Wellbutrin XL

Antismoking Agents
Miscellaneous Antidepressants

A MedGuide is available which informs patients about the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children and young adults during early phase treatment with antidepressants.

Oral Administration

May administer with food, if needed to minimize gastric upset.
To avoid or limit the risk of insomnia, do not administer doses at bedtime.
Given that there are multiple dosing regimens and 2 salt forms of bupropion available, it is important to be familiar with each product's name and dosing schedule to avoid dosing errors.
It is advisable to follow the dosing instructions provided by each manufacturer to limit the risk of seizures or other adverse effects.

Oral Solid Formulations

Wellbutrin immediate-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets: It is advisable to separate doses by at least 6 hours. The total daily dose is usually administered in three divided doses.
Wellbutrin SR sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets: It has been suggested that the tablets may be cut in half once, if needed, just prior to administration ; however, the manufacturer states that the tablets should be swallowed whole and should not be cut, chewed, or crushed since this may lead to an increased risk of adverse effects including seizures. If multiple doses are administered daily, each dose should be given at least 8 hours apart.
Wellbutrin XL extended-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets: Do not chew, cut, or crush tablets since this may lead to an increased risk of adverse effects including seizures. Administer once daily, preferably in the morning.
Zyban sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets: Do not crush, divide, or chew tablets. The total daily dose is usually administered in two divided doses. Each dose should be given at least 8 hours apart.
Aplenzin extended-release bupropion hydrobromide tablets: Do not chew, cut, or crush tablets. Administer once daily in the morning. It should be noted that the molecular weight of the hydrobromide salt is higher than the hydrochloride salt; therefore, a larger total mg dose of Aplenzin is needed to provide the same amount of active drug.
Forfivo XL, extended-release high dose bupropion hydrochloride tablets: Tablets should be swallowed whole. Do not crush, divide, or chew. Administer once daily, preferably in the morning.

Severe

suicidal ideation / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
seizures / Delayed / 0.1-0.4
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / 0.1-0.3
coma / Early / 0-0.1
stroke / Early / 0-0.1
myocardial infarction / Delayed / 0-0.1
GI perforation / Delayed / 0-0.1
GI bleeding / Delayed / 0-0.1
bronchospasm / Rapid / 0-0.1
Tourette's syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
pulmonary embolism / Delayed / Incidence not known
AV block / Early / Incidence not known
ocular hypertension / Delayed / Incidence not known
pancreatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
exfoliative dermatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) / Delayed / Incidence not known
SIADH / Delayed / Incidence not known
pancytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
rhabdomyolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactic shock / Rapid / Incidence not known
serum sickness / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
tardive dyskinesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
akinesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hearing loss / Delayed / Incidence not known
neonatal abstinence syndrome / Early / Incidence not known
serotonin syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

constipation / Delayed / 4.0-26.0
migraine / Early / 1.0-25.7
blurred vision / Early / 2.0-14.6
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / 0.1-10.8
confusion / Early / 0.1-8.4
palpitations / Early / 2.0-6.0
hostility / Early / 0.1-5.6
hypertension / Early / 1.0-4.3
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 0-4.0
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / 3.4-3.4
memory impairment / Delayed / 0-3.0
hot flashes / Early / 1.0-3.0
hypotension / Rapid / 2.5-2.5
dysphoria / Early / 0.1-2.0
dysphagia / Delayed / 0-2.0
oral ulceration / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
vaginal bleeding / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
urinary retention / Early / 0-1.9
akathisia / Delayed / 1.5-1.5
pseudoparkinsonism / Delayed / 0-1.5
euphoria / Early / 1.2-1.2
dysarthria / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
psychosis / Early / 0.1-1.0
peripheral vasodilation / Rapid / 0.1-1.0
orthostatic hypotension / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
jaundice / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
teeth grinding (bruxism) / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
glossitis / Early / 0.1-1.0
testicular swelling / Early / 0.1-1.0
ejaculation dysfunction / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
dyspnea / Early / 1.0-1.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
hypertonia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
aphasia / Delayed / 0-0.1
neuropathic pain / Delayed / 0-0.1
EEG changes / Delayed / 0-0.1
amnesia / Delayed / 0-0.1
phlebitis / Rapid / 0-0.1
colitis / Delayed / 0-0.1
dyspareunia / Delayed / 0-0.1
dysuria / Early / 0-0.1
cystitis / Delayed / 0-0.1
ataxia / Delayed / 1.0
mania / Early / 1.0
hallucinations / Early / 1.0
myoclonia / Delayed / 1.0
edema / Delayed / 1.0
stomatitis / Delayed / 1.0
dystonic reaction / Delayed / 1.0
dyskinesia / Delayed / 1.0
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
depression / Delayed / Incidence not known
esophagitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperglycemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoglycemia / Early / Incidence not known
glycosuria / Early / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
lymphadenopathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
myasthenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
urinary incontinence / Early / Incidence not known

Mild

insomnia / Early / 11.0-40.0
headache / Early / 25.0-34.0
agitation / Early / 1.0-31.9
xerostomia / Early / 4.0-27.6
weight loss / Delayed / 14.0-23.2
vomiting / Early / 2.0-22.9
nausea / Early / 9.0-22.9
hyperhidrosis / Delayed / 5.0-22.3
tremor / Early / 2.0-21.1
anorexia / Delayed / 1.0-18.3
weight gain / Delayed / 2.0-13.6
pharyngitis / Delayed / 3.0-13.0
rhinitis / Early / 12.0-12.0
dizziness / Early / 6.0-11.0
abdominal pain / Early / 2.0-9.0
infection / Delayed / 8.0-9.0
anxiety / Delayed / 3.1-8.0
rash / Early / 3.0-8.0
diarrhea / Early / 4.0-7.0
flatulence / Early / 6.0-6.0
myalgia / Early / 2.0-6.0
tinnitus / Delayed / 1.0-6.0
abnormal dreams / Early / 3.0-5.0
arthralgia / Delayed / 1.0-5.0
sinusitis / Delayed / 1.0-5.0
fatigue / Early / 5.0-5.0
increased urinary frequency / Early / 1.0-5.0
menstrual irregularity / Delayed / 4.7-4.7
flushing / Rapid / 0-4.0
dysgeusia / Early / 2.0-4.0
pruritus / Rapid / 2.0-4.0
asthenia / Delayed / 2.0-4.0
cough / Delayed / 1.0-4.0
appetite stimulation / Delayed / 2.0-3.7
hypersalivation / Early / 0.1-3.4
dyspepsia / Early / 3.1-3.1
libido decrease / Delayed / 3.1-3.1
drowsiness / Early / 2.0-3.0
irritability / Delayed / 2.0-3.0
diplopia / Early / 2.0-3.0
restlessness / Early / 1.0-2.0
paresthesias / Delayed / 0.1-2.0
dysmenorrhea / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
xerosis / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
urticaria / Rapid / 0-2.0
fever / Early / 1.0-2.0
epistaxis / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
urinary urgency / Early / 0-2.0
syncope / Early / 0-1.2
chills / Rapid / 1.2-1.2
vertigo / Early / 0.1-1.0
paranoia / Early / 0.1-1.0
emotional lability / Early / 0.1-1.0
xerophthalmia / Early / 0.1-1.0
gastroesophageal reflux / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
polydipsia / Early / 0-1.0
gingivitis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
vaginal irritation / Early / 0.1-1.0
gynecomastia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
photosensitivity / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
acne vulgaris / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
ecchymosis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
back pain / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
muscle cramps / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
dental pain / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
polyuria / Early / 0.1-1.0
hyperkinesis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
pallor / Early / 0-0.1
maculopapular rash / Early / 0-0.1
hirsutism / Delayed / 0-0.1
malaise / Early / 0-0.1
hair discoloration / Delayed / 0-0.1
drug-induced body odor / Delayed / 0-0.1
lethargy / Early / 19.8
libido increase / Delayed / 1.0
alopecia / Delayed / 1.0
influenza / Delayed / 2.0
nasal congestion / Early / 2.0
nocturia / Early / 1.0
mydriasis / Early / Incidence not known
leukocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known

