for ombitasvir; 150 mg/day PO for paritaprevir; 100 mg/day PO for ritonavir

Adolescents

Safety and efficacy not established.

Children

Safety and efficacy not established.

Infants

Safety and efficacy not established.

Neonates

Safety and efficacy not established.

Ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir combines 2 direct-acting antiviral agents with non-overlapping resistance profiles and differing mechanisms of active against genotype 4 hepatitis C virus (HCV). The combination product also contains ritonavir, which is not active against HCV, but instead acts as a potent CYP3A inhibitor to increase exposure (AUC), peak concentrations (Cmax), and trough concentrations of paritaprevir.
 
Ombitasvir: Ombitasvir is a HCV NS5A inhibitor, which is essential for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. In cell cultures, HCV genotype 4a replicons with single NS5A amino acid substitutions were associated with a 21-fold decrease in antiviral activity to ombitasvir. HCV genotype 4d replicons with NS5A amino acid substitutions were associated with a 310- to 760-fold decrease in antiviral activity to ombitasvir. Combinations of resistance-associated substitutions led to further deceases in antiviral activity. In clinical trials, 4 patients were deemed virologic failures following treatment with regimens containing ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir with or without ribavirin. An analysis of the genotype 4 failures, showed viruses with emergent NS3 and NS5A resistance-associated substitutions.
Paritaprevir: Paritaprevir is a HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, which is necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms and is essential for viral replication. In cell cultures, HCV genotype 4a replicons with NS3 amino acid substitutions were associated with a 40- to 323-fold decrease in antiviral activity to paritaprevir. HCV genotype 4d replicons with NS3 amino acid substitutions were associated with an 8- to 12,533-fold decrease in antiviral activity to paritaprevir. Combinations of resistance-associated substitutions led to further deceases in antiviral activity. In clinical trials, 3 patients were deemed virologic failures following treatment with regimens containing ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir without ribavirin. An analysis of the genotype 4 failures, showed viruses with emergent NS3 and NS5A resistance-associated substitutions.

Ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is administered orally.
Ombitasvir: Systemically absorbed ombitasvir is extensively protein bound at more than 99.9%, has a volume of distribution of approximately 173 L, and a mean blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.49. The drug undergoes metabolism primarily via amide hydrolysis; oxidative metabolism via CYP isoenzymes contribute little to the metabolism of ombitasvir. The feces are the main route of elimination, accounting for 90.2% of a radiolabeled dose, with urine accounting for only 1.91% of the dose. Ombitasvir has a mean elimination half-life of approximately 21 to 25 hours.
Paritaprevir: Paritaprevir is 97% to 98.6% protein bound, with a mean blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.7 and a volume of distribution of 103 L. Metabolism occurs via the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 (major) and CYP3A5 (minor). The drug is eliminated primarily via the feces (88% of a radiolabeled dose), with limited amounts excreted in the urine (8.8% of a radiolabeled dose). The mean plasma half-life for paritaprevir is approximately 5.5 hours.
Ritonavir: Once in systemic circulation, ritonavir has a mean blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.6. Most of the circulating drug (more than 99%) is bound to human plasma proteins. Metabolism occurs via the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A (primarily) and CYP2D6 (secondary). Follow administration of a single radiolabeled dose, 86.4% of the radioactivity was observed in the feces, with 11.3% excreted in the urine. The mean plasma half-life for ritonavir is approximately 4 hours.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), uridine glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1), organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)
Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of the drug transporters P-gp and BCRP. The other 2 drugs each inhibit at least 1 drug transporter, but have limited effect on the CYP450 isoenzyme system: paritaprevir inhibits UGT1A1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, P-gp, and BCRP; ombitasvir inhibits UGT1A1. All 3 drugs are substrates for the drug transporter P-gp. In addition, paritaprevir is also a substrate for CYP3A4/5, BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3; ombitasvir is also a substrate for BCRP; and ritonavir is also a substrate for CYP3A and CYP2D6.

Oral Route

Following oral administration, maximum plasma drug concentrations are observed in approximately 4 to 5 hours. With continual dosing, steady state exposures are achieved in approximately 12 days. To increase drug exposure, ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir must always be administered with food.
 
Ombitasvir: The absolute oral bioavailability of ombitasvir is 48.1% when administered with ritonavir. The drug displays linear pharmacokinetics with increasing doses resulting in proportional increases in drug exposure (AUC); accumulation has been found to be minimal. Administering ombitasvir with a meal increases exposures by 76% to 82% as compared to fasting conditions; these increases are observed regardless of the meals fat or caloric content.
Paritaprevir: The absolute oral bioavailability of paritaprevir is 52.6% when administered with ritonavir. The drug displays non-linear pharmacokinetics with increasing doses resulting in more than proportional increases in drug exposure (AUC); accumulation has been found to be up to 1.5- to 2-fold. Administering paritaprevir with a meal increases exposures by 180% to 211% as compared to fasting conditions; these increases are observed regardless of the meals fat or caloric content.
Ritonavir: The absolute oral bioavailability of ritonavir has not been evaluated. The drug displays non-linear pharmacokinetics with increasing doses resulting in more than proportional increases in drug exposure (AUC); accumulation has been found to be 1.5- to 2-fold. Administering ritonavir with a meal increases exposures by 44% to 49% as compared to fasting conditions; these increases are observed regardless of the meals fat or caloric content.

Pregnancy

There are no well controlled studies evaluating use of ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir in pregnant women. In animal studies involving mice, rats and rabbits, no evidence of teratogenicity was observed with ombitasvir, paritaprevir, or ritonavir at exposures higher than the recommended clinical dose. Ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is contraindicated for use in pregnant females and males whose female partners are pregnant if administered in combination with ribavirin. Use of ribavirin may cause birth defects and death of the exposed fetus. Ribavirin therapy also may cause male-mediated teratogenicity and is contraindicated for use during pregnancy (FDA pregnancy risk category X), in females who may become pregnant, or in men whose female partners are pregnant. Studies of ribavirin indicate teratogenic (e.g., malformations of skull, palate, eye, jaw, limbs, skeleton, and GI tract) or embryocidal properties in all of the animal species tested. Patients and their partners are required use 2 reliable forms of effective contraception (e.g., intrauterine devices, barrier methods) during ribavirin treatment and for 6 months post-therapy. Patients who are not willing to adhere to the strict contraception requirements should not receive treatment with ribavirin. Females must also undergo pregnancy testing prior to initiation of therapy, monthly during therapy, and for 6 months post-therapy. To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnancies in female patients and female partners of male patients exposed to ribavirin during treatment and for 6 months following cessation of treatment, health care providers are encouraged to report any cases to the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry; telephone (800) 593-2214.