Parnate

MAOI Antidepressants

 
NOTE: Tranylcypromine can cause serious side effects; it should be reserved for patients who are refractory to other antidepressants. Potential food and drug interactions should be identified to prevent serious cardiovascular or neurological sequelae.
A MedGuide is available which informs patients about the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children and young adults during early phase treatment with antidepressants.

Oral Administration

Food and drug interactions with tranylcypromine can be serious (see Drug Interactions). Consider patient's intake of foods/beverages containing large amounts of tyramine, tryptophan, and/or caffeine.

Severe

seizures / Delayed / 0-1.0
serotonin syndrome / Delayed / 0-1.0
akinesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
intracranial bleeding / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypertensive crisis / Early / Incidence not known
suicidal ideation / Delayed / Incidence not known
SIADH / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

orthostatic hypotension / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
constipation / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
jaundice / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
hepatitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 10.0
ejaculation dysfunction / Delayed / 10.0
withdrawal / Early / 10.0
palpitations / Early / Incidence not known
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / Incidence not known
memory impairment / Delayed / Incidence not known
myoclonia / Delayed / Incidence not known
mania / Early / Incidence not known
ataxia / Delayed / Incidence not known
confusion / Early / Incidence not known
urinary retention / Early / Incidence not known
urinary incontinence / Early / Incidence not known
anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypertension / Early / Incidence not known
depression / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperthyroidism / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoglycemia / Early / Incidence not known
blurred vision / Early / Incidence not known
pseudoparkinsonism / Delayed / Incidence not known
dysarthria / Delayed / Incidence not known

Mild

drowsiness / Early / 1.0-10.0
xerostomia / Early / 1.0-10.0
anorexia / Delayed / 1.0-10.0
nausea / Early / 1.0-10.0
diarrhea / Early / 1.0-10.0
tremor / Early / 0-4.0
syncope / Early / 0-2.0
dizziness / Early / 10.0
insomnia / Early / 10.0
weight gain / Delayed / 10.0
headache / Early / Incidence not known
paresthesias / Delayed / Incidence not known
restlessness / Early / Incidence not known
weakness / Early / Incidence not known
anxiety / Delayed / Incidence not known
agitation / Early / Incidence not known
rash / Early / Incidence not known
urticaria / Rapid / Incidence not known
alopecia / Delayed / Incidence not known
acne vulgaris / Delayed / Incidence not known
abdominal pain / Early / Incidence not known
appetite stimulation / Delayed / Incidence not known
increased urinary frequency / Early / Incidence not known
orgasm dysfunction / Delayed / Incidence not known
chills / Rapid / Incidence not known
tinnitus / Delayed / Incidence not known
vitamin B6 deficiency / Delayed / Incidence not known

Children, suicidal ideation

The safety and effectiveness of tranylcypromine in have not been established in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age. A boxed warning in the product label describes the risk of suicidality and suicidal ideation in children, adolescent, and young adult patients receiving antidepressants. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants (n = 4,500 pediatrics and 77,000 adults), there was an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in patients 24 years of age and younger receiving an antidepressant versus placebo, with considerable variation in the risk of suicidality among drugs. The difference in absolute risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across different indications was highest in those with major depression. The need for an antidepressant in children, adolescents, or young adults for any use must be weighed against the risk of suicidality; it is unknown if this risk extends to long-term use. All patients should be monitored for symptom worsening or suicidality, especially at treatment initiation or after dose changes. Caregivers and/or patients should immediately notify the prescriber of changes in behavior or suicidal ideation. A change to the treatment regimen or discontinuation of tranylcypromine may be necessary in patients with emerging suicidality or worsening depression.

Parnate

Rx

Non-selective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant
FDA-approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD); used off-label as a second- or third-line agent for anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and social anxiety disorder
Primarily used for treatment-resistant cases of depression and anxiety disorders, due to dietary restrictions, adverse effect profile, and the potential for serious drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions

For the treatment of major depression in persons who have not responded adequately to other antidepressants. Oral dosage Adults

15 mg PO twice daily, initially. May increase the dose by 10 mg/day at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks if inadequate response. Max: 60 mg/day. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions.

Adolescents 16 to 17 years

15 mg PO twice daily, initially. May increase the dose by 10 mg/day at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks if inadequate response. Max: 60 mg/day. Coadministration of certain drugs may need to be avoided or dosage adjustments may be necessary; review drug interactions.

For the treatment of refractory panic disorder†. Oral dosage Adults

Data are limited; carefully screen patients for potential drug interactions. In patients receiving contraindicated drugs known to interact with MAOIs, the interacting drug should be discontinued for at least 1 to 2 weeks before initiating tranylcypromine therapy. Initiate at 20 mg/day PO, given in divided doses, in the morning and at lunch. May titrate weekly by 10 mg/day PO to efficacy and tolerance. Max: 60 mg/day PO, given in divided doses. American Psychiatric Association guidelines suggest other agents for first line therapy along with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and for refractory cases, the guidelines recommend switching or combining these same treatments. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are considered for further refractory cases based on empirical evidence and balancing the potential severity of drug and food interactions and side effects. Patients with co-morbid panic disorder and social anxiety (n = 36) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of low dose (30 mg/day) or high dose (60 mg/day) tranylcypromine. The primary measure for the number of panic attacks was the Sheehan Panic and Anticipatory Anxiety Scale. After 12 weeks of treatment, both groups were similarly effective; panic attacks were reduced 69.6% from baseline in the 30 mg/day PO group and 74.8% in the 60 mg/day group. Side effect incidence was higher in the 60 mg/day group (88.2%) vs. the 30 mg/day PO group (73.7%), a statistically significant difference. The most common side effects included orthostatic dizziness, decreased libido, insomnia, headache, constipation, somnolence, nausea, dizziness, and dry mouth.

For the treatment of refractory social phobia (social anxiety disorder)†. Oral dosage Adults

Data are very limited; carefully screen patient for potential drug interactions. Initiate at 20 mg/day or 30 mg/day PO, given in divided doses. Titrate to effectiveness and tolerability. Max: 60 mg/day PO, given in divided doses. In patients receiving contraindicated drugs known to interact with MAOIs, the interacting drug should be discontinued for at least 1 to 2 weeks before initiating tranylcypromine therapy. In a double-blind study (n = 36), 60 mg/day PO was more effective than 30 mg/day PO for social anxiety symptoms. The primary outcome measure for social anxiety disorder symptoms was the mean change from baseline in the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). As measured by the LSAS scores, the 60 mg/day total dose showed a significant improvement vs. 30 mg/day. Mean change from baseline in LSAS total score for the 60 mg/day group versus the 30 mg/day group was -35 versus -17.9, respectively. However, risk for reporting a side effect was higher with the higher dosage. The most common side effects in both groups included orthostatic dizziness, decreased libido, insomnia, headache, constipation, somnolence, nausea, dizziness, and dry mouth.

For treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension† in combination with increased dietary tyramine intake. Oral dosage Adults

A small number of adults with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension were treated successfully with 40 to 60 mg/day PO, given in divided doses, in combination with increased dietary tyramine intake. Carefully screen patients for potential drug interactions. In patients receiving contraindicated drugs known to interact with MAOIs, the interacting drug should be discontinued for at least 1 to 2 weeks before initiating tranylcypromine therapy.

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

Contraindicated in patients with abnormal liver function tests, hepatic impairment, or a history of liver disease.

Renal Impairment

Tranylcypromine is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment. In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, tranylcypromine should be used with caution due to the potential for accumulation of active metabolites.
 
Intermittent hemodialysis
It is not known whether tranylcypromine is removed by hemodialysis.

Acebutolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Contraindicated) Dihydrocodeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as dihydrocodeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Pyrilamine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Major) The use of oxycodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Alfentanil: (Major) The use of alfentanil is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), within 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Aliskiren: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Almotriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with almotriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with almotriptan.
Alogliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant alogliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an alogliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant alogliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an alogliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant alogliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an alogliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alpha-blockers: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when MAOIs are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents. Animal data indicate that MAOIs may stimulate insulin secretion. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to certain antidiabetic agents.
Alprazolam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Altretamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of altretamine and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor antidepressants may cause severe orthostatic hypotension. Four patients, all over 60 years of age, were reported to have experienced symptomatic hypotension after 4 to 7 days of concomitant therapy with altretamine and MAOIs. The mechanism of the interaction is not clear.
Ambrisentan: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties such as ambrisentan. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy.
Amide local anesthetics: (Major) Patients receiving local anesthetics may have an increased risk of hypotension. Combined hypotensive effects are possible with use of MAOIs and spinal anesthetics. When local anesthetics containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors (e.g., epinephrine) are coadministered with MAOIs, severe and prolonged hypertension may occur. MAOIs can increase the sensitivity to epinephrine by inhibiting epinephrine reuptake or metabolism. If concurrent therapy is necessary, carefully monitor the patient. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are contraindicated for use for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Amifampridine: (Major) The concomitant use of amifampridine and drugs that lower seizure threshold may lead to an increased risk of seizures; carefully consider the risks versus benefits of combined use. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are associated with a risk for seizures in susceptible patients. Because the effect of MAOIs on the convulsive threshold may be variable, adequate precautions should be taken.
Amiloride: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Amitriptyline: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Amlodipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Amobarbital: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of some barbiturates, which may increase CNS depression. Additionally, MAOIs may increase the risk of hypotension after barbiturates are used for sedation induction. When possible, MAOIs should be discontinued for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery due to potential interactions with anesthetic agents. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Amoxapine: (Contraindicated) Amoxapine, a heterocyclic antidepressant, is contraindicated for use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI. Conversely, an MAOI should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping amoxapine. Hyperpyretic crisis, severe convulsions, and deaths have occurred in patients receiving other cyclic antidepressants and MAOIs simultaneously.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Anxiolytics; Sedatives; and Hypnotics: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Apraclonidine: (Contraindicated) Apraclonidine is contraindicated for use in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Apraclonidine should not be administered to patients who have received MAOIs within the previous 14 days. Apraclonidine is a relatively selective alpha-2-adrenergic agonist that is applied topically to the eye. Although no specific drug interactions with systemic medications were identified in clinical studies of apraclonidine ophthalmic solution, the possibility of a serious interaction with MAOIs cannot be excluded.
Aripiprazole: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and aripiprazole. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Armodafinil: (Major) Armodafinil has not been evaluated for drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). It is known that many other CNS stimulants may induce severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses if administered in combination with drugs with non-selective MAO inhibitor activity. Until more is known regarding the pharmacology of armodafinil, it is prudent avoid the use of armodafinil in the presence of an MAO inhibitor. Due to the prolonged duration of action of MAOIs, a period of at least 14 days between the last dose of the MAOI and the first dose of armodafinil should elapse.
Asenapine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and asenapine due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive. (Major) The CNS effects of butalbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Major) The use of oxycodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Atenolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Atropine; Difenoxin: (Contraindicated) The concomitant administration of diphenoxylate or difenoxin and monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause hypertensive crisis. Avoid concurrent use.
Azilsartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Belladonna; Opium: (Major) Concomitant use of central nervous system depressants, such as MAOIs, can potentiate the effects of opium, which may potentially lead to respiratory depression, CNS depression, sedation, or hypotensive responses.
Benazepril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Major) The use of benzhydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Benzodiazepines: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); Methylene Blue injection may cause serious or fatal serotonergic syndrome when used in combination with serotonergic drugs. Methylene blue has been demonstrated to be a potent MAOI. Whenever possible, a washout period should elapse between the use of the MAOI and Methylene Blue injection. Patients treated with Methylene Blue injection should be monitored for serotonin syndrome. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue use, and initiate supportive treatment. Inform patients of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome and advise them to not to take any serotonergic drugs within 72 hours after the last dose of Methylene Blue. If the IV use of Methylene Blue cannot be avoided, choose the lowest possible dose and closely observe the patient for CNS and serotonin-related effects for up to 4 hours after Methylene Blue is given.
Beta-agonists: (Moderate) Use beta-agonists with caution in patients receiving concomitant monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days of stopping treatment with MAOIs because the action of beta-agonists on the cardiovascular system may be potentiated.
Beta-blockers: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Betaxolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Bisoprolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Bretylium: (Minor) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors potentiate the effects of the early release of catecholamines from nerve endings produced by bretylium, such as transient hypertension and increased frequency of arrhythmias. Bretylium causes an early release of norepinephrine from the adrenergic nerve terminals.
Brexpiprazole: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and brexpiprazole due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Brimonidine: (Moderate) Use caution during concurrent administration of brimonidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAOIs can affect the metabolism and uptake of circulating amines. MAOIs may theoretically interfere with the metabolism of brimonidine resulting in increased systemic side effects like hypotension.
Brimonidine; Brinzolamide: (Moderate) Use caution during concurrent administration of brimonidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAOIs can affect the metabolism and uptake of circulating amines. MAOIs may theoretically interfere with the metabolism of brimonidine resulting in increased systemic side effects like hypotension.
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely. (Moderate) Use caution during concurrent administration of brimonidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAOIs can affect the metabolism and uptake of circulating amines. MAOIs may theoretically interfere with the metabolism of brimonidine resulting in increased systemic side effects like hypotension.
Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine; Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of buprenorphine in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days of stopping treatment with MAOIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of buprenorphine in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days of stopping treatment with MAOIs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Bupropion: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Buspirone: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and buspirone is contraindicated because several cases of elevated blood pressure have been reported in patients taking MAO inhibitors who were then given buspirone; serotonin syndrome may also occur. A 10-day interval after discontinuing isocarboxazid is recommended before initiating buspirone treatment. At least 14 days should elapse between the discontinuation of phenelzine and initiating buspirone, At least a 7-day interval should elapse after discontinuing tranylcypromine before initiating buspirone treatment. Monitor for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Butabarbital: (Moderate) The CNS effects of butabarbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Major) The CNS effects of butalbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive. (Major) The CNS effects of butalbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive. (Major) The CNS effects of butalbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive. (Major) The CNS effects of butalbital may be enhanced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. This may enhance drowsiness or dizziness. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Butorphanol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of butorphanol with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Data are not available about the use of butorphanol concurrently with MAOIs. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Caffeine; Sodium Benzoate: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium Oxybates: (Major) Avoid use within 2 weeks of each other. Data for an interaction with sodium oxybate and MAOIs are lacking, but use of other CNS depressants may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of sodium oxybate.
Calcium-channel blockers: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant canagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a canagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant canagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a canagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Candesartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Capsaicin; Metaxalone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metaxalone and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary.
Captopril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Carbamazepine: (Contraindicated) Carbamazepine is contraindicated for use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), because of a possible increased risk of serotonin syndrome and/or hypertensive crisis. Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, carbamazepine is contraindicated for use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI. Conversely, MAOIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping carbamazepine. Monitor blood pressure and for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Carbidopa; Levodopa: (Contraindicated) Levodopa is contraindicated for concurrent use with non-selective MAOIs, such as tranylcypromine, due to the increased risk of hypertensive crisis. At least 2 weeks should elapse between discontinuation of one agent and initiation of therapy with the other.
Carbidopa; Levodopa; Entacapone: (Contraindicated) Levodopa is contraindicated for concurrent use with non-selective MAOIs, such as tranylcypromine, due to the increased risk of hypertensive crisis. At least 2 weeks should elapse between discontinuation of one agent and initiation of therapy with the other.
Cariprazine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and cariprazine due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Carteolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Carvedilol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use increases the risk for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Cenobamate: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of cenobamate and tranylcypromine. Concurrent use may result in additive CNS depression.
Cetirizine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation, urinary retention, and reduced gastric motility during coadministration of cetirizine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Concomitant use may result in additive CNS depression or anticholinergic effects.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation, urinary retention, and reduced gastric motility during coadministration of cetirizine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Concomitant use may result in additive CNS depression or anticholinergic effects.
Chlordiazepoxide: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Chlordiazepoxide; Amitriptyline: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions. (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Chloroprocaine: (Major) Combined hypotensive effects are possible with use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and spinal anesthetics. When local anesthetics containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors are coadministered with MAOIs, severe and prolonged hypertension may occur. MAOIs can increase the sensitivity to epinephrine by inhibiting epinephrine reuptake or metabolism. If concurrent therapy is necessary, carefully monitor the patient. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are contraindicated for use for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dihydrocodeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as dihydrocodeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Chlorpromazine: (Moderate) Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously. Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure closely if clonidine is coadministered with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives.
Clevidipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Clomipramine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Clonazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Clonidine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure closely if clonidine is coadministered with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives.
Clorazepate: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and clozapine due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Cocaine: (Major) Combined hypotensive effects are possible with use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and spinal anesthetics. When local anesthetics containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors are coadministered with MAOIs, severe and prolonged hypertension may occur. MAOIs can increase the sensitivity to epinephrine by inhibiting epinephrine reuptake or metabolism. If concurrent therapy is necessary, carefully monitor the patient. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are contraindicated for use for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Codeine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respir

