Thrombin-JMI

Local Hemostatics

Percutaneous Administration
Thrombin is not FDA-approved for percutaneous administration.
Thrombin has been administered intravascularly as a solution directly into pseudoaneurysms under ultrasound guidance via a percutaneous injection.[32332] [32334] [32353] NOTE: Thrombin is not FDA-approved for the treatment of pseudoaneurysms.
In patients with a history of previous exposure to thrombin (topical or intravascular), a skin-prick test for hypersensitivity to thrombin using a 1,000 unit/mL concentration may be prudent. Wait 15 minutes after the skin-prick test to identify a test as negative if the wheal diameter is less than 4 mm with a flare diameter of less than 15 mm.[32343]
 
Reconstitution and Preparation for Percutaneous use:
Reconstitute the thrombin to a concentration of 1,000 units/mL or 100 units/mL using sterile isotonic saline or the diluent provided prior to percutaneous puncture of the patient. For intravascular administration, aseptic techniques should be practiced. Some authors recommend the more dilute concentration in an effort to minimize the risk of thromboembolism in case of inadvertent systemic exposure.[32332] [32334]
The thrombin can be drawn into sterile syringes as smaller aliquots (i.e., into 1 mL syringes) for ease of administration and to minimize the risk of administering more thrombin than desired.[32332] [32350] [32353] In children, using a smaller syringe such as a tuberculin syringe has been recommended.[32345]
 
Percutaneous injection:
Monitor pulses and ankle-brachial index (if applicable) distal to the site of injection prior to the procedure.[32332] [32353]
Prior to injection, visualize the pseudoaneurysm and assess for size, location, and the presence of arteriovenous fistulas or septations/loculations.[32332] [32353]
Local anesthesia may be applied to the skin prior to percutaneous injection, although this is not necessary.[32332]
Under direct visualization, percutaneously inject a 19 to 25 gauge, 2.5-inch needle into the sac of the pseudoaneurysm; confirmation of the tip of the needle within the pseudoaneurysm is essential prior to injection of thrombin. Position the needle away from the neck of the pseudoaneurysm to minimize the risk of systemic exposure.[32345]
Under direct visualization with either a grey-scale or color-flow ultrasound, slowly and continuously inject the thrombin, usually over 10 seconds, into the pseudoaneurysm until flow ceases. Use the smallest dose necessary. If there is still flow within the pseudoaneurysm after the first dose, repeat the injection until all flow is absent. Do not inject thrombin into the neck of the pseudoaneurysm as this greatly increases the risk of thromboembolism.[32353]
Monitor peripheral pulses distal to the site of injection as well as the ankle-brachial index after the procedure for detection of a thromboembolism.[32332] [32334] [32353]
After the procedure, place the patient on bed rest for 4 to 6 hours.[32332] [32353]
Perform an ultrasound confirming successful thrombosis at 24 hours and 7 to 10 days after the procedure.[32350] [32353]

For topical use on the surface of bleeding tissue only. Do NOT inject.[33461] [44961]
Bovine thrombin is administered topically either as a solution or pad. The powder for solution can be used in a dry form on oozing surfaces.[33461] [44962]
Recombinant thrombin (Recothrom) is administered topically as a solution.[44961]
 
Preparation of bovine topical solution:
Reconstitute with sterile isotonic saline at a recommended concentration of 1,000 to 2,000 International Units/mL.
Prepare the desired strength to suit the needs of the case by diluting the contents of the container with an appropriate volume of sterile isotonic saline. A concentration of 1,000 International Units/mL may be required where bleeding is profuse. A concentration of 100 International Units/mL is frequently used for plastic surgery, dental extractions, skin grafting, etc.
Storage: Use solutions promptly upon removal from the container; however, the solution may be refrigerated at 2 to 8 degrees C (36 to 46 degrees F) for up to 24 hours or stored at room temperature for up to 8 hours after reconstitution.[33461]
 