Children, suicidal ideation

The safety and efficacy of bupropion is not established in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age. Children 6 years and older with a major depressive episode or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied in clinical trials of bupropion, but data regarding pediatric safety are limited. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants (n = 4,500 pediatrics and 77,000 adults), there was an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in patients 24 years of age and younger receiving an antidepressant versus placebo, with considerable variation in the risk of suicidality among drugs. The difference in absolute risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across different indications was highest in those with major depression. No suicides occurred in any of the pediatric trials. Nevertheless, the need for an antidepressant in children, adolescents, or young adults for any use must be weighed against the risk of suicidality; it is unknown if this risk extends to long-term use. All patients should be monitored for symptom worsening or suicidality, especially at treatment initiation or after dose changes. Caregivers and/or patients should immediately notify the prescriber of changes in behavior or suicidal ideation. A change to the treatment regimen or discontinuation of bupropion may be necessary in patients with emerging suicidality or worsening depression. Additionally, all pediatric patients under consideration for bupropion treatment should undergo a detailed personal and family history, physical examination, and ECG screening prior to starting bupropion to assess for underlying cardiovascular disease. Because bupropion has increased blood pressure in some patients, routine monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate at follow-up visits has been recommended for pediatric patients.

Aplenzin, Budeprion SR, Budeprion XL, Buproban, Forfivo XL, Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban

Rx

Oral antidepressant of the aminoketone class; unrelated to other antidepressants
Brand-specific FDA approvals for major depression, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation in adults
Greater potential for causing seizures than many other antidepressants; a boxed warning exists for use in pediatric depression

For the treatment of major depression. Oral dosage (immediate-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin) Adults

100 mg PO twice daily, initially. May increase the dose to 100 mg PO 3 times daily after 3 days, and then up to 450 mg/day after several weeks if inadequate response. Max: 450 mg/day and 150 mg/dose.

Children† and Adolescents† 6 to 17 years

1.4 to 6 mg/kg/day PO, titrated upward slowly and administered in divided doses. Usual dose: 3 mg/kg/day. Max: 250 to 300 mg/day.

Oral dosage (sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin SR) Adults

150 mg PO once daily, initially. May increase the dose to 150 mg PO twice daily after 3 days, and then 200 mg PO twice daily after several weeks if inadequate response. Max: 400 mg/day.

Adolescents†

2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 100 mg/dose) PO once daily for 2 to 3 weeks, initially. May increase the dose to 3 mg/kg/dose (Max:150 mg/dose) PO once daily for 2 to 3 weeks, then 3 mg/kg/dose (Max: 150 mg/dose) PO every morning and 2 mg/kg/dose (Max: 150 mg/dose) PO every evening for 2 to 3 weeks, and then 3 mg/kg/dose (Max: 150 mg/dose) PO twice daily if inadequate response. Alternately, 100 mg PO once daily for 1 week, initially. May increase the dose to 150 mg PO once daily for 2 weeks, then 150 mg PO twice daily for 1 to 3 weeks, and then 200 mg PO twice daily if inadequate response.

Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin XL) Adults

150 mg PO once daily, initially. May increase the dose to 300 mg PO once daily after at least 4 days if inadequate response. Max: 450 mg/day.

Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion hydrobromide tablets; e.g., Aplenzin) for bupropion-naive persons Adults

174 mg PO once daily for 3 days, initially. May increase the dose to the target dose of 348 mg PO once daily after 3 days.

Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion hydrobromide tablets; e.g., Aplenzin) for conversion from bupropion hydrochloride Adults

174 mg bupropion hydrobromide PO once daily for 150 mg/day bupropion hydrochloride, 348 mg bupropion hydrobromide PO once daily for 300 mg/day bupropion hydrochloride, and 522 mg bupropion hydrobromide PO once daily for 450 mg/day bupropion hydrochloride.

Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion tablets; i.e., Forfivo XL) Adults

450 mg PO once daily. Use another bupropion formulation for initial dose titration. Forfivo XL may be used in persons who are receiving 300 mg/day of another bupropion formulation for at least 2 weeks, and require a dosage of 450 mg/day. Persons who are currently being treated with other bupropion products at 450 mg/day may be switched to an equivalent dose of Forfivo XL.

For the prevention of seasonal major depressive disorder episodes associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin XL): Adults

Initiate in the autumn prior to the onset of depressive symptoms with 150 mg PO once daily in the morning. After 7 days, the dose may be increased to the target dose of 300 mg PO once daily in the morning if tolerated. Continue through the winter season. Taper and discontinue in early spring. For patients receiving 300 mg/day, taper to 150 mg/day prior to discontinuation. Total daily doses above 300 mg/day PO were not evaluated in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) trials. The start and duration of treatment should be individualized based on the patient's historical pattern of seasonal major depressive episodes. Patients whose seasonal depressive episodes are infrequent or not associated with significant impairment should not generally be treated prophylactically.

Oral dosage (extended-release bupropion hydrobromide; i.e., Aplenzin) Adults

Initially, 174 mg PO once daily in the morning. After 7 days, the dose may be increased to the target dose of 348 mg PO once daily. Total daily doses above 348 mg/day PO were not evaluated in clinical trials for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Treatment should be individualized based upon the patient's pattern of seasonal major depressive disorder (MDD) episodes. For prevention of seasonal MDD episodes associated with SAD, initiate therapy in the autumn prior to the onset of depressive symptoms. Continue through winter, then taper and discontinue in early spring. For patients receiving 348 mg/day, the dose should be tapered to 174 mg/day before discontinuation.