atory depression.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and promethazine is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Contraindicated) Codeine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of codeine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as codeine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and promethazine is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects.
COMT inhibitors: (Contraindicated) At least 14 days should elapse between the discontinuation of tranylcypromine, which is a non-selective MAO inhibitor, and the use of a COMT inhibitor to avoid potential interactions. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are the 2 major enzymes involved in the metabolism of catecholamines. The combination of a COMT inhibitor and tranylcypromine may result in inhibition of the majority of pathways responsible for normal catecholamine metabolism, which may lead to hypertensive crisis or other adverse effects.
Cyclobenzaprine: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of cyclobenzaprine and MAOIs is contraindicated. Further, use of cyclobenzaprine within 14 days of MAOI discontinuation is contraindicated. Hyperpyretic crisis, seizures and deaths have occurred in patients receiving cyclobenzaprine or structurally similar tricyclic antidepressants concomitantly with MAO inhibitor drugs. A patient taking phenelzine developed symptoms of serotonin syndrome including confusion, agitation, tremors, tachycardia, diaphoresis, hallucinations, delusions, and fever after the third oral dose of cyclobenzaprine 10 mg, which was prescribed every 8 hours. The patient remained symptomatic despite drug discontinuation. All of her symptoms progressively resolved over the next 3 days. Reinitiation of phenelzine was without consequences.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dapagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a dapagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dapagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a dapagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dapagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a dapagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant saxagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a saxagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Desflurane: (Contraindicated) Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not undergo elective surgery, including dental procedures, that require the use of general anesthetics due to the potential for CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Additive hypotensive effects are possible with the combined use of MAOIs and spinal anesthetics. MAOIs should be discontinued for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Desipramine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Desmopressin: (Moderate) Additive hyponatremic effects may be seen in patients treated with desmopressin and drugs associated with hyponatremia and SIADH including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Use combination with caution and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hyponatremia, which may include seizures.
Desvenlafaxine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Deutetrabenazine: (Contraindicated) Deutetrabenazine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or have received MAOI therapy within the past 14 days. The major metabolites of deutetrabenazine (alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine [HTBZ] and beta-HTBZ) are reversible inhibitors of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Inhibition of VMAT2 results in decreased uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles and depletion of monoamine stores.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Bupropion: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites. (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Diazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Diazoxide: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Difelikefalin: (Moderate) Monitor for dizziness, somnolence, mental status changes, and gait disturbances if concomitant use of difelikefalin with CNS depressants is necessary. Concomitant use may increase the risk for these adverse reactions.
Diltiazem: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Diphenoxylate; Atropine: (Contraindicated) The concomitant administration of diphenoxylate or difenoxin and monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause hypertensive crisis. Avoid concurrent use.
Disulfiram: (Major) The combination of tranylcypromine and disulfiram should be avoided if possible. If they must be used together, closely monitor the patient for changes in mental status. A single, limited case report describes a potential interaction between tranylcypromine and disulfiram. Severe CNS adverse effects, including acute delirium, hallucinations, agitation and disorientation occurred after the patient received two different monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) in combination with disulfiram. For a depressive episode the patient first received moclobemide which had no therapeutic effect. Moclobemide was stopped and tranylcypromine was started at 10 mg twice a day. Within 48 hours, the patient patient developed acute delirium, which resolved within 24 hours of stopping the MAOI.
Dolasetron: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering dolasetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome has been described following the concomitant use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and other serotonergic drugs. Monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue dolasetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Doxazosin: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Doxepin: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Dronabinol: (Moderate) The CNS-depressant effects of MAOIs can be potentiated with concomitant administration of other drugs known to cause CNS depression including dronabinol.
Droperidol: (Moderate) The CNS depressant effects of MAOIs can be potentiated with concomitant administration of other drugs known to cause CNS depression including droperidol. A dose reduction of droperidol may be needed.
Droxidopa: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of droxidopa and tranylcypromine, a non-selective MAOI, as there is a potential for increased blood pressure when taken together.
Duloxetine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Eletriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with eletriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with eletriptan.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant empagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an empagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant empagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an empagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant linagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a linagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant empagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an empagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant linagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a linagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant empagliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an empagliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Enalapril, Enalaprilat: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Eplerenone: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with eplerenone.
Epoprostenol: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with epoprostenol.
Eprosartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Ergotamine; Caffeine: (Major) Excessive use of caffeine in any form should be avoided in patients receiving Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Limit caffeine intake during MAOI use and for 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of any MAOI. The use of non-prescription medicines or dietary supplements containing caffeine should be avoided. Patients should try to avoid or limit the intake of all items containing caffeine such as tea, coffee, chocolate, and cola. Cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension may occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs if caffeine intake is excessive.
Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant ertugliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an ertugliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant ertugliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an ertugliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant ertugliflozin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an ertugliflozin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sitagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a sitagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Esketamine: (Major) Closely monitor patients receiving esketamine and MAOIs for sedation and increased blood pressure, including the possibility of hypertensive crisis. Instruct patients who receive a dose of esketamine not to drive or engage in other activities requiring alertness until the next day after a restful sleep.
Eslicarbazepine: (Contraindicated) MAOIs should not be coadministered at the same time with eslicarbazepine, a dibenzazepine-related drug. Hypertensive crises, seizures, coma, or circulatory collapse may occur in patients receiving this combination. At least 7 days should elapse between discontinuation of eslicarbazepine and initiation of an MAOI. MAOIs should be discontinued for a minimum of 14 days or longer if the clinical situation permits, before administering eslicarbazepine. When starting MAOI therapy after discontinuing eslicarbazepine, it is advised to begin the MAOI at one-half the normal starting dosage for at least the first week of therapy. Carefully monitor the patient. Watch carefully for other effects besides effects on blood pressure, such as sedation, confusion, and increased CNS depression. If eslicarbazepine is used for the treatment of epilepsy, be aware that MAOI effects can include lowering of seizure threshold in some patients.
Esmolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Estazolam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Ester local anesthetics: (Major) Combined hypotensive effects are possible with use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and spinal anesthetics. When local anesthetics containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors are coadministered with MAOIs, severe and prolonged hypertension may occur. MAOIs can increase the sensitivity to epinephrine by inhibiting epinephrine reuptake or metabolism. If concurrent therapy is necessary, carefully monitor the patient. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are contraindicated for use for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Ethanol: (Major) Alcohol may cause additive CNS depression and some alcohol-containing products may also contain tyramine. Many manufacturers contraindicate the use of alcohol during traditional, non-selective MAOI therapy such as treatment with isocarboxazid, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. Certain alcohol-containing beverages thatare tyramine-rich can precipitate a hypertensive reaction if consumed by patients during therapy with these MAOIs. These include some beers; wines; sherry; hard liquor; or liqueurs.
Etomidate: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Felbamate: (Moderate) Additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and felbamate are coadministered. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required.
Felodipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Fenfluramine: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of fenfluramine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days after discontinuation of treatment with an MAOI is contraindicated due to the risk of serotonin syndrome.
