AcipHex

Proton Pump Inhibitors/PPIs

Oral Administration Oral Solid Formulations

Delayed-release tablets:
Have patient swallow whole; tablets should not be chewed, crushed, or split.
According to the package labeling, may be administered without regard to meals; however, guidelines suggest to administer on an empty stomach, 30 to 60 minutes before meals.
 
Delayed-release capsules (e.g., Aciphex Sprinkle):
Do not swallow whole, crush, or chew.
Open capsules (an arrow imprint on the capsule indicates direction for opening the capsule) and sprinkle contents on a spoonful of soft food (e.g. apple sauce, fruit or vegetable based baby food, or yogurt) or liquid (e.g., infant formula, apple juice, or pediatric electrolyte solution). Maintain the food or liquid at or below room temperature.
Take the whole dose within 15 minutes of being sprinkled; do not store mixture for future use.
Administer with this small amount of food or liquid, 30 minutes before a meal.

Severe

hepatic encephalopathy / Delayed / 0-2.0
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Delayed / Incidence not known
coma / Early / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hemolytic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
pancytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
bone fractures / Delayed / Incidence not known
rhabdomyolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
C. difficile-associated diarrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known
interstitial nephritis / Delayed / Incidence not known
lupus-like symptoms / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

constipation / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
hepatitis / Delayed / 0-2.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 0-2.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 0-2.0
jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
bullous rash / Early / Incidence not known
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
vitamin B12 deficiency / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperammonemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
pernicious anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypokalemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypomagnesemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypocalcemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
superinfection / Delayed / Incidence not known
pseudomembranous colitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
proteinuria / Delayed / Incidence not known
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / Incidence not known
blurred vision / Early / Incidence not known

Mild

headache / Early / 0-9.9
nausea / Early / 1.8-4.5
diarrhea / Early / 0-4.5
abdominal pain / Early / 0-3.6
vomiting / Early / 3.6-3.6
flatulence / Early / 3.0-3.0
pharyngitis / Delayed / 3.0-3.0
xerostomia / Early / 0-2.0
dizziness / Early / 0-2.0
infection / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
myalgia / Early / 0-2.0
arthralgia / Delayed / 0-2.0
gastric polyps / Delayed / Incidence not known
dysmenorrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known
polyuria / Early / Incidence not known
vertigo / Early / Incidence not known

Aciphex, Aciphex Sprinkle

Rx

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI); gastric antisecretory agent
Used for GERD, peptic ulcer disease, in combination with antibiotics for the eradication of H. pylori, and for hypersecretory conditions such as ZE syndrome
May have less potential for drug interactions compared to other PPIs

For the symptomatic treatment of non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Oral dosage (delayed-release tablets) Adults

20 mg PO once daily for 4 to 8 weeks. May increase dose to 20 mg PO twice daily in persons with partial response to once daily therapy. Continue maintenance therapy at the lowest effective dose, including on demand or intermittent therapy, in persons who continue to have symptoms after discontinuation.

Children and Adolescents 12 to 17 years

20 mg PO once daily for 8 weeks.

Oral dosage (delayed-release sprinkle capsules) Children 1 to 11 years weighing 15 kg or more

10 mg PO once daily for 12 weeks. A maximum dose of 20 mg PO once daily was used in patients weighing 15 kg or more in a randomized, double-blind study (n = 127, age 1 to 11 years); however the rate of endoscopic/histologic healing was similar in patients receiving the 20 mg dose compared to those receiving the 10 mg dose (78% vs. 76%) and the rate of adverse reactions (vomiting and abdominal pain) thought to be related to rabeprazole was higher in those receiving 20 mg.

Children 1 to 11 years weighing less than 15 kg

5 mg PO once daily for 12 weeks, with the option to increase to 10 mg/day if inadequate response.

For the treatment of erosive esophagitis (erosive GERD). Oral dosage (delayed-release tablets) Adults

20 mg PO once daily for 4 to 8 weeks; if the patient does not heal after 8 weeks, consider an additional 8-week course. A higher dose of 40 mg PO per day has been effective in pre-clinical trials of acid peptic diseases including GERD, but was not significantly more effective than 20 mg/day. For severe reflux with ulceration and/or stricture formation, a higher dose regimen of a proton pump inhibitor (e.g., 40 mg/day of rabeprazole) may yield better healing rates. For maintenance of healing, 20 mg PO once daily; periodically reassess need for continued PPI therapy.

For the healing of duodenal ulcer. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO once daily in the morning for up to 4 weeks. Most patients heal within 4 weeks of rabeprazole therapy; however, some patients require additional therapy.

For the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Oral dosage Adults

Initially, 60 mg PO once daily. Dosage requirements vary and should be continued as clinically indicated. Some patients may require divided doses. Doses up to 100 mg PO once daily or 60 mg PO twice daily have been administered. Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated continuously for up to one year.

For Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication. As part of initial clarithromycin-based therapy in adults without previous macrolide exposure in regions where clarithromycin resistance is less than 15%. Oral dosage Adults

20 or 40 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or metronidazole for 14 days.

As part of initial clarithromycin-based therapy in adults with or without potential macrolide exposure or resistance†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily as part of a combination therapy as a first-line treatment option. Quadruple therapy includes a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for 10 to 14 days. Hybrid therapy includes amoxicillin plus PPI for 7 days followed by PPI in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for 7 days. Sequential therapy includes PPI and amoxicillin for 5 to 7 days followed by PPI in combination with clarithromycin and metronidazole for 5 to 7 days.

As part of clarithromycin-based salvage therapy in adults who failed initial bismuth quadruple therapy†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for 10 to 14 days. For patients with a penicillin allergy, a PPI is recommended in combination with clarithromycin and metronidazole for 14 days.

As part of levofloxacin-based initial therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 or 40 mg PO twice daily as part of combination therapy as a first-line treatment option. Triple therapy includes rabeprazole 20 mg PO twice daily in combination with levofloxacin and amoxicillin for 10 to 14 days. Sequential therapy includes rabeprazole 20 or 40 mg PO twice daily in combination with amoxicillin for 5 to 7 days followed by rabeprazole 20 mg PO twice daily in combination with levofloxacin and a nitroimidazole for 5 to 7 days. Quadruple therapy includes rabeprazole 40 mg PO once daily in combination with levofloxacin, nitazoxanide, and doxycycline for 7 to 10 days.