For use as an adjunct to psychosocial interventions in the management of tobacco cessation (smoking cessation). For use alone to aide in tobacco cessation. Oral dosage (sustained-release bupropion HCl tablets; e.g., Zyban) Adults

Initially, 150 mg PO once daily for the first 3 days, then 150 mg PO twice daily for the remainder of the treatment period; doses should be at least 8 hours apart. Do not exceed 300 mg/day PO. Initiate bupropion therapy 1 to 2 weeks before the patient's target smoking 'quit day'. The goal is complete abstinence. Bupropion should be continued for 7 to 12 weeks. Nicotine abstinence rates in clinical trials after 6 weeks of therapy were 44.2% for bupropion 300 mg/day versus 19% with placebo. At 1 year, the abstinence rate was superior to placebo for those patients receiving bupropion at 300 mg/day or 150 mg/day, but not for the 100 mg/day dosage.

Adolescents†

Off-label use in adolescents has been reported; more studies are needed in the arena of adolescent smoking cessation to determine the most effective methods for cessation; no large, well controlled trials have been performed. Dosing is the same as for adults: Initially, 150 mg PO once daily for the first 3 days, then 150 mg PO twice daily for the remainder of the treatment period; doses should be at least 8 hours apart. Do not exceed 300 mg/day PO. Initiate bupropion therapy 1 to 2 weeks before the patient's target smoking 'quit day'. The goal is complete abstinence. Bupropion should be continued for 7 to 12 weeks.

For aide with tobacco cessation using bupropion in combination with a nicotine transdermal system (NTS). Oral dosage (sustained-release bupropion HCl tablets; e.g., Zyban) Adults

150 mg PO once daily for the first 3 days, then 150 mg PO twice daily for the remainder of the treatment period; doses should be at least 8 hours apart. Do not exceed 300 mg/day PO. Initiate bupropion 1 to 2 weeks before the target 'quit day'. The NTS should be initiated on the target 'quit date'. Continue bupropion for 7 to 12 weeks. Most NTS can be continued for 8 to 20 weeks. The goal is complete abstinence. One clinical trial indicates that the combination of bupropion with NTS results in abstinence rates of 51% at week 10 following a 4-week quit program, however, 1 year after the target quit-date, the bupropion and NTS combination is not significantly better at maintaining abstinence than the use of bupropion alone. Prior to use of combination therapy, review the complete prescribing information for both bupropion and the NTS. Monitor for treatment-induced hypertension.

For the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)†. For use as monotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)† in adults. Oral dosage (sustained-release tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin SR) Adults

150 mg PO once daily in the morning, then titrate over 2 weeks to 300 mg/day in divided doses (e.g., given as 200 mg PO at 8 AM and 100 mg PO at 4 PM). Doses of bupropion SR must be given at least 8 hours apart. In available clinical trials, bupropion was as effective as methylphenidate for adult ADHD patients, with comparable tolerability. Usually reserved as an option for adult patients who have failed FDA-approved treatments such as stimulants or atomoxetine. A systematic review of trials suggests bupropion may be an effective treatment in patients without comorbidities such as bipolar disorder, eating disorders, or epilepsy.

Oral dosage (extended-release tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin XL) Adults

150 mg PO once daily in the morning for at least 1 week, then titrate to 300 mg PO once daily during weeks 2 to 4. Further increase may be made at approximately 8 weeks, if needed and tolerated. Max: 450 mg PO once daily. In one clinical trial, the mean final effective dose of bupropion XL was 393 mg/day PO (63% at 450 mg/day, 35.8% at 300 mg/day, 1.2% at 150 mg/day). In available clinical trials, bupropion was as effective as methylphenidate for adult ADHD patients, with comparable tolerability. Usually reserved as an option for adult patients who have failed FDA-approved treatments such as stimulants or atomoxetine. A systematic review of trials suggests bupropion may be an effective treatment in patients without comorbidities such as bipolar disorder, eating disorders, or epilepsy.

As an alternative treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)† in children and adolescents. Oral dosage (immediate-release tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin) Children and Adolescents 6 years and older

Not FDA-approved; limited study data available. Initial dose range: 1.4 to 3 mg/kg/day PO, titrated upward slowly and administered in divided doses. Average effective dose: 3 mg/kg/day PO. Suggested Max: 6 mg/kg/day PO or 150 to 300 mg/day PO, depending on age/weight. Limited data compared to other treatments; guidelines do not routinely recommend use in pediatric patients. Bupropion has been considered an alternative for some patients when other FDA-approved treatments have failed.   One systematic review of available data found that bupropion had general efficacy comparable to methylphenidate but due to limited trial and effect sizes, more data are needed. Some published data suggest potential efficacy in ADHD patients with comorbid conditions (e.g., conduct, substance use, or depressive disorders).

For the symptomatic treatment of neuropathic pain† due to various causes, including pain associated with peripheral diabetic neuropathy† or postherpetic neuralgia†. Oral dosage (sustained-release bupropion HCl tablets; e.g., Wellbutrin SR) Adults

In one trial, 150—300 mg/day PO was reported effective; 73% of patients receiving bupropion reported improvement in pain versus 10% with placebo. Patients began to experience pain relief at week 2 of treatment.

†Indicates off-label use

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Score 7—15), initiate therapy at a lower dosage and do not exceed 75 mg/day PO of immediate-release Wellbutrin, 100 mg/day or 150 mg every other day of Wellbutrin SR, 150 mg every other day of Zyban or Wellbutrin XL, or 174 mg every other day of Aplenzin. Consider reduced dosage or dosage frequency in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Score 5—6); however, no guidelines are available. Use of Forfivo XL, a 450 mg extended-release tablet formulation, is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment since there is no lower dose strength.

Renal Impairment

Consider reduced dosage and/or dosage frequency in patients with a CrCl < 90 mL/min; specific recommendations are not available. Bupropion and its metabolites are renally eliminated and may accumulate in patients with renal impairment. Use of Forfivo XL, a 450 mg extended-release tablet formulation, is not recommended in patients with renal impairment because there is no lower dose strength.

Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy. (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with bupropion may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, dihydromorphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations and increase dihydromorphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Dihydrocodeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to dihydromorphine, and by CYP3A4. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Pyrilamine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Acetazolamide: (Moderate) It should be noted that when anticonvulsants are used for the purpose of treating epilepsy (versus use in mood disorders or neuropathic pain or other non-epilepsy conditions), that bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorde; this represents a disease-drug interaction, and not a drug-drug interaction per se. Bupropion may be combined with anticonvulsant treatments with caution when an anticonvulsant is used for non-epilepsy conditions. Addiive CNS effects are possible, and the patient may feel dizzy, drowsy or more tired when taking these drugs together.
Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Albuterol; Budesonide: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Alfentanil: (Moderate) If concomitant use of alfentanil and bupropion is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Alosetron: (Moderate) Alosetron, if used with drugs that have anticholinergic effects such as bupropion, may seriously worsen constipation, leading to events such as GI obstruction/impaction or paralytic ileus. Although specific recommendations are not available from the manufacturer, it would be prudent to avoid these drugs in patients taking alosetron.
Amantadine: (Major) Use caution when concurrently administering bupropion and amantadine; if concurrent use is necessary, low initial dosing and slow dosage titration of bupropion should be considered. Both bupropion and amantadine have dopamine agonist effects, and coadministration may result in additive CNS dopaminergic effects. Reported adverse reactions have included neurologic side effects such as restlessness, agitation, gait disturbance, vertigo, and dizziness; some patients have required hospitalization. In reported cases, discontinuation of the drugs resulted in symptom resolution.
Amifampridine: (Major) Carefully consider the need for concomitant treatment with bupropion and amifampridine, as coadministration may increase the risk of seizures. Consider alternatives to bupropion. If use together is medically necessary, closely monitor patients for seizure activity. Seizures have been observed in patients without a history of seizures taking amifampridine at recommended doses. Bupropion is known to have a dose-dependent risk for seizures.
Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Amobarbital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Amoxapine: (Major) Concurrent administration of amoxapine with bupropion should be undertaken only with extreme caution due to the potential for increased risk of seizures from the lowering of seizure threshold. In addition, bupropion inhibits the hepatic isozyme CYP2D6 and thus may reduce the clearance of amoxapine leading to a potential for increased Cmax, AUC and half-life. Amoxapine appears to be metabolized via CYP2D6. Low initial dosing and gradual dose increases of both drugs should be employed. If bupropion is added to a regimen of a patient already receiving amoxapine, the need to reduce the amoxapine dosage should be considered.
Amphetamine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including amphetamine; dextroamphetamine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including amphetamine; dextroamphetamine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including amphetamine; dextroamphetamine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Aripiprazole: (Major) Recommendations for managing aripiprazole and bupropion vary by aripiprazole dosage form. For aripiprazole oral dosage forms, administer half of the usual dose. For monthly extended-release aripiprazole injections (Abilify Maintena), reduce the dosage from 400 mg to 300 mg/month or from 300 mg to 200 mg/month. For extended-release aripiprazole injections given once every 2 months (Abilify Asimtufii), reduce the dosage from 960 mg to 720 mg. Further dosage reductions may be required in patients who are also receiving a CYP3A inhibitor; see individual product prescribing information for details. Concomitant use may increase aripiprazole exposure and risk for side effects. Aripiprazole is CYP2D6 and CYP3A substrate; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. (Major) Recommendations for managing aripiprazole and bupropion vary by aripiprazole dosage form. For extended-release aripiprazole lauroxil injections (Aristada), reduce the dose to the next lowest strength; no dosage adjustment is required for patients tolerating 441 mg or for patients known to be poor metabolizers of CYP2D6. For fixed dose extended-release aripiprazole lauroxil injections (Aristada Initio), avoid concomitant use because the dose cannot be modified. Further dosage reductions may be required in patients who are also receiving a CYP3A inhibitor; see individual product prescribing information for details. Concomitant use may increase aripiprazole exposure and risk for side effects. Aripiprazole is CYP2D6 and CYP3A substrate; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Armodafinil: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including non-prescription stimulants and weight loss medications, is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur in these patients during concurrent use of bupropion. Patients should be closely monitored if these combinations are necessary.
Asenapine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy. (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Atomoxetine: (Major) Dosage reduction of atomoxetine is recommended in patients receiving bupropion due to the potential for increased atomoxetine exposure and related adverse effects. In children and adolescents up to 70 kg receiving bupropion, atomoxetine should be initiated at 0.5 mg/kg/day and only increased to the usual target dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day if symptoms fail to improve after 4 weeks and the initial dose is well-tolerated. In children and adolescents over 70 kg and adults receiving bupropion, atomoxetine should be initiated at 40 mg/day and only increased to the usual target dose of 80 mg/day if symptoms fail to improve after 4 weeks and the initial dose is well-tolerated. Bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor; atomoxetine is a CYP2D6 substrate. Coadministration of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and atomoxetine in extensive metabolizers of CYP2D6, increased atomoxetine steady-state plasma concentrations by approximately 6 to 8-fold. This increase is similar to exposures observed in poor metabolizers. Concurrent use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor with atomoxetine in poor metabolizers is not expected to increase atomoxetine exposure.
Atropine: (Moderate) The anticholinergic effects of atropine may be enhanced when combined with other drugs with moderate to significant anticholinergic effects including bupropion. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Atropine; Difenoxin: (Moderate) The anticholinergic effects of atropine may be enhanced when combined with other drugs with moderate to significant anticholinergic effects including bupropion. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Azelastine; Fluticasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Barbiturates: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Beclomethasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Contraindicated) Due to an increased risk of hypertensive reactions, treatment initiation with bupropion is contraindicated in patients currently receiving intravenous methylene blue. If urgent psychiatric treatment is required, interventions other than bupropion (e.g., alternative medication, hospitalization) should be considered. Conversely, in patients receiving bupropion and requiring urgent treatment with intravenous methylene blue, bupropion should be discontinued immediately and methylene blue therapy initiated only if acceptable alternatives are not available and the potential benefits of methylene blue outweigh the risks. The patient should be monitored for hypertensive reactions for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. Bupropion may be re-initiated 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue. It is not known if administration of methylene blue by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when hyoscyamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Benzphetamine: (Major) The risk of seizures from the use of bupropion may be increased with concomitant use of CNS stimulants and anorectics that may induce seizures, including benzphetamine. Concurrent use is not recommended. Extreme caution and close clinical monitoring is recommended if these agents must be used together.