Fenoldopam: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Fentanyl: (Major) The use of fentanyl is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Fluphenazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Flurazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Food: (Contraindicated) Avoid foods and beverages containing a high tyramine content. Ingestion of high tyramine foods can cause a hypertensive reaction. Following discontinuation of any MAOI, dietary restrictions should continue for at least 2 weeks due to the slow recovery from the enzyme-inhibiting effects of these drugs. According to product labeling, a variety of tyramine-containing foods can precipitate severe hypertensive episodes if consumed with MAOIs: aged cheese; yeast extract; protein extract; soy sauce; fava bean or broad bean pods; smoked meats; pickled meats; smoked poultry; pickled poultry; smoked fish (lox, smoked salmon); pickled fish (pickled herring); fermented sausage (bologna, pepperoni, salami, summer sausage) or other fermented meat; liver; anchovies; sauerkraut; bananas; overripe avocados; canned figs; raisins; raspberries; any over-ripe fruit; yogurt; and sour cream. Modifications to established guidelines are available through independent sources, supported by updated analytical methods for determining tyramine content of foods, and using a safety threshold of less than 6 mg of tyramine/serving. Certain foods that are prohibited in product labeling have been found to contain little or no tyramine. Milk products including sour cream, yogurt, and processed cheese slices do not contain tyramine. The tyramine content of brewer's yeast, baker's yeast, raspberries, and avocados is low. In some analyses, avocados have been shown to contain 0 to 2.3 mg of tyramine/100 g serving. Other allowable foods according to independent sources include cottage cheese, cream cheese, freshly packaged meat or fish, beef/chicken bouillon, bananas, chocolate, peanuts, properly stored pickled or smoked fish, and soy milk. Improper storage and handling of foods, or spoilage may increase tyramine content and present a risk of hypertensive crisis. Some alcohol-containing products may also contain tyramine. Beverages that contain tyramine can precipitate a hypertensive reaction if consumed during therapy with an MAOI. These include some beers (including reduced-ethanol and ethanol-free beer); wines (red and white varieties); sherry; hard liquor; or liqueurs. (Major) Advise patients to avoid cannabis use while taking CNS depressants due to the risk for additive CNS depression and potential for other cognitive adverse reactions.
Fosinopril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Frovatriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with frovatriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with frovatriptan.
Gabapentin: (Moderate) Monitor for respiratory depression and sedation during concomitant monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and gabapentin use; consider starting gabapentin at a low dose. Concomitant use increases the risk for additive CNS depression.
General anesthetics: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Ginseng, Panax ginseng: (Contraindicated) There have been two reports in the literature describing a possible, but not definitive, interaction between ginseng and phenelzine; it is not clear if other MAOIs would interact, but caution is warranted. In one case, headache and tremulousness were reported in a 64-year old when ginseng was added to phenelzine. A second patient suffered from irritability, headache, and vague visual hallucinations during combined use of ginseng and phenelzine. Some of these effects have been reported with the use of phenelzine alone.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Granisetron: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering granisetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome has been described following the concomitant use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and other serotonergic drugs. Monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue granisetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment.
Green Tea: (Major) It may be advisable to avoid the combination of green tea and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and wait for at least 14 days after the discontinuation of MAOIs before consuming green tea. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevent the metabolism of catecholamines, which may be additive with inhibition of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme by green tea. Also, some green tea products contain caffeine; caffeine interacts with MAOIs. Dangerous cardiac arrhythmias or severe hypertension can occur because of the potentiation of caffeine's sympathomimetic effects by MAOIs. Excessive caffeine must be avoided while taking MAOIs and for two weeks after discontinuing their use.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Guanfacine: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. In addition, when beginning treatment with antihypertensives that initially increase the release of catecholamine stores, such as guanfacine, hypertensive crisis may occur. Abrupt cessation of therapy with central alpha-2 adrenergic agonists like guanfacine may be associated with increases (from depressed on-therapy levels) in plasma and urinary catecholamines, symptoms of nervousness and anxiety and, less commonly, increases in blood pressure to levels significantly greater than those prior to therapy, which may affect MAO inhibiting therapy.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Hydralazine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Hydralazine; Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Contraindicated) The manufacturer of methyldopa contraindicates its use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Administration of MAOIs with methyldopa has resulted in headaches, severe hypertension, and hallucinations. A paradoxical pressor effect has been noted with methyldopa use. Data describing this interaction are limited.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Hydrocodone: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) The use of hydrocodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the past 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Hydromorphone: (Major) The use of hydromorphone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); Methylene Blue injection may cause serious or fatal serotonergic syndrome when used in combination with serotonergic drugs. Methylene blue has been demonstrated to be a potent MAOI. Whenever possible, a washout period should elapse between the use of the MAOI and Methylene Blue injection. Patients treated with Methylene Blue injection should be monitored for serotonin syndrome. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue use, and initiate supportive treatment. Inform patients of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome and advise them to not to take any serotonergic drugs within 72 hours after the last dose of Methylene Blue. If the IV use of Methylene Blue cannot be avoided, choose the lowest possible dose and closely observe the patient for CNS and serotonin-related effects for up to 4 hours after Methylene Blue is given.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Major) The use of oxycodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Iloperidone: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and iloperidone due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Iloprost: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with iloprost.
Imipramine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an incretin mimetic dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Indapamide: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives. Monitor blood pressure during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with diuretics such as indapamide.
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; an insulin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Iobenguane I 131: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors for at least 5 half-lives before the administration of the dosimetry dose or a therapeutic dose of iobenguane I-131. Do not restart monoamine oxidase inhibitors until at least 7 days after each iobenguane I-131 dose. Drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, may interfere with iobenguane I-131 uptake into cells and interfere with dosimetry calculations resulting in altered iobenguane I-131 efficacy.
Iohexol: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 48 hours before myelography with iohexol and do not resume for at least 24 hours post procedure due to increased seizure risk. In non-elective procedures in patients on these drugs, consider prophylactic use of anticonvulsants.
Iopamidol: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 48 hours before myelography with iopamidol and do not resume for at least 24 hours post procedure due to increased seizure risk. In non-elective procedures in patients on these drugs, consider prophylactic use of anticonvulsants.
Irbesartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Isoflurane: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Isoniazid, INH: (Major) In theory, concurrent use of isoniazid, INH with non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as tranylcypromine, increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme system which contributes to the degradation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Isoniazid has weak MAOI properties and is chemically-related to iproniazid, a drug that was known to possess MAO-inhibiting activity.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Major) In theory, concurrent use of isoniazid, INH with non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as tranylcypromine, increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme system which contributes to the degradation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Isoniazid has weak MAOI properties and is chemically-related to iproniazid, a drug that was known to possess MAO-inhibiting activity.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Major) In theory, concurrent use of isoniazid, INH with non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as tranylcypromine, increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme system which contributes to the degradation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Isoniazid has weak MAOI properties and is chemically-related to iproniazid, a drug that was known to possess MAO-inhibiting activity.
Isradipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Ketamine: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Labetalol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Lasmiditan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lasmiditan and tranylcypromine due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Additionally, additive CNS depression may occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, use the lowest appropriate medication dosages, and monitor for excessive sedation, somnolence, and serotonin syndrome. Inform patients taking this combination of the risks and symptoms of excessive CNS depression and serotonin syndrome, particularly after a dose increase or the addition of other serotonergic medications to an existing regimen. Discontinue all serotonergic agents if serotonin syndrome occurs and implement appropriate medical management.
Lemborexant: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of lemborexant and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Dosage adjustments may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS effects. The risk of next-day impairment, including impaired driving, is increased if lemborexant is taken with other CNS depressants.
Levamlodipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Levobunolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Levocetirizine: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation, urinary retention, and reduced gastric motility during coadministration of cetirizine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Concomitant use may result in additive CNS depression or anticholinergic effects.
Levodopa: (Contraindicated) Levodopa is contraindicated for concurrent use with non-selective MAOIs, such as tranylcypromine, due to the increased risk of hypertensive crisis. At least 2 weeks should elapse between discontinuation of one agent and initiation of therapy with the other.
Levomilnacipran: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Levorphanol: (Major) The use of levorphanol is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant linagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a linagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant linagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a linagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Linezolid: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of linezolid with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of linezolid within 2 weeks of taking an MAOI is contraindicated due to the risk of increased blood pressure, including hypertensive crisis. Linezolid is an antibiotic that is also a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Serotonin syndrome has also been reported when linezolid is given with serotonergic agents, including MAOIs, which can potentiate central serotonin levels.
Lisinopril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Lisinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Lithium: (Moderate) There is an increased risk of serotonin syndrome during concurrent use of lithium and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Lithium has central serotonergic actions and MAOIs impair the metabolism of serotonin. If concurrent use is necessary, monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome and inform patients of the increased risk. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, serotonergic agents should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented.