In combination with amoxicillin and metronidazole in pediatric patients†. Oral dosage Children and Adolescents

1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg/day PO divided twice daily (Max: 20 mg/dose) in combination with amoxicillin and metronidazole for 14 days. Triple therapy with standard-dose amoxicillin, metronidazole, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is a first-line treatment option for patients infected with H. pylori strains with known susceptibility to metronidazole and resistance to clarithromycin. Triple therapy with high-dose amoxicillin, metronidazole, and a PPI is a first-line treatment option for patients infected with H. pylori strains with dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole or strains with unknown susceptibility.

In combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in pediatric patients†. Oral dosage Children and Adolescents

1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg/day PO divided twice daily (Max: 20 mg/dose) in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 14 days. Triple therapy with standard-dose amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor is a first-line treatment option for patients infected with fully susceptible H. pylori strains or strains susceptible to clarithromycin but resistant to metronidazole. In cases of penicillin allergy, use metronidazole in place of amoxicillin for patients infected with fully susceptible strains.

As part of a sequential therapy regimen in pediatric patients†. Oral dosage Children and Adolescents

1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg/day PO divided twice daily (Max: 20 mg/dose) for 10 days. Use in combination with amoxicillin for days 1 through 5, and then clarithromycin and metronidazole for days 6 through 10. Sequential therapy is a first-line treatment option for patients infected with fully susceptible H. pylori strains. Sequential therapy is not recommended if susceptibility testing is unavailable.

As part of a quadruple therapy regimen in pediatric patients†. Oral dosage Children and Adolescents

1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg/day PO divided twice daily (Max: 20 mg/dose) in combination with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin for 14 days. Concomitant quadruple therapy with amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor is a first-line treatment option for patients infected with H. pylori strains with dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole or strains with unknown susceptibility.

As part of levofloxacin-based salvage therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily in combination with levofloxacin and amoxicillin for 14 days. Guidelines recommend this triple therapy in patients who have failed clarithromycin-triple or bismuth-quadruple initial therapies and without previous quinolone exposure. Levofloxacin in combination with metronidazole and a PPI for 14 days could be considered for patients with a penicillin allergy who have failed prior bismuth quadruple therapy.

As part of bismuth-based initial therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subcitrate or subsalicylate, metronidazole, and tetracycline for 10 to 14 days is recommended as a first-line treatment option, particularly in patients with any previous macrolide exposure or a penicillin allergy.

As part of rifabutin-based salvage therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily in combination with rifabutin and amoxicillin for 10 days.

As part of high-dose dual salvage therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 or 40 mg PO 3 or 4 times daily in combination with high-dose amoxicillin for 14 days. A high-dose proton pump inhibitor in combination with metronidazole may be considered in patients with prior quinolone exposure and a penicillin allergy who have failed initial bismuth quadruple therapy.

As part of bismuth-based quadruple salvage therapy in adults†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subcitrate or subsalicylate, tetracycline, and metronidazole for 14 days is recommended particularly in patients failing clarithromycin triple therapy. A subsequent repeat course of bismuth quadruple therapy may be considered after failed prior bismuth quadruple therapy.

For the short-term treatment of frequent dyspepsia† or pyrosis (heartburn)† that occurs 2 or more times per week. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO once daily for up to 14 days. Full relief may take 1 to 4 days. Reassess if heartburn returns after the 14-day treatment regimen.

For the healing of gastric ulcer†. Oral dosage Adults

20 mg PO once daily in the morning for 3 to 6 weeks. Healing of gastric ulcers with proton pump inhibitors generally takes longer than duodenal ulcers and may require 4 to 8 weeks of therapy.

For the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)†. Oral dosage Adults

A dosage range of 10 to 20 mg PO twice daily has been suggested; treat for up to 8 weeks and continue until the time of the follow-up endoscopy and biopsy. The guidelines support the use of PPI therapy for EoE based on reports of reductions in histologic features of disease from 42% in observational studies.

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (e.g., cirrhosis). Use rabeprazole with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment; data are lacking in this subgroup.

Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment is necessary.
 
Intermittent hemodialysis
Rabeprazole is extensively protein bound and is not readily hemodialyzable.

Acalabrutinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of acalabrutinib capsules and proton pump inhibitors (PPI), such as rabeprazole; decreased acalabrutinib exposure may occur resulting in decreased acalabrutinib effectiveness. Consider using the acalabrutinib tablet formlation or use an antacid or H2-blocker if acid suppression therapy is needed. Separate the administration of acalabrutinib capsules and antacids by at least 2 hours; give acalabrutinib capsules 2 hours before a H2-blocker. Acalabrutinib capsuel solubility decreases with increasing pH values. The AUC of acalabrutinib was decreased by 43% when acalabrutinib capsules were coadministered with another PPI for 5 days.
Albuterol; Budesonide: (Minor) Enteric-coated budesonide granules dissolve at a pH greater than 5.5. Concomitant use of budesonide oral capsules and drugs that increase gastric pH levels can cause the coating of the granules to dissolve prematurely, possibly affecting release properties and absorption of the drug in the duodenum.
Alendronate: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used and are frequently coadministered in users of oral bisphosphonates. A national register-based, open cohort study of 38,088 elderly patients suggests that those who use proton pump inhibitors in conjunction with alendronate have a dose-dependent loss of protection against hip fracture. While causality was not investigated, the dose-response relationship noted during the study suggested that PPIs may reduce oral alendronate efficacy, perhaps through an effect on absorption or other mechanism, and therefore PPIs may not be optimal agents to control gastrointestinal complaints. It is not yet clear if all bisphosphonates would exhibit a loss of efficacy when PPIs are coadministered, but the results suggest that the interaction may occur across the class.
Alendronate; Cholecalciferol: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used and are frequently coadministered in users of oral bisphosphonates. A national register-based, open cohort study of 38,088 elderly patients suggests that those who use proton pump inhibitors in conjunction with alendronate have a dose-dependent loss of protection against hip fracture. While causality was not investigated, the dose-response relationship noted during the study suggested that PPIs may reduce oral alendronate efficacy, perhaps through an effect on absorption or other mechanism, and therefore PPIs may not be optimal agents to control gastrointestinal complaints. It is not yet clear if all bisphosphonates would exhibit a loss of efficacy when PPIs are coadministered, but the results suggest that the interaction may occur across the class.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Amobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Amphetamine: (Moderate) Use amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and proton pump inhibitors concomitantly with caution. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents may increase exposure to amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and exacerbate its actions.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts: (Moderate) Use amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and proton pump inhibitors concomitantly with caution. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents may increase exposure to amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and exacerbate its actions.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and proton pump inhibitors concomitantly with caution. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents may increase exposure to amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and exacerbate its actions.
Ampicillin: (Major) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have long-lasting effects on the secretion of gastric acid. For enteral ampicillin, whose bioavailability is influenced by gastric pH, the concomitant administration of PPIs can exert a significant effect on ampicillin absorption.
Ampicillin; Sulbactam: (Major) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have long-lasting effects on the secretion of gastric acid. For enteral ampicillin, whose bioavailability is influenced by gastric pH, the concomitant administration of PPIs can exert a significant effect on ampicillin absorption.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Minor) Use caution if rabeprazole and aprepitant, fosaprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for an increase in rabeprazole-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Rabeprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate in vitro. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of rabeprazole. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Atazanavir: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with atazanavir in treatment-experienced patients is contraindicated. PPIs can be used with atazanavir in treatment-naive patients under specific administration restrictions. In treatment-naive patients >= 40 kg, the PPI dose should not exceed the equivalent of omeprazole 20 mg/day, and the PPI must be administered 12 hours before atazanavir and ritonavir; use the dosage regimen of atazanavir 300 mg boosted with ritonavir 100 mg given once daily with food. While data are insufficient to recommend atazanavir dosing in children < 40 kg receiving concomitant PPIs, the same recommendations regarding timing and maximum doses of concomitant PPIs should be followed. Closely monitor patients for antiretroviral therapeutic failure and resistance development during treatment with a PPI. A randomized, open-label, multiple-dose drug interaction study of atazanavir (300 mg) with ritonavir (100 mg) coadministered with omeprazole 40 mg found a reduction in atazanavir AUC and Cmin of 76% and 78%, respectively. Additionally, after multiple doses of omeprazole (40 mg/day) and atazanavir (400 mg/day, 2 hours after omeprazole) without ritonavir, the AUC of atazanavir was decreased by 94%, Cmax by 96%, and Cmin by 95%.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with atazanavir in treatment-experienced patients is contraindicated. PPIs can be used with atazanavir in treatment-naive patients under specific administration restrictions. In treatment-naive patients >= 40 kg, the PPI dose should not exceed the equivalent of omeprazole 20 mg/day, and the PPI must be administered 12 hours before atazanavir and ritonavir; use the dosage regimen of atazanavir 300 mg boosted with ritonavir 100 mg given once daily with food. While data are insufficient to recommend atazanavir dosing in children < 40 kg receiving concomitant PPIs, the same recommendations regarding timing and maximum doses of concomitant PPIs should be followed. Closely monitor patients for antiretroviral therapeutic failure and resistance development during treatment with a PPI. A randomized, open-label, multiple-dose drug interaction study of atazanavir (300 mg) with ritonavir (100 mg) coadministered with omeprazole 40 mg found a reduction in atazanavir AUC and Cmin of 76% and 78%, respectively. Additionally, after multiple doses of omeprazole (40 mg/day) and atazanavir (400 mg/day, 2 hours after omeprazole) without ritonavir, the AUC of atazanavir was decreased by 94%, Cmax by 96%, and Cmin by 95%. (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Barbiturates: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Belumosudil: (Major) Increase the dosage of belumosudil to 200 mg PO twice daily when coadministered with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Concomitant use may result in decreased belumosudil exposure and reduced belumosudil efficacy. Coadministration with other PPIs has decreased belumosudil exposure by 47% to 80% in healthy subjects.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Bisacodyl: (Minor) The concomitant use of bisacodyl oral tablets with drugs that raise gastric pH like proton pump inhibitors can cause the enteric coating of the bisacodyl tablets to dissolve prematurely, leading to possible gastric irritation or dyspepsia. When taking bisacodyl tablets, it is advisable to avoid PPIs within 1 hour before or after the bisacodyl dosage.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Bosutinib: (Major) Concomitant use of bosutinib and proton-pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole, may result in decreased plasma exposure of bosutinib. Consider using a short-acting antacid or H2 blocker if acid suppression therapy is needed; separate the administration of bosutinib and antacids or H2-blockers by more than 2 hours.