Benztropine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when benztropine is used concomitantly with other drugs that possess anticholinergic properties, such as bupropion. Clinicians should note that anticholinergic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Betamethasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Bethanechol: (Moderate) Bupropion exhibits moderate anticholinergic properties. Avoid co-use when possible since the effects of bethanechol, a cholinergic agonist, may be diminished. If co-use is necessary, monitor for the intended clinical response.
Brexpiprazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-half of the usual dose in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related increase in seizures; antipsychotics may increase this risk. It should be noted that no dosage adjustment is needed in patients taking a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor who are receiving brexpiprazole as adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder because CYP2D6 considerations are already factored into general dosing recommendations.
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of timolol-related adverse effects if bupropion and timolol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and timolol may result in increased plasma concentrations of timolol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Timolol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Brompheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Budesonide: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when glycopyrrolate is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Buprenorphine: (Moderate) If concomitant use of buprenorphine and bupropion is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Moderate) If concomitant use of buprenorphine and bupropion is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Butabarbital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy. (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy. (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy. (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Caffeine; Sodium Benzoate: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium Oxybates: (Major) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as sodium oxybate. The risk of seizures with bupropion is dose related and is also related to patient factors, clinical situations, and concomitant medications that lower the seizure threshold. Consider these risks before initiating treatment If used together, use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Consider a dose adjustment of bupropion when coadministered with cannabidiol. Coadministration may alter plasma concentrations of bupropion resulting in an increased risk of adverse reactions and/or decreased efficacy. Bupropion is a substrate of CYP2B6; cannabidiol may inhibit and/or induce CYP2B6 at clinically relevant concentrations.
Carbamazepine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced bupropion efficacy during coadministration of carbamazepine as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose. Avoid concomitant use of combination dextromethorphan; bupropion and carbamazepine. Bupropion is a CYP2B6 substrate and carbamazepine is a strong CYP2B6 inducer. Concomitant use was observed to decrease bupropion overall exposure by 76% and dextromethorphan overall exposure by 64%.
Carbidopa; Levodopa: (Moderate) Use bupropion and levodopa with caution and monitor for CNS toxicity, including restlessness, agitation, tremor, ataxia, gait disturbance, vertigo, and dizziness, which may result from cumulative dopamine agonist effects.
Carbidopa; Levodopa; Entacapone: (Moderate) Use bupropion and levodopa with caution and monitor for CNS toxicity, including restlessness, agitation, tremor, ataxia, gait disturbance, vertigo, and dizziness, which may result from cumulative dopamine agonist effects.
Cariprazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Carvedilol: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of carvedilol-related adverse effects if bupropion and carvedilol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and carvedilol may result in increased plasma concentrations of carvedilol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Carvedilol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Cenobamate: (Major) Increase the dosage of bupropion as needed when coadministered with cenobamate due to the potential for reduced efficacy of bupropion. Multiple doses of cenobamate decreased bupropion exposure by 39%. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; cenobamate is a weak CYP2B6 inducer.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Cevimeline: (Moderate) Cevimeline is partially metabolized by CYP2D6. Inhibitors of this isoenzyme, like bupropion, would be expected to lead to an increase in cevimeline plasma concentrations.
Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Chlordiazepoxide; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Moderate) Bupropion exhibits moderate anticholinergic effects. Clinicians should consider this when using antimuscarinics and other medications with anticholinergic activity in combination with bupropion.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with bupropion may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, dihydromorphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations and increase dihydromorphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Dihydrocodeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to dihydromorphine, and by CYP3A4. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of chlorpromazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of chlorpromazine may result in QT prolongation, somnolence, anticholinergic effects, or orthostasis.
Ciclesonide: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Citalopram: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in the frequency and severity of citalopram-related adverse effects, such as QT prolongation and serotonin syndrome, during concomitant use of bupropion. Concomitant use has been observed to increase the peak and overall exposure of citalopram by 30% and 40%, respectively.
Clomipramine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Clopidogrel: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in bupropion-related adverse reactions during coadministration of clopidogrel as concurrent use may increase bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; clopidogrel is a weak CYP2B6 inhibitor.
Clozapine: (Major) Monitor for evidence of clozapine-related adverse reactions and consider a clozapine dose reduction if necessary when coadministered with bupropion. If bupropion is discontinued after dose adjustments are made, monitor for lack of clozapine affect and consider increasing the clozapine dose if necessary. Concurrent use may result in increased clozapine exposure due to inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism by bupropion. Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), cardiac arrest, and sudden death. Elevated plasma concentrations of clozapine may potentially increase the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias, sedation, anticholinergic effects, seizures, orthostasis, or other adverse effects. Furthermore, bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures; this risk may be increased by antipsychotics.
Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Cocaine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as cocaine. This is of particular concern in those with excessive cocaine use (i.e., cocaine addition). Patients should be closely monitored if this combination is necessary.
Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as promethazine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with bupropion may increase codeine plasma concentrations, but decrease the plasma conce