Preparation of Recothrom 5,000 units topical solution:
Insert the sharp end of the needle-free transfer device into the center of the vial stopper.
Attach the prefilled diluent syringe to the needle-free transfer device.
Inject the 5 mL of diluent from the syringe into the product vial; keep the syringe plunger depressed.
Remove and discard the diluent syringe; do not use the diluent syringe for transfer of reconstituted product.
Gently swirl and invert the vial until the powder is completely dissolved; avoid excessive agitation. The powder should dissolve in less than 1 minute at room temperature.
Attach the empty syringe (provided) to the needle free transfer device and draw up the necessary amount of solution required for application.
Label the syringe 'RECOTHROM - DO NOT INJECT'.[44961]
 
Preparation of Recothrom 20,000 units topical solution:
Attach a needle-free transfer device to both the Recothrom and diluent vials.
Open the sterile, empty 20 mL syringe package and apply the pre-printed "DO NOT INJECT" label to the syringe.
Attach the labeled 20 mL syringe to the needle-free transfer device on the diluent vial (injection of air into the diluent vial may facilitate withdrawal of the diluent).
Draw up 20 mL of diluent from the vial into the syringe. Remove the diluent-filled syringe from the diluent vial and attach it to the transfer device on the Recothrom vial.
Transfer the 20 mL of diluent from the syringe into the Recothrom vial; the vacuum in the vial facilitates transfer.
Leave the syringe attached and gently swirl and invert the Recothrom vial until the powder is completely dissolved. Avoid excessive agitation. The powder should dissolve in less than 1 minute at room temperature.
With the same syringe, draw up the Recothrom solution.[44961]
 
Topical application:
Sponge (not wipe) the surface to which thrombin is to be applied free of blood prior to thrombin application.[33461]
Apply thrombin directly to the bleeding site surface or in conjunction with absorbable gelatin sponge. The amount required depends upon the area of tissue to be treated and the method of application.[44961]
A spray may be used, or the surface may be flooded using a sterile syringe and small gauge needle. The most effective hemostasis occurs when the thrombin mixes freely with the blood as soon as it reaches the surface.
Avoid sponging the treated surface to assure the clot remains securely in place.[33461]
When using an absorbable gelatin sponge, immerse sponge strips of the desired size into the solution to completely saturate the sponge.[33461] [44961] Knead the sponge strips vigorously with moistened, gloves fingers to remove trapped air.[33461] Remove the sponge and gently squeeze to remove excess thrombin solution. Apply to sponge to the bleeding site in a single layer.[44961] Hold in place with a pledget of cotton or small gauze sponge until hemostasis occurs.[33461]

thromboembolism / Delayed / 5.0-6.0
thrombosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known

antibody formation / Delayed / 2.4-21.5
bleeding / Early / 11.0-11.0
anemia / Delayed / 0-2.0
hypotension / Rapid / 0-2.0
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / 0-2.0
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0-2.0
constipation / Delayed / 5.0
hematoma / Early / Incidence not known

infection / Delayed / 10.0-15.0
pruritus / Rapid / 5.0
fever / Early / 2.0
insomnia / Early / 5.0
nausea / Early / 5.0
vomiting / Early / 5.0
muscle cramps / Delayed / 5.0
urticaria / Rapid / Incidence not known
injection site reaction / Rapid / Incidence not known

Do not use thrombin to treat severe or brisk arterial bleeding.[33461] [44961] The use of topical thrombin preparations has resulted in fatal severe bleeding and thromboembolism. Monitor patients for abnormal coagulation parameters, bleeding, or thrombosis. Topical bovine thrombin preparations have occasionally been associated with abnormalities in hemostasis ranging from asymptomatic alterations in laboratory determinations, including the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), to severe bleeding or thromboembolism. These hemostatic effects appear to be related to the formation of antibodies against bovine thrombin and/or factor V, which in some cases may cross-react with human factor V, potentially resulting in factor V deficiency. Do not reexpose patients to bovine thrombin if there are known or suspected antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or factor V due to the potential for antibodies to interfere with hemostasis.[33461]