Budesonide: (Minor) Enteric-coated budesonide granules dissolve at a pH greater than 5.5. Concomitant use of budesonide oral capsules and drugs that increase gastric pH levels can cause the coating of the granules to dissolve prematurely, possibly affecting release properties and absorption of the drug in the duodenum.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Minor) Enteric-coated budesonide granules dissolve at a pH greater than 5.5. Concomitant use of budesonide oral capsules and drugs that increase gastric pH levels can cause the coating of the granules to dissolve prematurely, possibly affecting release properties and absorption of the drug in the duodenum.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Minor) Enteric-coated budesonide granules dissolve at a pH greater than 5.5. Concomitant use of budesonide oral capsules and drugs that increase gastric pH levels can cause the coating of the granules to dissolve prematurely, possibly affecting release properties and absorption of the drug in the duodenum.
Bumetanide: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Butabarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Capecitabine: (Moderate) Use caution if treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is necessary in patients taking capecitabine, as progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) may be adversely affected. The mechanism of this potential interaction is unknown and data are conflicting. In a posthoc, retrospective, subgroup analysis of a phase 3 clinical trial in patients with advanced or metastatic gastroesophageal cancer, administration of a PPI was associated with a significant decrease in PFS and OS in patients treated with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CapeOx) vs. patients who did not receive a PPI; a significant difference was not observed in the CapeOx plus lapatinib arm. Demographically, there were significantly more Asian patients in the PPI arm of this analysis; according to the manufacturer of capecitabine, Japanese patients have a 36% lower Cmax and 24% lower AUC for capecitabine compared with Caucasian patients. Additionally, there was not a significant increase in concentration dependent toxicities (e.g., hand-foot syndrome, rash, and diarrhea) or dose reductions in either arm. These observations are in line with a previous retrospective study in which patients with colorectal cancer receiving PPI treatment and adjuvant capecitabine also experienced poorer relapse-free survival compared with patients not receiving a PPI. Coadministration with antacids increased exposure to capecitabine and its metabolites, but this was not clinically significant or clinically relevant. Pharmacokinetic data on the impact of a PPI on capecitabine exposure are not available.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Carbamazepine: (Moderate) Some manufacturers recommend avoiding the coadministration of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme inducers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Carbamazepine induces hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes, including those responsible for the metabolism of PPIs. A reduction in PPI concentrations may increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events such as GI bleeding. If carbamazepine and PPIs must be used together, monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of GI bleeding or other signs and symptoms of reduced PPI efficacy.
Cefpodoxime: (Moderate) Cefpodoxime proxetil requires a low gastric pH for dissolution; therefore, concurrent administration with medications that increase gastric pH, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may decrease the bioavailability of cefpodoxime. When cefpodoxime was administered with high doses of antacids and H2-blockers, peak plasma concentrations were reduced by 24% and 42% and the extent of absorption was reduced by 27% and 32%, respectively. The rate of absorption is not affected.
Cefuroxime: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and cefuroxime. Drugs that reduce gastric acidity, such as PPIs, can interfere with the oral absorption of cefuroxime axetil and may result in reduced antibiotic efficacy.
Chlorothiazide: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Citalopram: (Moderate) The plasma concentration of citalopram, a CYP2C19 substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with rabeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor. Because citalopram causes dose-dependent QT prolongation, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 20 mg per day in patients receiving CYP2C19 inhibitors.
Clobazam: (Moderate) A dosage reduction of clobazam may be necessary during co-administration of rabeprazole. Metabolism of the active metabolite of clobazam occurs primarily through CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19 in vitro. Extrapolation from pharmacogenomic data indicates that concurrent use of clobazam with moderate or potent inhibitors of CYP2C19 may result in up to a 5-fold increase in exposure to N-desmethylclobazam. Adverse effects, such as sedation, lethargy, ataxia, or insomnia may be potentiated.
Cobicistat: (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Cyclosporine: (Minor) Rabeprazole may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine, a CYP3A4 substrate.
Cysteamine: (Major) Monitor white blood cell (WBC) cystine concentration closely when administering delayed-release cysteamine (Procysbi) with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Drugs that increase the gastric pH may cause the premature release of cysteamine from delayed-release capsules, leading to an increase in WBC cystine concentration. Concomitant administration of omeprazole 20 mg did not alter the pharmacokinetics of delayed-release cysteamine when administered with orange juice; however, the effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of delayed-release cysteamine when administered with water have not been studied.
Dacomitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rabeprazole with dacomitinib due to decreased plasma concentrations of dacomitinib which may impact efficacy. Coadministration with rabeprazole decreased the dacomitinib Cmax and AUC by 51% and 39%, respectively.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Dasatinib: (Major) Do not administer proton pump inhibitors with dasatinib due to the potential for decreased dasatinib exposure and reduced efficacy. Consider using an antacid if acid suppression therapy is needed. Administer the antacid at least 2 hours prior to or 2 hours after the dose of dasatinib. Concurrent use of an proton pump inhibitor reduced the mean Cmax and AUC of dasatinib by 42% and 43%, respectively.
Delavirdine: (Major) Because proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase gastric pH, decreased delavirdine absorption may occur. However, since these agents affect gastric pH for an extended period, separation of doses may not eliminate the interaction. Chronic use of PPIs with delavirdine is not recommended.
Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and proton pump inhibitors concomitantly with caution. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents may increase exposure to amphetamine; dextroamphetamine and exacerbate its actions.
Digoxin: (Moderate) Rabeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can affect digoxin absorption due to their long-lasting effect on gastric acid secretion. Additionally, PPIs may slightly increase digoxin bioavailability. When rabeprazole was co-administered with digoxin, the AUC and Cmax for digoxin increased 19% and 29%, respectively. Patients with digoxin serum concentrations at the upper end of the therapeutic range may need to be monitored for potential increases in serum digoxin concentrations when a PPI is coadministered with digoxin. Finally, PPIs have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Because low serum magnesium may lead to irregular heartbeat and increase the likelihood of serious cardiac arrhythmias, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and digoxin concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Dronedarone: (Moderate) Dronedarone is metabolized by and is an inhibitor of CYP3A. Rabeprazole is a substrate for CYP3A4. The concomitant administration of dronedarone and CYP3A substrates may result in increased exposure of the substrate and should, therefore, be undertaken with caution.