ntration of the active metabolite, morphine, resulting in reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage increase of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease codeine plasma concentrations and increase morphine plasma concentrations resulting in prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider reducing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as promethazine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Corticosteroids: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Cortisone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Cyclobenzaprine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as cyclobenzaprine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome.
Dabrafenib: (Major) The concomitant use of dabrafenib and bupropion may lead to decreased bupropion concentrations and loss of efficacy. Use of an alternative agent is recommended. If concomitant use of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients for loss of bupropion efficacy. In vitro, dabrafenib is an inducer of CYP2B6 via activation of the pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor nuclear receptors. Bupropion is a sensitive CYP2B6 substrate.
Dalfampridine: (Moderate) Due to additive risks for seizure, extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower seizure threshold (e.g., dalfampridine). Use low initial doses and increase the dose gradually. Monitor for seizure activity. Consider benefits against the risk of seizures. Consider alternatives to bupropion. Additionally, bupropion inhibits OCT2 in vitro, but the clinical relevance is not certain. Concurrent treatment with OCT2 inhibitors, such as bupropion, may cause increased exposure to dalfampridine. Elevated levels of dalfampridine increase the risk of seizures. The potential benefits of taking OCT2 inhibitors concurrently with dalfampridine should be considered against the risk of seizures in these patients.
Darifenacin: (Moderate) Bupropion, an inhibitor of CYP2D6 may inhibit the metabolism of darifenacin. In addition, bupropion is associated with moderate anticholinergic effects which could be additive when coadministered with darifenacin. Patients should be monitored for increased anticholinergic effects or other adverse effects when these two drugs are coadministered. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Deflazacort: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Desipramine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Desloratadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Deutetrabenazine: (Major) Do not exceed 18 mg/dose or 36 mg/day of deutetrabenazine if must use concurrently with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor, and the metabolites of deutetrabenazine, alpha- and beta-HTBZ, are CYP2D6 substrates. The systemic exposure of alpha- and beta-HTBZ may be increased resulting in an increase in deutetrabenazine-related adverse reactions, like QT prolongation and drowsiness.
Dexamethasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Dexbrompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including amphetamine; dextroamphetamine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Bupropion: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold.
Dicyclomine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when dicyclomine is used concomitantly with other drugs that possess anticholinergic properties, such as bupropion. Clinicians should note that anticholinergic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Diethylpropion: (Major) Drugs which may lower the seizure threshold, such as diethylpropion, should be used with great caution or avoided in patients taking bupropion. The manufacturer recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration of bupropion if this combination must be used concurrently; the patient should be closely monitored.
Digoxin: (Moderate) Monitor plasma digoxin concentrations during concomitant bupropion use. Concomitant use may decrease plasma digoxin concentrations. Digoxin exposure was decreased when a single oral dose of digoxin 0.5 mg was administered 24 hours after a single oral dose of extended-release bupropion 150 mg in healthy volunteers.
Diphenoxylate; Atropine: (Moderate) The anticholinergic effects of atropine may be enhanced when combined with other drugs with moderate to significant anticholinergic effects including bupropion. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of timolol-related adverse effects if bupropion and timolol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and timolol may result in increased plasma concentrations of timolol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Timolol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Doxepin: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) CYP450 enzyme inhibitors, like bupropion, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy. Patients should be monitored for a decrease in efficacy if cytochrome P450 inhibitors are coadministered with doxercalciferol.
Doxorubicin Liposomal: (Major) In vitro, bupropion is a mild CYP2D6 inhibitor and doxorubicin is a major CYP2D6 substrate. Clinically significant interactions have been reported when doxorubicin was coadministered with inhibitors of CYP2D6, resulting in increased concentration and clinical effect of doxorubicin. Avoid coadministration of bupropion and doxorubicin if possible. If not possible, closely monitor for increased side effects of doxorubicin including myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity.
Doxorubicin: (Major) In vitro, bupropion is a mild CYP2D6 inhibitor and doxorubicin is a major CYP2D6 substrate. Clinically significant interactions have been reported when doxorubicin was coadministered with inhibitors of CYP2D6, resulting in increased concentration and clinical effect of doxorubicin. Avoid coadministration of bupropion and doxorubicin if possible. If not possible, closely monitor for increased side effects of doxorubicin including myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity.
Duloxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for increased duloxetine-related adverse effects if coadministered with bupropion. Concurrent use may result in increased duloxetine exposure. Duloxetine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the duloxetine AUC by about 60%.
Dutasteride; Tamsulosin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of bupropion with tamsulosin is necessary, especially at a tamsulosin dose higher than 0.4 mg, as the systemic exposure of tamsulosin may be increased resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions including hypotension, dizziness, and vertigo. Tamsulosin is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant treatment with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of tamsulosin by a factor of 1.3 and 1.6, respectively.
Efavirenz: (Major) Concurrent use of efavirenz 600 mg/day and bupropion in healthy volunteers resulted in a reduction of the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by approximately 55% and 34%, respectively. The AUC of hydroxybupropion was unchanged and the Cmax of hydroxybupropion was increased by 50%. Healthcare providers are advised to increase the dose of bupropion based on clinical response during concurrent use with efavirenz; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Concurrent use of efavirenz 600 mg/day and bupropion in healthy volunteers resulted in a reduction of the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by approximately 55% and 34%, respectively. The AUC of hydroxybupropion was unchanged and the Cmax of hydroxybupropion was increased by 50%. Healthcare providers are advised to increase the dose of bupropion based on clinical response during concurrent use with efavirenz; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Concurrent use of efavirenz 600 mg/day and bupropion in healthy volunteers resulted in a reduction of the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by approximately 55% and 34%, respectively. The AUC of hydroxybupropion was unchanged and the Cmax of hydroxybupropion was increased by 50%. Healthcare providers are advised to increase the dose of bupropion based on clinical response during concurrent use with efavirenz; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded.
Eliglustat: (Major) Reduce the dose of eliglustat to 84 mg once daily in patients who are extensive or intermediate CYP2D6 metabolizers (EMs or IMs) and receiving bupropion. Eliglustat is contraindicated in EMs and IMs who are receiving bupropion plus a strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Eliglustat is contraindicated in poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving bupropion plus a strong CYP3A inhibitor and should be avoided, if possible, in patients who are receiving bupropion plus a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase eliglustat exposure. Eliglustat is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. A strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is predicted to increase eliglustat overall exposure by 8.4-fold and 2.3-fold in extensive and intermediate metabolizers, respectively. Strong CYP2D6s inhibitors alone are not expected to affect eliglustat concentrations in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs).
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with bupropion as there is a potential for elevated cobicistat concentrations. Bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor in vitro, while cobicistat is a substrate of CYP2D6.
Ergotamine; Caffeine: (Moderate) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of psychostimulants, including caffeine, is associated with an increased seizure risk and may increase this risk during the concurrent use of bupropion. Carefully consider a patient's caffeine intake from all sources, including medicines. Monitor for irritability, tremor, increased blood pressure, insomnia and seizures. Many non-prescription medicines and weight loss aids may contain caffeine and patients should read labels carefully. Examples of foods and beverages containing caffeine include coffee, teas, colas, energy drinks, chocolate, and some herbal or dietary supplements. Patients should be advised to limit excessive caffeine intake during bupropion therapy.
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to avoid alcohol consumption while taking bupropion. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Alcohol abuse and abrupt discontinuation of alcohol have also been associated with seizures. Neuropsychiatric events and reduced alcohol tolerance have also been described in postmarketing reports.
Felbamate: (Major) Bupropion should not be used by patients taking anticonvulsants for seizures because it may decrease the seizure threshold. Bupropion may also interact pharmacokinetically with anticonvulsant drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function.
Fenfluramine: (Major) Do not exceed a maximum dose of fenfluramine 20 mg per day if coadministered with bupropion; for patients also receiving stiripentol plus clobazam, do not exceed a maximum dose of fenfluramine 17 mg per day. Concomitant use may increase fenfluramine plasma concentrations and the risk of adverse reactions. Fenfluramine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased fenfluramine overall exposure by 81% and decreased norfenfluramine overall exposure by 13%.
Fentanyl: (Moderate) If concomitant use of fentanyl and bupropion is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Flavoxate: (Moderate) Bupropion exhibits moderate anticholinergic effects. Clinicians should keep this in mind when using antimuscarinics and other medications with anticholinergic activity in combination with bupropion.
Flecainide: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in flecainide-related adverse reactions, including QT prolongation, if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. Flecainide is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Plasma concentrations of flecainide may increase, especially in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers.