Recothrom, Thrombi-Gel, Thrombi-Pad, Thrombin-JMI, Thrombin-JMI Epistaxis

Rx

Topical hemostatic agent
Used for aiding hemostasis
Potency measured by thrombin amount necessary for clot formation

Apply topically to the surface of bleeding tissues only; the amount of thrombin required depends upon the size and number of bleeding sites and the method of application. 100 International Units/mL concentration may be used for bleeding from skin or mucosal surfaces (e.g., plastic surgery, dental extractions, skin grafting). For profuse bleeding (e.g., abraded surfaces of liver or spleen), 1,000 International Units/mL concentration may be required. Application of dry powder may be used on oozing surfaces.[33461]

Apply topically to the surface of bleeding tissues only; the amount of thrombin required depends upon the size and number of bleeding sites and the method of application.

Apply topically to the surface of bleeding tissues only; the amount of thrombin required depends upon the size and number of bleeding sites and the method of application.

Using ultrasound-guided direct visualization, thrombin is slowly injected percutaneously into the sac of the pseudoaneurysm until flow within the pseudoaneurysm has ceased; most authors recommend using 1-ml syringes of thrombin and administering this dose slowly over 10 seconds. If after the first dose, flow within the pseudoaneurysm is still present, the injection of thrombin should be repeated. The majority of studies have used a thrombin concentration of 1000 units/ml, although some have used a thrombin concentration of 100 units/ml without reporting a difference in efficacy; regardless of the concentration of thrombin, the majority of aneurysms require 0.3—3 ml of thrombin for thrombosis. The success rate of intravascular thrombin is reported to be as high as 97%.

See adult dosage. Using a smaller syringe, such as a tuberculin syringe, has been suggested. There are reports of successful thrombosis of pseudoaneurysms with the use of thrombin in infants and children. However, administer with caution as upper extremity ischemia has been reported in a 10-month old infant.

†Indicates off-label use

Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in hepatic impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.

Specific guidelines for dosage adjustments in renal impairment are not available; it appears that no dosage adjustments are needed.

There are no drug interactions associated with Thrombin products.

Recothrom/Thrombin (Recombinant)/Thrombin-JMI/Thrombin-JMI Epistaxis Topical Pwd F/Recon: 5000IU, 20000IU
Thrombi-Gel/Thrombi-Pad Topical Sponge: 200U, 1000U, 2000U

No maximum dosage information is available.

No maximum dosage information is available.

No maximum dosage information is available.

No maximum dosage information is available.

No maximum dosage information is available.

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Thrombin is a proteolytic enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Thrombin removes 2 low-molecular-weight peptides from fibrinogen to form a fibrin monomer, which automatically polymerizes with other fibrin monomers, generating long fibrin threads. These fibrin threads serve as the framework for the creation of a clot. This polymerization process occurs within seconds. Topically administered thrombin provides a direct clotting effect on the exposed blood. The rate of the reaction is dependent on the concentration of thrombin, with higher concentrations providing faster clotting rates.

Thrombin is administered topically. Typical pharmacokinetic parameters are not applicable. Thrombin is formed from prothrombin, an unstable protein that is continuously produced by the liver. Lack of vitamin K or hepatic failure causes plasma concentrations of prothrombin (and subsequently thrombin) to decline within 24 hours to levels too low to maintain normal hemostasis.

Use thrombin during pregnancy only if clearly needed. It is not known whether thrombin can cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy or if it can affect reproduction capacity. Animal reproduction studies with thrombin have not been conducted.

Use thrombin during breast-feeding only if clearly needed. Consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for thrombin and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from thrombin or the underlying maternal condition. It is not known whether thrombin is excreted in human milk.