Elagolix: (Minor) Coadministration of elagolix with rabeprazole may theoretically increase plasma concentrations of rabeprazole. Monitor for rabeprazole-related adverse effects during coadministration with elagolix. Elagolix is a weak CYP2C19 inhibitor and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 sensitive substrate.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Minor) Coadministration of elagolix with rabeprazole may theoretically increase plasma concentrations of rabeprazole. Monitor for rabeprazole-related adverse effects during coadministration with elagolix. Elagolix is a weak CYP2C19 inhibitor and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 sensitive substrate.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Minor) Use caution when administering cobicistat and rabeprazole concurrently. Cobicistat is an inhibitor of CYP3A and rabeprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A. Co-administration can theoretically increase rabeprazole exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Erlotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erlotinib with rabeprazole if possible due to decreases in erlotinib plasma concentrations. Erlotinib solubility is pH dependent and solubility decreases as pH increases. Coadministration of erlotinib with medications that increase the pH of the upper gastrointestinal tract may decrease the absorption of erlotinib. Separation of doses may not eliminate the interaction since proton pump inhibitors affect the pH of the upper GI tract for an extended period of time. Increasing the dose of erlotinib is also not likely to compensate for the loss of exposure. Coadministration with another proton pump inhibitor decreased erlotinib exposure by 46% and the erlotinib Cmax by 61%.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) The plasma concentration of escitalopram, a CYP2C19 substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with rabeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor. If these drugs are used together, monitor for escitalopram-associated adverse reactions.
Eslicarbazepine: (Moderate) Eslicarbazepine may inhibit the CYP2C19-mediated and induce the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of rabeprazole; both enzymes are involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is unclear that the theoretical interaction would result in a net increase or decrease in PPI action. Some manufacturers recommend avoiding the coadministration of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme inducers and PPIs. If eslicarbazepine and PPI must be used together, monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of GI bleeding or other signs and symptoms of reduced PPI efficacy, or for signs of PPI side effects.
Ethacrynic Acid: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Fenofibric Acid: (Minor) At therapeutic concentrations, fenofibric acid is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19. Concomitant use of fenofibric acid with CYP2C19 substrates, such as rabeprazole, has not been formally studied. Fenofibric acid may theoretically increase plasma concentrations of CYP2C19 substrates and could lead to toxicity for drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Monitor the therapeutic effect of rabeprazole during coadministration with fenofibric acid.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Furosemide: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Gefitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rabeprazole with gefitinib if possible due to decreased exposure to gefitinib, which may lead to reduced efficacy. If concomitant use is unavoidable, take gefitinib 12 hours after the last dose or 12 hours before the next dose of rabeprazole. Gefitinib exposure is affected by gastric pH. Coadministration with another drug to maintain gastric pH above 5 decreased gefitinib exposure by 47%.
Hydantoins: (Moderate) Some manufacturers recommend avoiding the coadministration of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme inducers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Phenytoin induces hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes, including those responsible for the metabolism of PPIs (e.g., CYP3A4, CYP2C19). A reduction in PPI concentrations may increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events such as GI bleeding. If phenytoin and PPIs must be used together, monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of GI bleeding or other signs and symptoms of reduced PPI efficacy.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Idelalisib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, with rabeprazole, a CYP3A substrate, as rabeprazole toxicities may be significantly increased. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib.
Infigratinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of infigratinib and gastric acid-reducing agents, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Coadministration may decrease infigratinib exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. If necessary, infigratinib may be administered two hours before or ten hours after an H2-receptor antagonist or two hours before or after a locally acting antacid. Coadministration with a PPI decreased infigratinib exposure by 45%.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Iron: (Moderate) The bioavailability of oral iron salts is influenced by gastric pH, and the concomitant administration of proton pump inhibitors can decrease iron absorption. The non-heme ferric form of iron needs an acidic intragastric pH to be reduced to ferrous and to be absorbed. Iron salts and polysaccharide-iron complex provide non-heme iron. Proton pump inhibitors have long-lasting effects on the secretion of gastric acid and thus, increase the pH of the stomach. The increase in intragastric pH can interfere with the absorption of iron salts.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with rabeprazole may result in increased serum concentrations of rabeprazole. Rabeprazole is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a moderate inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together.
Itraconazole: (Moderate) When administering proton pump inhibitors with the 100 mg itraconazole capsule and 200 mg itraconazole tablet formulations, systemic exposure to itraconazole is decreased. Conversely, exposure to itraconazole is increased when proton pump inhibitors are administered with the 65 mg itraconazole capsule. Administer proton pump inhibitors at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after the 100 mg capsule or 200 mg tablet. Monitor for increased itraconazole-related adverse effects if proton pump inhibitors are administered with itraconazole 65 mg capsules.
Ketoconazole: (Major) Avoid use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with ketoconazole. Medications that increase gastric pH may impair oral ketoconazole absorption.
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir: (Major) Solubility of ledipasvir decreases as gastric pH increases; thus, coadministration of ledipasvir; sofosbuvir with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may result in lower ledipasvir plasma concentrations. Ledipasvir can be administered with PPIs if given simultaneously under fasting conditions. The PPI dose should not exceed a dose that is comparable to omeprazole 20 mg/day.
Levoketoconazole: (Major) Avoid use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with ketoconazole. Medications that increase gastric pH may impair oral ketoconazole absorption.
Lisinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Loop diuretics: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are administered together.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Luliconazole: (Minor) Theoretically, luliconazole may increase the side effects of rabeprazole, which is a CYP2C19 and a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for adverse effects of rabeprazole, such as GI effects. In vitro, therapeutic doses of luliconazole inhibit the activity of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 and small systemic concentrations may be noted with topical application, particularly when applied to patients with moderate to severe tinea cruris. No in vivo drug interaction trials were conducted prior to the approval of luliconazole.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may reduce the efficacy of rabeprazole by decreasing its systemic exposure; monitor for therapeutic efficacy. Rabeprazole is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer; in vitro data also suggest that lumacaftor may also induce CYP2C19.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase plasma concentrations of mefloquine. Patients on chronic mefloquine therapy might be at increased risk of adverse reactions, especially patients with a neurological or psychiatric history.
Methohexital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Methotrexate: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of methotrexate and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) due to the risk of severe methotrexate-related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for adverse reactions; consider temporary withdrawal of the PPI in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. Concomitant use of methotrexate, primarily at high dose, and PPIs may increase and prolong serum concentrations of methotrexate, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities.
Methyclothiazide: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Metolazone: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Mitotane: (Moderate) Use caution if mitotane and rabeprazole are used concomitantly, and monitor for decreased efficacy of rabeprazole and a possible change in dosage requirements. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and rabeprazole is a CYP3A4 substrate; coadministration may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rabeprazole.