Loop diuretics: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Lorazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Lorcaserin: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and lorcaserin if possible; use with extreme caution and only if medically necessary. MAOIs are not recommended to be taken with serotonergic medications due to the risk for serotonin syndrome. Lorcaserin affects serotonergic neurotransmitter systems. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome.
Losartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Loxapine: (Moderate) Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects such as hypotension, sedation, and anticholinergic effects, MAOIs and antipsychotics should be used together cautiously; some experts recommend initiating low doses of the antipsychotic and careful dosage titration.
Lumateperone: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and lumateperone due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Lurasidone: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and lurasidone due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Mannitol: (Moderate) Exaggerated hypotensive effects may result when MAOIs are used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics; patients should be observed for symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.
Maprotiline: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of tranylcypromine, a non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and maprotiline, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is contraindicated. The noradrenergic effects of both maprotiline and tranylcypromine may result in hypertensive crisis. A minimum of 14 days should be allowed to elapse after discontinuation of tranylcypromine before treatment with maprotiline is initiated. After stopping treatment with maprotiline, a time period of 4 to 5 half-lives of maprotiline and any active metabolites should elapse before starting treatment with tranylcypromine.
Meglitinides: (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to insulin and other antidiabetic agents.
Meperidine: (Contraindicated) The use of meperidine is contraindicated in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. The combination is also contraindicated due to serious effects that have been reported following a single dose of meperidine in patients receiving MAOI therapy including excitation, seizures, delirium, hyperpyrexia, circulatory collapse, coma, and death. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Metaxalone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metaxalone and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may increase the risk for serotonin syndrome. Monitor patients for serotonin syndrome if concomitant use is necessary.
Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to insulin and other antidiabetic agents.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose ad justment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant saxagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a saxagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sitagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a sitagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Methadone: (Major) Coadministration of methadone with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or within 14 days after discontinuation of treatment with an MAOI is not recommended due to the risk of serotonin syndrome and/or respiratory depression.
Methazolamide: (Moderate) Exaggerated hypotensive effects may result when MAOIs are used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics. Patients should be observed for symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. Dose adjustments of the antihypertensive may be required.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); Methylene Blue injection may cause serious or fatal serotonergic syndrome when used in combination with serotonergic drugs. Methylene blue has been demonstrated to be a potent MAOI. Whenever possible, a washout period should elapse between the use of the MAOI and Methylene Blue injection. Patients treated with Methylene Blue injection should be monitored for serotonin syndrome. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue use, and initiate supportive treatment. Inform patients of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome and advise them to not to take any serotonergic drugs within 72 hours after the last dose of Methylene Blue. If the IV use of Methylene Blue cannot be avoided, choose the lowest possible dose and closely observe the patient for CNS and serotonin-related effects for up to 4 hours after Methylene Blue is given.
Methohexital: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of some barbiturates, which may increase CNS depression. Additionally, MAOIs may increase the risk of hypotension after barbiturates are used for sedation induction. When possible, MAOIs should be discontinued for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery due to potential interactions with anesthetic agents.
Methyldopa: (Contraindicated) The manufacturer of methyldopa contraindicates its use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Administration of MAOIs with methyldopa has resulted in headaches, severe hypertension, and hallucinations. A paradoxical pressor effect has been noted with methyldopa use. Data describing this interaction are limited.
Methylene Blue: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); Methylene Blue injection may cause serious or fatal serotonergic syndrome when used in combination with serotonergic drugs. Methylene blue has been demonstrated to be a potent MAOI. Whenever possible, a washout period should elapse between the use of the MAOI and Methylene Blue injection. Patients treated with Methylene Blue injection should be monitored for serotonin syndrome. If symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, discontinue use, and initiate supportive treatment. Inform patients of the increased risk of serotonin syndrome and advise them to not to take any serotonergic drugs within 72 hours after the last dose of Methylene Blue. If the IV use of Methylene Blue cannot be avoided, choose the lowest possible dose and closely observe the patient for CNS and serotonin-related effects for up to 4 hours after Methylene Blue is given.
Metoclopramide: (Moderate) Because metoclopramide causes release of catecholamines in patients with essential hypertension, it should be administered cautiously to patients receiving MAOIs.
Metoprolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Midazolam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Milnacipran: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Minoxidil: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Mirabegron: (Moderate) It is unclear if it is safe to use of mirabegron with MAOI therapy. It may be best to use caution and avoid use together if possible. Use of mirabegron (a selective beta-3 adrenergic agonist) with non-selective MAOIs may theoretically result in an increased risk for high blood pressure. Mirabegron has increased blood pressure at clinically used doses (e.g., 50 mg/day). In these studies, at the maximum recommended dose of 50 mg/day, the mean maximum increase in systolic/diastolic blood pressure was approximately 3.5/1.5 mmHg greater than placebo. Beta-3 selectivity is usually lost at doses above those used clinically for overactive bladder (e.g, 200 mg/day PO). Sympathomimetic adrenergic agonists are typically contraindicated in patients receiving MAOIs. When administering a MAOI in close proximity to such a drug, at least 2 weeks should usually elapse between discontinuation of 1 agent and initiation of therapy with the other; consult the specific product literature for precise recommendations.
Mirtazapine: (Contraindicated) Use of mirtazapine concurrently with the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is contraindicated. If combined, there is a possibility of developing serious reactions such as serotonin syndrome. In patients receiving nonselective MAOIs in combination with serotoninergic agents there have been reports of serious, sometimes fatal, reactions. At least 2 weeks should elapse between stopping one agent and beginning the other. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Modafinil: (Major) Modafinil has not been evaluated for drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). It is known that many other CNS stimulants may induce severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses if administered in combination with drugs with non-selective MAO inhibitor activity. Until more is known regarding the pharmacology of modafinil, it is prudent avoid the use of modafinil in the presence of an MAO inhibitor. Due to the prolonged duration of action of MAOIs, a period of at least 14 days between the last dose of the MAOI and the first dose of modafinil should elapse.
Moexipril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Morphine: (Contraindicated) Morphine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of morphine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as morphine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Contraindicated) Morphine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. Concomitant use of morphine with other serotonergic drugs such as MAOIs may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as morphine. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of alternate opioids to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Nabilone: (Moderate) The CNS-depressant effects of MAOIs can be potentiated with concomitant administration of other drugs known to cause CNS depression including nabilone.
Nadolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Nalbuphine: (Major) The use of nalbuphine is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid like nalbuphine is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Naratriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with naratriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with naratriptan.
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to insulin and other antidiabetic agents.
Nebivolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Nefazodone: (Contraindicated) Nefazodone is considered contraindicated for concurrent use with MAOIs. Because nefazodone inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and, to a lesser extent, norepinephrine, combination with a MAOI could possibly produce confusion, delirium, coma, seizures, hyperthermia, or other, less severe, symptoms. Although severe reactions have been seen when drugs with a pharmacological profile similar to nefazodone were used with MAOI therapy, no controlled trials have been done with nefazodone. At least 2 weeks should elapse between the discontinuation of MAOI therapy and the start of nefazodone therapy, or at least 1 week should elapse between the discontinuation of nefazodone and the initiation of a MAOI.
Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering palonosetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome has been described following the concomitant use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and other serotonergic drugs. Monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue palonosetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment.
Nicardipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Nifedipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Nimodipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Nisoldipine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Nitroglycerin: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure during concomitant monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and nitrate use due to risk for additive hypotension.
Nitroprusside: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Nortriptyline: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Olanzapine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and olanzapine. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and olanzapine. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and olanzapine. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Oliceridine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of oliceridine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may cause excessive sedation and somnolence. Limit the use of oliceridine with MAOIs to only patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. If concurrent use is necessary, use the lowest effective doses and minimum treatment durations needed to achieve the desired clinical effect. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Olmesartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Olmesartan; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Olmesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Ondansetron: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increase, during concomitant monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and ondansetron use. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome.
Oxazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Oxcarbazepine: (Contraindicated) MAOIs should not be coadministered at the same time with oxcarbazepine, a dibenzazepine-related drug. Hypertensive crises, seizures, coma, or circulatory collapse may occur in patients receiving this combination. At least 7 days should elapse between discontinuation of oxcarbazepine and initiation of an MAOI. MAOIs should be discontinued for a minimum of 14 days or longer if the clinical situation permits, before administering oxcarbazepine. When starting MAOI therapy after discontinuing oxcarbazepine, it is advised to begin the MAOI at one-half the normal starting dosage for at least the first week of therapy; carefully monitor the patient.
Oxycodone: (Major) The use of oxycodone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and CNS and respiratory depression.
Oxymetazoline: (Major) Oxymetazoline should generally not be used in patients taking non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The combination of an MAOI and a sympathomimetic drug, including decongestants given via topical, nasal, or ophthalmic routes, may rarely result in high blood pressure or in more serious cases, hypertensive crisis. Avoid use during and up to 2 weeks following discontinuation of the MAOI. Consider alternative treatments for the patient's condition.
Oxymorphone: (Major) The use of oxymorphone is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days or are currently taking an MAOI due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small opioid doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Ozanimod: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of ozanimod with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors is contraindicated. Allow at least 14 days between discontinuation of ozanimod and initiation of treatment with MAO inhibitors. Metabolites of ozanimod may inhibit MAO. The potential for a clinical interaction with MAO inhibitors has not been studied; however, the increased risk of nonselective MAO inhibition may lead to a hypertensive crisis.
Paliperidone: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and paliperidone due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Palonosetron: (Moderate) Because of the potential risk and severity of serotonin syndrome, use caution when administering palonosetron with other drugs that have serotonergic properties such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome has been described following the concomitant use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and other serotonergic drugs. Monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. If serotonin syndrome is suspected, discontinue palonosetron and concurrent serotonergic agents and initiate appropriate medical treatment.
Pentazocine: (Major) The use of pentazocine is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid like pentazocine is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Pentazocine; Naloxone: (Major) The use of pentazocine is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within the previous 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid like pentazocine is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Pentobarbital: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of some barbiturates, which may increase CNS depression. Additionally, MAOIs may increase the risk of hypotension after barbiturates are used for sedation induction. When possible, MAOIs should be discontinued for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery due to potential interactions with anesthetic agents. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Perampanel: (Moderate) Use of perampanel with CNS depressants, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), may increase CNS depression. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient taking perampanel for epilepsy is required.
Perindopril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Perphenazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions. (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Phenobarbital: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of barbiturates like phenobarbital and cause additive CNS depression. MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient taking phenobarbital for epilepsy is required. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of barbiturates like phenobarbital and cause additive CNS depression. MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient taking phenobarbital for epilepsy is required. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Phenoxybenzamine: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Phentolamine: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Pindolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Pioglitazone; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant metformin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a metformin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents, including pramlintide. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to insulin and other antidiabetic agents.
Prazosin: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Pregabalin: (Moderate) Monitor for respiratory depression and sedation during concomitant monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and pregabalin use; consider starting pregabalin at a low dose. Concomitant use increases the risk for additive CNS depression.
Primidone: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of barbiturates like primidone and cause additive CNS depression. MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient taking primidone for epilepsy is required. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Procarbazine: (Contraindicated) Procarbazine is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Avoid concomitant administration with other monoamine oxidase inhibitors because of the possibility of severe hyperpyretic or hypertensive crises, convulsions, or death. In general, at least 2 weeks should elapse between discontinuation of one agent and initiation of therapy with the other.
Prochlorperazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Promethazine: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and promethazine is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and promethazine is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects. (Contraindicated) Dextromethorphan products are contraindicated in patients taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or in patients who have taken an MAOI within the last 14 days, due to the risk of serious and possibly fatal drug interactions, including serotonin syndrome. A washout period of at least 14 days should elapse between the start of dextromethorphan after discontinuation of an MAOI. Patients should read nonprescription product labels carefully. Before initiating an MAOI after using other serotonergic agents, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of the serotonergic agent and its active metabolites.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and promethazine is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects.
Propofol: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Propranolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Propranolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Protriptyline: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Quazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Quetiapine: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and quetiapine. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Quinapril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Ramelteon: (Moderate) The CNS depressant effects of MAOIs can be potentiated with concomitant administration of other drugs known to cause CNS depression including ramelteon.
Ramipril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Rasagiline: (Contraindicated) Rasagiline should not be used concurrently with or in rapid succession to other monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The combination or rapid succession of MAOI treatment could result in severe CNS or cardiovascular reactions, including hypertensive crises, hyperpyrexia, CNS excitation, delirium, tremor, seizures, coma, circulatory collapse or death. At least 14 days should elapse between the discontinuation of rasagiline and the initiation of another MAOI or the discontinuation of another MAOI and the initiation of rasagiline.
Remifentanil: (Major) The use of remifentanil is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Remimazolam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Serum glucose should be monitored closely when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are added to any regimen containing antidiabetic agents. Inhibitors of MAO type A have been shown to prolong the hypoglycemic response to insulin and other antidiabetic agents.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and risperidone due to the risk for additive hypotension and CNS depression.
Rizatriptan: (Contraindicated) Rizatriptan is contraindicated for use with a monoamine oxidase A inhibitor (MAO-A inhibitor) or nonselective MAOI (e.g., tranylcypromine) or within 2 weeks of discontinuing such a MAOI, due to the risk for serotonin syndrome and increased rizatriptan exposure. Rizatriptan is principally metabolized by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). During a drug interaction study with meclobemide (a selective MAO-A inhibitor), the mean increase in rizatriptan Cmax was 41%, and the mean increases in the AUC of rizatriptan and its metabolite were 119% and 400%, respectively. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with rizatriptan.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Safinamide: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of safinamide with other monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of other MAOIs within 2 weeks of taking safinamide is contraindicated due to the risk of increased blood pressure, including hypertensive crisis. Serotonin syndrome has also been reported during coadministration of MAOIs, presumably due to additive effects on central serotonin levels.
Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant saxagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a saxagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Secobarbital: (Major) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may prolong the effect of some barbiturates, which may increase CNS depression. Additionally, MAOIs may increase the risk of hypotension after barbiturates are used for sedation induction prior to surgeries or procedures. Barbiturates should generally be given at a reduced dose with an MAOI.
Sedating H1-blockers: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sedating H1-blockers is contraindicated due to increased anticholinergic effects.
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: (Contraindicated) The use of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is contraindicated. At least 2 weeks should elapse between the discontinuation of a drug with MAO inhibiting activity and the start of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or vice-versa. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors potentiate certain catecholamines by inhibiting neuronal reuptake. Reactions with MAOIs may include confusion, seizures, and severe hypertension as well as less severe symptoms.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 weeks of discontinuing treatment with fluoxetine or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with other SSRIs. Conversely, SSRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Selegiline: (Contraindicated) Non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are contraindicated for use with selegiline, a selective monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor (MAO-B inhibitor), due to the risk for hypertensive crisis and a potential risk for serotonin syndrome. At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of selegiline and initiation of treatment with an MAOI. After stopping treatment with an MAOI, a time period equal to 4 to 5 half-lives of the MAOI or any active metabolite should elapse before starting therapy with selegiline. Hypertensive crisis has occurred in patients receiving selective MAO-B inhibitors and non-selective MAOIs simultaneously.
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Sevoflurane: (Major) Discontinue monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) at least 10 days prior to elective surgery requiring use of general anesthetics due to the potential for significant hypotension. If this is not possible, carefully consider the risk of agents and techniques (e.g., epidural or spinal anesthesia) that increase the risk for hypotension.
Sildenafil: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with sildenafil. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with sildenafil.
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sitagliptin and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a sitagliptin dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sodium Oxybate: (Major) Avoid use within 2 weeks of each other. Data for an interaction with sodium oxybate and MAOIs are lacking, but use of other CNS depressants may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of sodium oxybate.