Fludrocortisone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Flunisolide: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for increased fluoxetine-related adverse effects if coadministered with bupropion. Concomitant use may increase fluoxetine exposure. Fluoxetine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Fluphenazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of fluphenazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of fluphenazine may result in extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, or other adverse effects.
Fluticasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fluticasone; Salmeterol: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fluticasone; Umeclidinium; Vilanterol: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fluticasone; Vilanterol: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Coadministration of bupropion with medications that are metabolized by CYP2D6 should be approached with caution. Many selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are CYP2D6 substrates including fluvoxamine. Although clinical evidence of interactions is lacking, plasma concentrations of SSRIs metabolized by CYP2D6 may be increased if bupropion is added. In addition, in vitro studies suggest that fluvoxamine inhibits the hydroxylation of bupropion.
Formoterol; Mometasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of fosphenytoin as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose.
Gefitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in gefitinib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with bupropion is necessary; the risk is increased in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. Based on in vitro data, gefitinib is metabolized to O-desmethyl gefitinib by CYP2D6 and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. In healthy CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, the concentration of O-desmethyl gefitinib was not measurable and mean exposure to gefitinib was 2-fold higher compared to extensive metabolizers. The impact of CYP2D6 inhibitors on gefitinib pharmacokinetics has not been evaluated; however, the manufacturer recommends precautions based on exposure in patients with poor CYP2D6 metabolism.
Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when glycopyrrolate is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when glycopyrrolate is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Guanfacine: (Moderate) There is one case report that describes a grand mal seizure that occurred in a child of 10 years of age receiving guanfacine and bupropion concurrently. It is not possible, based on this limited report, to determine if guanfacine was a contributor to the event. Causality has not been established.
Haloperidol: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored. In addition, bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Coadministration of bupropion with medications that are metabolized by the CYP2D6 isoenzyme, such as haloperidol, should be approached with caution. Dosage reductions of haloperidol may be needed. Conversely, if bupropion therapy is discontinued, the antipsychotic dosage may need to be increased in some patients.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when homatropine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with bupropion may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of bupropion could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If bupropion is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP2D6. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Hydrocortisone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Hydromorphone: (Moderate) Excessive use of opioid agonists (e.g., opiate addiction) is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur during concurrent use of bupropion in these patients since bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures.
Hyoscyamine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when hyoscyamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Contraindicated) Due to an increased risk of hypertensive reactions, treatment initiation with bupropion is contraindicated in patients currently receiving intravenous methylene blue. If urgent psychiatric treatment is required, interventions other than bupropion (e.g., alternative medication, hospitalization) should be considered. Conversely, in patients receiving bupropion and requiring urgent treatment with intravenous methylene blue, bupropion should be discontinued immediately and methylene blue therapy initiated only if acceptable alternatives are not available and the potential benefits of methylene blue outweigh the risks. The patient should be monitored for hypertensive reactions for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. Bupropion may be re-initiated 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue. It is not known if administration of methylene blue by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when hyoscyamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Iloperidone: (Major) Reduce the iloperidone dose by one-half if coadministered with bupropion. If bupropion is discontinued, increase the iloperidone dose to the previous level. Increased iloperidone exposure may occur with concurrent use. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. Iloperidone is a CYP2D6 substrate. Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Coadministration of other strong CYP2D6 inhibitors increased mean steady-state peak concentrations of iloperidone and its metabolite P88, by up to 3-fold, and decreased mean steady-state peak concentrations of its metabolite P95 by one-half.
Imipramine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when glycopyrrolate is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Iobenguane I 131: (Major) Discontinue bupropion for at least 5 half-lives before the administration of the dosimetry dose or a therapeutic dose of iobenguane I-131. Do not restart bupropion until at least 7 days after each iobenguane I-131 dose. Drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores, such as bupropion, may interfere with iobenguane I-131 uptake into cells and interfere with dosimetry calculations resulting in altered iobenguane I-131 efficacy.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised when administering isavuconazonium concurrently with buproprion, as decreased buproprion serum concentrations may result. If decreased bupropion efficacy is noted, it may be necessary to increase the dose (not to exceed the maximum recommended dose). Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is an inducer of hepatic isoenzyme CYP2B6; bupropion is metabolized by this enzyme.
Isocarboxazid: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as rifampin. Pharmacokinetic studies describe patients who developed subtherapeutic bupropion serum concentrations when enzyme-inducing agents were added. In healthy volunteers, coadministration of bupropion with rifampin reduced the mean AUC of bupropion by 3-fold and the mean half-life from 15.9 hours to 8.2 hours.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as rifampin. Pharmacokinetic studies describe patients who developed subtherapeutic bupropion serum concentrations when enzyme-inducing agents were added. In healthy volunteers, coadministration of bupropion with rifampin reduced the mean AUC of bupropion by 3-fold and the mean half-life from 15.9 hours to 8.2 hours.
Ivosidenib: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of ivosidenib. A bupropion dose increase may be necessary; do not exceed the maximum recommended dose. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; ivosidenib may induce CYP2B6 leading to decreased bupropion concentrations.
Lasmiditan: (Moderate) Serotonin syndrome may occur during coadministration of lasmiditan and bupropion. Inform patients taking this combination of the possible increased risk and monitor for the emergence of serotonin syndrome particularly after a dose increase or the addition of other serotonergic medications to an existing regimen. Discontinue all serotonergic agents if serotonin syndrome occurs and implement appropriate medical management.
Lemborexant: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of lemborexant as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose for the specific product prescribed. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; lemborexant is a weak CYP2B6 inducer.
Levodopa: (Moderate) Use bupropion and levodopa with caution and monitor for CNS toxicity, including restlessness, agitation, tremor, ataxia, gait disturbance, vertigo, and dizziness, which may result from cumulative dopamine agonist effects.
Linezolid: (Contraindicated) Due to an increased risk of hypertensive reactions, treatment initiation with bupropion is contraindicated in patients currently receiving linezolid, an antibiotic that is also a non-selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. If urgent psychiatric treatment is required, interventions other than bupropion (e.g., alternative medication, hospitalization) should be considered. Conversely, in patients receiving bupropion and requiring urgent treatment with linezolid, bupropion should be discontinued immediately and linezolid therapy initiated only if acceptable alternatives are not available and the potential benefits of linezolid outweigh the risks. The patient should be monitored for hypertensive reactions for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of linezolid, whichever comes first. Bupropion may be re-initiated 24 hours after the last dose of linezolid.
Lisdexamfetamine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including lisdexamfetamine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Lofexidine: (Moderate) Monitor for orthostatic hypotension and bradycardia during concurrent use of lofexidine and bupropion. Coadministration may increase lofexidine exposure. Lofexidine is a CYP2D6 substrate; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the lofexidine AUC by 28%.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%.
Loratadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Lorcaserin: (Moderate) Based on the mechanism of action of lorcaserin and the theoretical potential for serotonin syndrome, use with extreme caution in combination with other drugs that may affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, including, bupropion. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the emergence of serotonin syndrome or Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) like signs and symptoms.
Loxapine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may reduce the efficacy of bupropion by decreasing its systemic exposure. If used together, monitor patients closely for loss of bupropion efficacy; a bupropion dosage adjustment may be required to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Do not exceed the maximum recommended dose. Bupropion is a substrate of CYP2B6; in vitro data suggest that lumacaftor may induce this enzyme.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Moderate) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may reduce the efficacy of bupropion by decreasing its systemic exposure. If used together, monitor patients closely for loss of bupropion efficacy; a bupropion dosage adjustment may be required to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Do not exceed the maximum recommended dose. Bupropion is a substrate of CYP2B6; in vitro data suggest that lumacaftor may induce this enzyme.
Lurasidone: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Maprotiline: (Major) Concurrent administration of maprotiline with bupropion should be undertaken only with extreme caution due to the potential for increased risk of seizures from the lowering of seizure threshold. In addition, bupropion inhibits the hepatic isozyme CYP2D6 and thus may reduce the clearance of maprotiline leading to a potential for increased Cmax, AUC and half-life. Maprotiline appears to be metabolized via CYP2D6. Low initial dosing and gradual dose increases of both drugs should be employed. If bupropion is added to a regimen of a patient already receiving maprotiline, the need to reduce the maprotiline dosage should be considered.