Mycophenolate: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept) appears to reduce MPA exposure AUC-12h (25.8 +/- 6.4 mg/L x h with omeprazole vs. 33.3 +/- 11.5 mg//L x h without omeprazole); however, the interaction does not appear to exist with mycophenolate sodium delayed-release tablets (Myfortic). Reduced systemic exposure of MPA after mycophenolate mofetil in the presence of a PPI appears to be due to impaired absorption of mycophenolate mofetil which may occur because of incomplete dissolution of mycophenolate mofetil in the stomach at elevated pH. The clinical significance of reduced MPA exposure is unknown; however patients should be evaluated periodically if mycophenolate mofetil is administered with a PPI. Of note, MPA concentrations appear to be reduced in the initial hours after mycophenolate mofetil receipt but increase later in the dosing interval because of enterohepatic recirculation. A second peak in the concentration-time profile of MPA is observed 612 hours after dosing due to enterohepatic recirculation. For example, the 12-hour plasma concentrations of MPA were similar among patients who received mycophenolate mofetil with or without omeprazole. The biphasic plasma concentration-time course of MPA due to extensive enterohepatic circulation hampers therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA. Drug exposure as measured by AUC-12h is the best estimator for the clinical effectiveness of mycophenolate, but measurement of full-dose interval MPA AUC-12h requires collection of multiple samples over a 12-hour period; MPA predose concentrations correlate poorly with MPA AUC-12h. The interaction does not appear to exist with Mycophenolate sodium (Myfortic).
Nelfinavir: (Major) Use of proton pump inhibitors with nelfinavir is not recommended. Coadministration may result in decreased nelfinavir exposure, subtherapeutic antiretroviral activity, and possibility resistant HIV mutations. In one study, concurrent use of nelfinavir with omeprazole resulted in decreased nelfinavir AUC, Cmax, and Cmin by 36%, 37%, and 39%, respectively.
Neratinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of neratinib with proton pump inhibitors due to decreased absorption and systemic exposure of neratinib; the solubility of neratinib decreases with increasing pH of the GI tract. Concomitant use with lansoprazole decreased neratinib exposure by 65%.
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), as PPIs may cause a reduction in nilotinib bioavailability. Nilotinib displays pH-dependent solubility with decreased solubility at a higher pH. PPIs inhibit gastric acid secretion and elevate the gastric pH. Administration of a single 400-mg nilotinib dose with multiple oral doses of esomeprazole 40 mg/day reduced the nilotinib AUC by 34% in a study in healthy subjects. Increasing the dose is unlikely to compensate for the loss of nilotinib exposure; additionally, separating the administration of these agents may not eliminate the interaction as PPIs affect the pH of the upper GI tract for an extended period of time.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are administered together.
Octreotide: (Moderate) Coadministration of oral octreotide with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may require increased doses of octreotide. Coadministration of oral octreotide with drugs that alter the pH of the upper GI tract, including PPIs, may alter the absorption of octreotide and lead to a reduction in bioavailability. This interaction has been documented with esomeprazole and can occur with the other PPIs.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Olmesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Oritavancin: (Moderate) Coadministration of oritavancin and rabeprazole may result in increases or decreases in rabeprazole exposure and may increase side effects or decrease efficacy of rabeprazole. Rabeprazole is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. Oritavancin weakly induces CYP3A4, while weakly inhibiting CYP2C19. If these drugs are administered concurrently, monitor the patient for signs of toxicity or lack of efficacy.
Pazopanib: (Major) Pazopanib displays pH-dependent solubility with decreased solubility at a higher pH. The concomitant use of pazopanib and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that elevate the gastric pH may reduce the bioavailability of pazopanib. In a study of patients with solid tumors, the AUC and Cmax of pazopanib were decreased by approximately 40% when coadministered with esomeprazole. If a drug is needed to raise the gastric pH, consider use of a short-acting antacid; separate antacid and pazopanib dosing by several hours.
Pentobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Pexidartinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with rabeprazole as concurrent use may decrease pexidartinib exposure which may result in decreased therapeutic response. As an alternative to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), use locally-acting antacids or H2-receptor antagonists. Coadministration of another PPI decreased pexidartinib exposure by 50%.
Phenobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes; Bisacodyl: (Minor) The concomitant use of bisacodyl oral tablets with drugs that raise gastric pH like proton pump inhibitors can cause the enteric coating of the bisacodyl tablets to dissolve prematurely, leading to possible gastric irritation or dyspepsia. When taking bisacodyl tablets, it is advisable to avoid PPIs within 1 hour before or after the bisacodyl dosage.
Posaconazole: (Major) The concurrent use of posaconazole immediate-release oral suspension and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should be avoided, if possible, due to the potential for decreased posaconazole efficacy. If used in combination, closely monitor for breakthrough fungal infections. PPIs increase gastric pH, resulting in decreased posaconazole absorption and lower posaconazole plasma concentrations. When a single 400 mg dose of posaconazole oral suspension was administered with esomeprazole (40 mg PO daily), the mean reductions in Cmax were 46% and the mean reductions in AUC were 32% for posaconazole. The pharmacokinetics of posaconazole delayed-release tablets and oral suspension are not significantly affected by PPIs. Additionally, posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of many PPIs (dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole). Coadministration may result in increased plasma concentration of the PPIs.
Primidone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Propranolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Rilpivirine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and rilpivirine is contraindicated; when these drugs are coadministered, there is a potential for treatment failure and/or the development of rilpivirine or NNRTI resistance. Proton pump inhibitors inhibit secretion of gastric acid by proton pumps thereby increasing the gastric pH; for optimal absorption, rilpivirine requires an acidic environment. Coadministration of a proton pump inhibitor and rilpivirine may result in decreased rilpivirine absorption/serum concentrations, which could cause impaired virologic response to rilpivirine.
Risedronate: (Moderate) Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with delayed-release risedronate tablets (Atelvia) is not recommended. Co-administration of drugs that raise stomach pH increases risedronate bioavailability due to faster release of the drug from the enteric coated tablet. This interaction does not apply to risedronate immediate-release tablets. In healthy subjects who received esomeprazole for 6 days, the Cmax and AUC of a single dose of risedronate delayed-release tablets (Atelvia) increased by 60% and 22%, respectively. PPIsare widely used and are frequently coadministered in users of oral bisphosphonates. A national register-based, open cohort study of 38,088 elderly patients suggests that those who use PPIs in conjunction with alendronate have a dose-dependent loss of protection against hip fracture. While causality was not investigated, the dose-response relationship noted during the study suggested that PPIs may reduce oral alendronate efficacy, perhaps through an effect on absorption or other mechanism, and therefore PPIs may not be optimal agents to control gastrointestinal complaints. Study results suggest that the interaction may occur across the class; however, other interactions have not been confirmed and data suggest that fracture protection is not diminished when risedronate is used with PPIs. A post hoc analysis of patients who took risedronate 5 mg daily during placebo-controlled clinical trials determined that risedronate significantly reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures compared to placebo, regardless of concomitant PPI use. PPI users (n = 240) and PPI non-users (n = 2489)