Solriamfetol: (Contraindicated) The concurrent use of noradrenergic drugs, such as solriamfetol, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of solriamfetol within 14 days of MAOI therapy is contraindicated due to the increased risk for hypertensive crisis. Potential outcomes include death, stroke, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, ophthalmological complications, eclampsia, pulmonary edema, and renal failure.
Sotalol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Spironolactone: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Contraindicated) St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum should not be used concurrently with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) because of the possibility of serotonin syndrome. In patients receiving nonselective MAOs in combination with serotoninergic agents there have been reports of serious, sometimes fatal, reactions. At least 2 weeks should elapse between discontinuation of one agent and initiation of therapy with the other.
Succinimides: (Moderate) Additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and succinimides are coadministered. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required.
Sufentanil: (Major) The use of sufentanil is not recommended in patients who have received a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) within 14 days due to a risk for serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a sulfonylurea dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sumatriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome and significantly increased sumatriptan exposure, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with sumatriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with sumatriptan. Conversely, do not initiate sumatriptan within 2 weeks of discontinuing tranylcypromine.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome and significantly increased sumatriptan exposure, tranylcypromine is contraindicated for use with sumatriptan. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with sumatriptan. Conversely, do not initiate sumatriptan within 2 weeks of discontinuing tranylcypromine.
Suvorexant: (Moderate) Monitor for excessive sedation and somnolence during coadministration of suvorexant and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Dosage adjustments may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS effects. The risk of next-day impairment, including impaired driving, is increased if suvorexant is taken with other CNS depressants.
Sympathomimetics: (Contraindicated) In general, sympathomimetics should be avoided in patients receiving MAOIs due to an increased risk of hypertensive crisis. This applies to sympathomimetics including stimulants for ADHD, narcolepsy or weight loss, nasal, oral, and ophthalmic decongestants and cold products, and respiratory sympathomimetics (e.g., beta agonist drugs). Some local anesthetics also contain a sympathomimetic (e.g., epinephrine). In general, medicines containing sympathomimetic agents should not be used concurrently with MAOIs or within 14 days before or after their use.
Tapentadol: (Contraindicated) Tapentadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use may result in serious adverse effects including serotonin syndrome and respiratory depression. MAOIs may cause additive CNS depression, respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, or hypotension when used with opiate agonists such as tapentadol.
Tedizolid: (Major) This combination should be avoided if possible. Although interactions with monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) were not evaluated in clinical trials, caution is warranted with the concurrent use of tedizolid and MAOIs due to the potential risk of severe hypertensive crisis and possibly serotonin syndrome. Consider if another antibiotic would be appropriate for the patient. Tedizolid is an oxazolidinone-class antibacterial that is also a weak reversible, non-selective inhibitor of MAO. Serotonin syndrome has been reported when another oxazolidinone-class antibacterial has been administered with certain serotonergic agents.
Telmisartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Telmisartan; Amlodipine: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Temazepam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Terazosin: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Tetrabenazine: (Contraindicated) Tetrabenazine use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or have received MAOI therapy within the past 14 days. The major metabolites of tetrabenazine (alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine [HTBZ] and beta-HTBZ) are reversible inhibitors of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Inhibition of VMAT2 results in decreased uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles and depletion of monoamine stores.
Tetracaine: (Major) Combined hypotensive effects are possible with use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and spinal anesthetics. When local anesthetics containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors are coadministered with MAOIs, severe and prolonged hypertension may occur. MAOIs can increase the sensitivity to epinephrine by inhibiting epinephrine reuptake or metabolism. If concurrent therapy is necessary, carefully monitor the patient. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine are contraindicated for use for at least 10 days prior to elective surgery.
Tetrahydrozoline: (Major) In general, tetrahydrozoline should not be combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The combination of an MAOI and a sympathomimetic drug, including those given via nasal or ophthalmic routes, may result in hypertensive crisis. Avoid use during and up to 2 weeks following discontinuation of the MAOI. Consider alternative treatments for the patient's condition.
Thiazide diuretics: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) use; a thiazolidinedione dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Thioridazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Thiothixene: (Moderate) Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and thiothixene may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and thiothixene should be used together cautiously.
Tiagabine: (Moderate) Additive CNS depression is possible if monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tiagabine are coadministered. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required.
Timolol: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of beta-blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension and/or severe bradycardia. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the beta-blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure and heart rate closely.
Tramadol: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use increases the risk for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Contraindicated) Tramadol use is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or who have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the previous 14 days. Concomitant use increases the risk for seizures, serotonin syndrome, and opioid toxicity, including respiratory depression.
Trandolapril: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Trazodone: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with trazodone or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with trazodone. Conversely, trazodone should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI.
Treprostinil: (Moderate) Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when MAOIs are combined with antihypertensives or medications with hypotensive properties. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with treprostinil.
Triamterene: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Triazolam: (Moderate) Monitor for unusual drowsiness and sedation during coadministration of benzodiazepines and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk for additive CNS depression.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Trifluoperazine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of MAOIs and phenothiazines may prolong or intensify the hypotensive, anticholinergic, or sedative effects of either agent. Due to the potential for additive CNS and cardiovascular effects, MAOIs and phenothiazines should be used together cautiously.
Trimipramine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with a TCA. Conversely, TCAs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Tryptophan, 5-Hydroxytryptophan: (Contraindicated) Tryptophan should be avoided during MAOI use and for at least 2 weeks after discontinuation of an MAOI. L-tryptophan is a serotonin precursor; MAOIs block the conversion of serotonin. MAOIs used concomitantly with tryptophan might cause serotonin syndrome or other side effects. The combination of MAOIs and tryptophan has been reported to cause behavioral and neurologic syndromes including disorientation, confusion, amnesia, delirium, agitation, hypomanic signs, ataxia, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, shivering, ocular oscillations, and Babinski's signs.
Valbenazine: (Major) Avoid the use of valbenazine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Concomitant use of valbenazine with MAOIs may increase the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters in synapses, potentially leading to an increased risk of adverse reactions such as serotonin syndrome, or an attenuated treatment effect of valbenazine.
Valerian, Valeriana officinalis: (Major) Any substances that act on the CNS may theoretically interact with valerian, Valeriana officinalis. The valerian derivative, dihydrovaltrate, binds at barbiturate binding sites; valerenic acid has been shown to inhibit enzyme-induced breakdown of GABA in the brain; the non-volatile monoterpenes (valepotriates) have sedative activity. Patients taking MAOIs should discuss the use of herbal supplements with their health care professional prior to consuming valerian; combinations should be approached with caution in the absence of clinical data.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Moderate) Additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and valproic acid (or valproate, divalproex sodium) are coadministered. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required.
Valsartan: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Contraindicated) The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Vasodilators: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vasodilators and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persists for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the vasodilator). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Venlafaxine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). MAOIs should not be used within 5 days of discontinuing treatment with duloxetine or milnacipran or within 7 days of discontinuing treatment with other SNRIs. Conversely, SNRIs should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor the patient for serotonin-related effects during therapy transitions.
Verapamil: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of calcium-channel blockers and tranylcypromine due to the risk of additive hypotension. Potential for this interaction persi sts for up to 10 days after discontinuation of tranylcypromine (or 4 to 5 half-lives after discontinuation of the calcium-channel blocker). If a medication-free interval is not feasible, initiate therapy at the lowest appropriate dose and monitor blood pressure closely.
Vilazodone: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders, such as tranylcypromine, are contraindicated for use with vilazodone or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with vilazodone. Conversely, vilazodone should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI.
Vortioxetine: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with vortioxetine or within 21 days of discontinuing treatment with vortioxetine. Conversely, vortioxetine should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. Monitor patients for serotonin-related side effects during therapy transitions.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Avoid concomitant use, or use in rapid succession, of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and ziprasidone. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, blood pressure, and for unusual drowsiness and sedation. Concomitant use increases the risk for serotonin syndrome and additive hypotension and CNS depression. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue therapy.
Zolmitriptan: (Contraindicated) Due to the risk of serotonin syndrome and significantly increased zolmitriptan exposure, use is contraindicated with tranylcypromine. Tranylcypromine should not be used within 4 to 5 half-lives of discontinuing treatment with zolmitriptan. Conversely, do not initiate zolmitriptan within 2 weeks of discontinuing tranylcypromine.
Zonisamide: (Moderate) Additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and zonisamide are coadministered. MAOIs can also cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required.