experienced fracture risk reductions of 57% (p = 0.009) and 38% (p < 0.001), respectively.
Ritonavir: (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are administered together.
Saquinavir: (Major) Coadministration with omeprazole results in significantly increased saquinavir concentrations. A similar interaction is expected with all proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). If saquinavir must be administered with PPIs, the patient should be closely monitored for saquinavir-related toxicities, including gastrointestinal symptoms, increased triglycerides, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Coadministration with omeprazole results in significantly increased saquinavir concentrations. In a small study, 18 healthy individuals received saquinavir 1000 mg (with ritonavir 100 mg) twice daily for 15 days; on days 11 through 15 omeprazole 40 mg was given once daily, which resulted in an 82% increase in the saquinavir AUC. A similar interaction is expected with all PPIs.
Secobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with barbiturates may result in decreased rabeprazole plasma concentrations; monitor for signs and symptoms of reduced rabeprazole efficacy. Barbiturates induce CYP2C19 and rabeprazole is a CYP2C19 substrate.
Secretin: (Major) Discontinue use of proton pump inhibitors before administering secretin. Patients who are receiving proton pump inhibitors at the time of stimulation testing may be hyperresponsive to secretin stimulation, falsely suggesting gastrinoma. The time required for serum gastrin concentrations to return to baseline after discontinuation of a proton pump inhibitor is specific to the individual drug.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of selpercatinib with rabeprazole due to the risk of decreased selpercatinib exposure which may reduce its efficacy. If concomitant use is unavoidable, selpercatinib must be taken with food. Coadministration under fasting conditions with another proton pump inhibitor decreased selpercatinib exposure by 69%; however, concomitant use increased selpercatinib exposure by 2% or less when it was administered with a meal.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: (Major) Coadministration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with velpatasvir is not recommended. If it is considered medically necessary to coadminister, velpatasvir should be administered with food and taken 4 hours before omeprazole 20 mg. Other PPIs have not been studied; however, it may be prudent to separate the administration of the other PPIs similarly. Velpatasvir solubility decreases as pH increases; therefore, drugs that increase gastric pH are expected to decrease the concentrations of velpatasvir, potentially resulting in loss of antiviral efficacy.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Major) Coadministration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with velpatasvir is not recommended. If it is considered medically necessary to coadminister, velpatasvir should be administered with food and taken 4 hours before omeprazole 20 mg. Other PPIs have not been studied; however, it may be prudent to separate the administration of the other PPIs similarly. Velpatasvir solubility decreases as pH increases; therefore, drugs that increase gastric pH are expected to decrease the concentrations of velpatasvir, potentially resulting in loss of antiviral efficacy.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) The American College of Gastroenterology states that the effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be theoretically decreased if given with other antisecretory agents (e.g., anticholinergics). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) inhibit only actively secreting H+-pumps.
Sotorasib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of sotorasib and gastric acid-reducing agents, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Coadministration may decrease sotorasib exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. If necessary, sotorasib may be administered 4 hours before or 10 hours after a locally acting antacid. Coadministration with a PPI decreased sotorasib exposure by 57% under fed conditions and 42% under fasted conditions.
Sparsentan: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of sparsentan and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) due to the risk for decreased sparsentan exposure which may reduce its efficacy. Medications that affect gastric pH may reduce sparsentan absorption.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of St. John's wort with the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as PPI exposure may be decreased, reducing their efficacy. PPIs are CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 substrates and St. John's wort is a strong CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inducer. For example, coadministration of omeprazole with St. John's wort decreased omeprazole plasma concentrations by approximately 40%.
Tacrolimus: (Moderate) According to the FDA-approved labeling, concomitant use of tacrolimus and rabeprazole may result in increased exposure to tacrolimus, particularly in transplant patients who are intermediate or poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. The rabeprazole manufacturer recommends monitoring tacrolimus plasma concentrations during coadministration; dose adjustments may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. However, in drug interaction studies, rabeprazole had little effect on tacrolimus drug concentrations. Rabeprazole uses a non-enzymatic pathway in addition to the CYP system and does not compete with tacrolimus for CYP3A4 compared with other PPIS; additionally, the effects of CYP2C19 polymorphism on rabeprazole are minimal compared to other PPIs.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Terbinafine: (Moderate) Due to the risk for terbinafine related adverse effects, caution is advised when coadministering rabeprazole. Although this interaction has not been studied by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may increase the systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs. Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenyzmes, with major contributions coming from CYP2C19; rabeprazole is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor patients for adverse reactions if these drugs are coadministered.
Theophylline, Aminophylline: (Minor) Rabeprazole is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Studies in healthy subjects have shown that rabeprazole does not have clinically significant interactions with some drugs metabolized by the CYP450 system, such as theophylline (CYP1A2 substrate) given as a single oral dose. However, it may be prudent to monitor patients taking aminophylline or theophylline products and rabeprazole concurrently, since theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window.
Thiazide diuretics: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Thyroid hormones: (Moderate) The use of proton pump inhibitors may result in decreased effectiveness of thyroid hormone therapy. Monitor clinically for signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism and altered response to thyroid hormone therapy. Periodically assess the TSH during use of these drugs together. Gastric acidity is an essential requirement for proper and adequate absorption of levothyroxine and other thyroid hormones. Proton pump inhibitors may cause hypochlorhydria, affect intragastric pH, and reduce thyroid hormone absorption.
Tipranavir: (Moderate) Some manufacturers recommend avoiding the coadministration of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme inducers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Tipranavir markedly induces the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme CYP2C19, an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of PPIs. However, since tipranavir is not given unless it is co-prescribed with ritonavir, a known marked enzyme inhibitor, a reduction in PPI metabolism may be unlikely to occur. A reduction in PPI concentrations may increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events such as GI bleeding. If tipranavir and PPIs must be used together, monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of GI bleeding or other signs and symptoms of reduced PPI efficacy.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) The American College of Gastroenterology states that the effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be theoretically decreased if given with other antisecretory agents (e.g., anticholinergics). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) inhibit only actively secreting H+-pumps.
Torsemide: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Trospium: (Moderate) The American College of Gastroenterology states that the effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be theoretically decreased if given with other antisecretory agents (e.g., anticholinergics). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) inhibit only actively secreting H+-pumps.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Rabeprazole is a substrate of CYP2C19. Voriconazole inhibits CYP2C19 and may cause a decrease in the metabolism of rabeprazole if coadministered.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Monitor the INR in patients receiving warfarin with proton pump inhibitors. Increases in INR may lead to abnormal bleeding. Adjust the warfarin dose to maintain the target INR.
Zonisamide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of zonisamide with rabeprazole may increase the risks of hyperammonemia and encephalopathy. Monitor serum ammonia concentrations if signs or symptoms of encephalopathy occur. Hyperammonemia resulting from zonisamide resolves when zonisamide is discontinued and may resolve or decrease in severity with a decrease of the daily dose.

Aciphex Sprinkle/Rabeprazole/Rabeprazole Sodium Oral Cap DR Pellets: 5mg, 10mg
Aciphex/Rabeprazole/Rabeprazole Sodium Oral Tab DR: 20mg

Adults

40 mg/day PO for most indications; up to 80 mg/day PO has been used off-label for H. pylori eradication; 120 mg/day PO for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Geriatric

40 mg/day PO for most indications; up to 80 mg/day PO has been used off-label for H. pylori eradication; 120 mg/day PO for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Adolescents

20 mg/day PO is the FDA-approved maximum; however, up to 40 mg/day PO has been used off-label for H. pylori eradication.

Children

12 years: 20 mg/day PO is the FDA-approved maximum; however, up to 40 mg/day PO has been used off-label for H. pylori eradication.
1 to 11 years: 10 mg/day PO (delayed-release capsules) is the FDA-approved maximum; however, up to 2.5 mg/kg/day PO (Max: 40 mg/day) has been used off-label for H. pylori eradication.

Infants

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Neonates

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Mechanism of Action: Rabeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole proton-pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion. It inhibits the gastric H+, K+ATPase enzyme pump at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This action is partially reversible; rabeprazole dissociates from the enzyme more readily than omeprazole. Rabeprazole is 2—10-fold more potent in vitro than omeprazole. In gastric parietal cells, rabeprazole is protonated, accumulates, and is transformed to an active sulfonamide. A significant increase in gastric pH and decrease in basal acid output follow oral administration of rabeprazole. The median inhibitory effect of rabeprazole on 24 hour gastric acidity is 88% of maximal after the first dose. Rabeprazole 20 mg inhibits basal and peptone meal-stimulated acid secretion versus placebo by 86% and 95%, respectively, and increases the percent of a 24 hour period that the gastric pH exceeds 3.0 from 10% to 65%. Rabeprazole does not antagonize H2 or cholinergic receptors.
 
Significant in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) has been demonstrated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for rabeprazole are lower than those of omeprazole and lansoprazole. The clinical significance of this finding has not been established. Rabeprazole monotherapy increases the clearance rate of H. pylori; however, eradication does not occur without antimicrobial therapy.
 
Similar to omeprazole and lansoprazole, hypergastrinemia can occur during rabeprazole therapy. Although prolonged hypergastrinemia has been associated with gastric tumors, long-term studies of proton pump inhibitors do not reveal development of tumors which was an initial concern in the animal models. Studies for up to one year showed that rabeprazole had no effect on the endocrine system.

Rabeprazole is administered orally. It is 96.3% bound to human plasma proteins. A significant portion of rabeprazole is metabolized via systemic nonenzymatic reduction to a thioether compound. Rabeprazole is metabolized to sulphone and desmethyl compounds via CYP450 in the liver. The thioether and sulphone are the primary metabolites measured in human plasma and these metabolites were not observed to have significant antisecretory activity. In vitro studies have demonstrated that primarily metabolism by CYP3A4 results in the sulphone metabolite, and further metabolism by CYP2C19 results in desmethyl rabeprazole. After a single oral dose of 14C-labeled rabeprazole, about 90% of the drug was eliminated in the urine, primarily as thioether carboxylic acid, its glucuronide, and mercapturic acid metabolites. The remainder of the dose was recovered in the feces as metabolites. No unchanged rabeprazole was recovered in the urine or feces. The plasma elimination half-life of rabeprazole ranges from 1 to 2 hours.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP2C19
Rabeprazole was studied in a clinical trial in Japanese adult patients categorized as either poor or extensive metabolizers of the CYP2C19 genotype; gastric acid suppression was higher in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers as compared to extensive metabolizers. In theory, this could be due to higher rabeprazole plasma concentrations in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers. It is unknown whether interactions of rabeprazole with other drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 would be different between extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers. Although rabeprazole is metabolized to some extent by CYP3A4, significant CYP3A-mediated drug interactions are generally not likely because rabeprazole has a low affinity for a range of CYP isoenzymes.

Oral Route

Delayed-release tablets
Rabeprazole delayed-release tablets are enteric-coated to allow rabeprazole sodium, which is acid labile, to pass through the stomach relatively intact. The absolute bioavailability of rabeprazole is about 52%. Peak plasma concentrations occur over a range of 2 to 5 hours. Food delays the absorption, but does not affect the peak concentrations or bioavailability.
 
Delayed-release capsules
After oral administration (the delayed-release capsules opened and granules sprinkled on 15 mL of applesauce under fasting conditions), peak plasma concentrations of rabeprazole occur over 1 to 6.5 hours, with a median of 2.5 hours. The Cmax and AUC were decreased by 55% and 33%, respectively, after oral administration (the delayed-release capsules opened and granules sprinkled on 15 mL of applesauce) and given with a high-fat meal in healthy adults.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies with rabeprazole use during pregnancy. Available epidemiologic data fail to demonstrate an increased risk of major congential malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes with proton pump inhibitor use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. No evidence of adverse developmental effects were seen in animal reproduction studies with rabeprazole administered during organogenesis at 13 and 8 times the human AUC at the recommended dose for GERD, in rats and rabbits, respectively. Changes in bone morphology were observed rat offspring following oral doses of a different PPI through pregnancy and lactation; however, when maternal administration was confined to gestation only, there were no effects on bone physeal morphology in the offspring at any age. A large cohort study from Denmark did not show a significantly increased risk of birth defects in women who took proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) during the first trimester. In a meta-analysis of 7 studies, there was no evidence linking PPI exposure in pregnancy to adverse outcomes such as congenital malformations, spontaneous abortions, or premature deliveries. Guidelines recommend a trial of lifestyle modifications as first-line therapy for heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) during pregnancy, followed by antacids if lifestyle adjustments are ineffective. For ongoing symptoms, histamine type 2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) can be used. Proton pump inhibitors should be reserved for pregnant patients who fail H2RA therapy.

Rabeprazole is present in rat milk. The clinical effects of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) exposure on the breastfed infant or on milk production have not been confirmed and PPI use is generally not recommended while breast-feeding; consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the clinical need for rabeprazole and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant or from the underlying maternal condition.  According to guidelines, if heartburn/gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) symptoms persist after delivery, antacids and sucralfate are safe to use because they are not concentrated in breast milk. Histamine type 2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are excreted in breast milk, but cimetidine and famotidine are considered safe for use during lactation and may be used if symptoms persist despite antacid use.