Parnate/Tranylcypromine/Tranylcypromine Sulfate Oral Tab: 10mg

Adults

60 mg/day PO.

Elderly

60 mg/day PO.

Adolescents

>= 16 years: 60 mg/day PO.
< 16 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Children

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Tranylcypromine binds irreversibly to monoamine oxidase (MAO). Like other irreversible inhibitors, the MAO enzyme activity cannot be restored until the body replaces the enzyme through new enzyme synthesis, which takes a period of time after drug discontinuation. When tranylcypromine is withdrawn, MAO activity is recovered in 3—5 days, although the drug is excreted in 24 hours. Depression is believed to result from dysregulation of CNS neurotransmitter systems. Antidepressant activity arises from the increased availability of monoamines, resulting from the inhibition of the enzyme MAO. Reduction of MAO activity results in an increased concentration of neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, at various storage sites in the central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system.
 
Tranylcypromine is a nonselective MAOI that desensitizes alpha- and beta-adrenergic and serotonin receptors. The delay of up to 4 weeks in therapeutic response to MAOI drugs may be accounted for by alterations in receptor characteristics rather than by increased neurotransmitter concentration. Inhibition of MAO in the GI tract and liver can result in systemic absorption of large amounts of tyramine, such as from ingestion of foods high in tyramine content. Consequently, severe hypertension may occur from a massive displacement of norepinephrine by tyramine from adrenergic storage sites. The exact mechanism by which MAOIs produce hypotension is unknown, but it has been proposed to be the result of actions at alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors by false neurotransmitters which also aid in causing hypertensive crisis. It has been suggested that slow accumulation of these false neurotransmitters from MAO inhibition (e.g. octopamine produced from tyramine) occurs in neurons. It is also thought that octopamine may displace norepinephrine at these sites, simultaneously releasing octopamine, and causing a blockade of sympathetic neurotransmission. This is in contrast to the large release of norepinephrine which occurs from more rapid absorption of tyramine from the GI tract, causing a hypertensive crisis. MAOIs also interfere with the hepatic metabolism of many drugs.

Tranylcypromine is administered orallyOnset of antidepressant action is more rapid than with the hydrazine derivatives versus other MAOIs, and the inhibitory effect on the MAO enzymes is not as prolonged. Tranylcypromine is rapidly metabolized in the liver and may produce active metabolites. Excretion is mainly as metabolites in the urine. The elimination half-life is about 2.5 hours. On discontinuation of tranylcypromine, excretion is complete in 24 hours, but it may be 3—5 days before urinary tryptamine concentrations return to normal (indicating a recovery of MAO activity).

Oral Route

Tranylcypromine completely absorbed from the GI tract. There is variable individual response to absorption, and response may be biphasic. Initial peak plasma concentrations are achieved in about 1 hour, with a secondary peak between 2—3 hours.

Pregnancy

The safe use of tranylcypromine during pregnancy has not been established. Animal studies indicate that tranylcypromine crosses the placenta. The absence of a harmful action of tranylcypromine on fertility or on postnatal development by prenatal treatment has not been demonstrated. Because pregnancy outcome data are too limited to be conclusive, tranylcypromine should be used during pregnancy only when the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risks to the mother and fetus. An increased risk of malformations was found in the Collaborative Perinatal Project which monitored 21 mother-child pairs with exposure to a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) during the first trimester of pregnancy (tranylcypromine pairs = 13). Limitations of this data include the small sample size, absence of malformation descriptions, and inclusion of isoniazid as an MAOI agent. Teratogenicity was not observed in 2 separate cases of in utero exposure to a MAOI. The effects of tranylcypromine during labor and obstetric delivery are unknown. There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors outcomes in pregnant patients exposed to tranylcypromine; information about the registry can be obtained at womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry or by calling 1-866-961-2388.

The use of tranylcypromine during lactation requires that the potential benefits be weighed against its possible risks to the mother and the breast-feeding infant. Tranylcypromine is excreted in human milk. The effect of tranylcypromine on postnatal development from use during breast-feeding is not known. Because of the lack of safety data, it is generally advised to consider alternatives to tranylcypromine during breast-feeding. Due to individual variability in response to antidepressants, it may be prudent to continue the existing regimen if ongoing treatment is deemed necessary during breast-feeding. However, because a pooled analysis found that maternal use of sertraline, along with nortriptyline and paroxetine, usually produced undetectable or low drug concentrations in infant serum, these agents may be the preferred antidepressants when initiating antidepressant therapy in a breast-feeding mother. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally ingested drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.