Meperidine: (Moderate) Excessive use of opioid agonists (e.g., opiate addiction) is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur during concurrent use of bupropion in these patients since bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures.
Methadone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of methadone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, methadone plasma concentrations can decrease resulting in reduced efficacy and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to methadone. Methadone is a substrate of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with bupropion can increase methadone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of methadone.
Methamphetamine: (Major) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as methamphetamine. If used together, use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: (Contraindicated) Due to an increased risk of hypertensive reactions, treatment initiation with bupropion is contraindicated in patients currently receiving intravenous methylene blue. If urgent psychiatric treatment is required, interventions other than bupropion (e.g., alternative medication, hospitalization) should be considered. Conversely, in patients receiving bupropion and requiring urgent treatment with intravenous methylene blue, bupropion should be discontinued immediately and methylene blue therapy initiated only if acceptable alternatives are not available and the potential benefits of methylene blue outweigh the risks. The patient should be monitored for hypertensive reactions for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. Bupropion may be re-initiated 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue. It is not known if administration of methylene blue by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome. (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when hyoscyamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Methohexital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Methscopolamine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when methscopolamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Methylene Blue: (Contraindicated) Due to an increased risk of hypertensive reactions, treatment initiation with bupropion is contraindicated in patients currently receiving intravenous methylene blue. If urgent psychiatric treatment is required, interventions other than bupropion (e.g., alternative medication, hospitalization) should be considered. Conversely, in patients receiving bupropion and requiring urgent treatment with intravenous methylene blue, bupropion should be discontinued immediately and methylene blue therapy initiated only if acceptable alternatives are not available and the potential benefits of methylene blue outweigh the risks. The patient should be monitored for hypertensive reactions for two weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first. Bupropion may be re-initiated 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue. It is not known if administration of methylene blue by other routes (e.g., orally, local injection) or in doses less than 1 mg/kg IV can produce a similar outcome.
Methylphenidate Derivatives: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including methylphenidate. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Methylprednisolone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Metoclopramide: (Major) When metoclopramide is used with a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), dosage reductions of oral metoclopramide are required, with maximum oral dosage not to exceed 30 mg/day (e.g., 5 mg 4 times daily or 10 mg 3 times daily). There is a known increase in metoclopramide exposure and an increased risk for extrapyramidal adverse reactions. Metoclopramide is a substrate of CYP2D6 and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. The manufacturer recommends avoidance of bupropion when oral metoclopramide is used in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Healthy patients given 20 mg of metoclopramide and a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor for 8 days had a 40% and 90% increase in metoclopramide Cmax and AUC, respectively, compared to patients who received metoclopramide alone.
Metoprolol: (Moderate) Monitor for metoprolol-related adverse reactions, including bradycardia and hypotension, during coadministration with bupropion. Concomitant use may increase metoprolol serum concentrations which would decrease the cardioselectivity of metoprolol. Metoprolol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration with strong CYP2D6 inhibitors has been shown to double metoprolol concentrations.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor for metoprolol-related adverse reactions, including bradycardia and hypotension, during coadministration with bupropion. Concomitant use may increase metoprolol serum concentrations which would decrease the cardioselectivity of metoprolol. Metoprolol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration with strong CYP2D6 inhibitors has been shown to double metoprolol concentrations.
Mexiletine: (Major) Coadministration of bupropion and mexiletine can increase the exposure of mexiletine. If used together, it may be necessary to decrease the dose of mexiletine and slowly titrate to effect. Mexiletine is primarily metabolized via CYP2D6 and bupropion and its metabolites are inhibitors of CYP2D6.
Midazolam: (Moderate) Bupropion is contraindicated in patients undergoing abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines since the risk of seizures associated with bupropion may be increased. Excessive use of benzodiazepines is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur in these patients during concurrent use of bupropion.
Midostaurin: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of midostaurin as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; midostaurin is a moderate CYP2B6 inducer.
Mifepristone: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in bupropion-related adverse reactions during coadministration of mifepristone as concurrent use may increase bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; mifepristone is a moderate CYP2B6 inhibitor.
Mitapivat: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of mitapivat as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; mitapivat is a weak CYP2B6 inducer.
Modafinil: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. It is unclear whether modafinil lowers the seizure threshold. Seizures have occurred during post-marketing use of modafinil, although the frequency is unknown.
Molindone: (Major) Drugs which may lower the seizure threshold, such as molindone, should be used with great caution or avoided in patients taking bupropion. The manufacturer recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration of bupropion if this combination must be used concurrently; the patient should be closely monitored.
Mometasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Morphine: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and morphine use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk and excessive opioid use also increases seizure risk.
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and morphine use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk and excessive opioid use also increases seizure risk.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Nebivolol: (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity as well as increased therapeutic effect of nebivolol if coadministered with bupropion; adjust the nebivolol dose according to blood pressure response. Concomitant use may increase the exposure of nebivolol. Nebivolol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity as well as increased therapeutic effect of nebivolol if coadministered with bupropion; adjust the nebivolol dose according to blood pressure response. Concomitant use may increase the exposure of nebivolol. Nebivolol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Nelfinavir: (Minor) In vitro studies suggest that nelfinavir inhibits the hydroxylation of bupropion. The clinical significance of this finding is unknown.
Neostigmine; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when glycopyrrolate is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Nicotine: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure during concomitant bupropion and nicotine use. Clinical trial data suggest a higher incidence of treatment-emergent hypertension during concomitant use.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%.
Nitroglycerin: (Minor) Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as antidepressants. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin is used concurrently with antidepressants.
Non-Ionic Contrast Media: (Major) Use of medications that lower the seizure threshold should be carefully evaluated when considering intrathecal radiopaque contrast agents. Bupropion should be discontinued at least 48 hours before myelography and should not be resumed for at least 24 hours postprocedure.
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Olanzapine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initi al dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored. (Moderate) Monitor for increased fluoxetine-related adverse effects if coadministered with bupropion. Concomitant use may increase fluoxetine exposure. Fluoxetine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Oliceridine: (Moderate) Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals and base subsequent doses on the patient's severity of pain and response to treatment if concomitant administration of oliceridine and bupropion is necessary; less frequent dosing of oliceridine may be required. Concomitant use of oliceridine and bupropion may increase the plasma concentration of oliceridine, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. If bupropion is discontinued, consider increasing the oliceridine dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oliceridine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Also monitor patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs. The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
Olopatadine; Mometasone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Oxcarbazepine: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold.
Oxymorphone: (Moderate) Excessive use of opioid agonists (e.g., opiate addiction) is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur during concurrent use of bupropion in these patients since bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures.
Paliperidone: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as paliperidone. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Paroxetine: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paroxetine-related adverse reactions, including serotonin syndrome, if concomitant use with bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase paroxetine exposure. Paroxetine is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Pentazocine: (Moderate) Plasma concentrations of opiate agents metabolized by CYP2D6, such as pentazocine, may be increased if bupropion, an inhibitor of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme, is added. Dosage reductions of pentazocine may be needed. Conversely, if bupropion therapy is discontinued, dosages of pentazocine may need to be adjusted upward in some patients.
Pentazocine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Plasma concentrations of opiate agents metabolized by CYP2D6, such as pentazocine, may be increased if bupropion, an inhibitor of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme, is added. Dosage reductions of pentazocine may be needed. Conversely, if bupropion therapy is discontinued, dosages of pentazocine may need to be adjusted upward in some patients.
Pentobarbital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Perphenazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of perphenazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of perphenazine may result in extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, or other adverse effects.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of perphenazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of perphenazine may result in extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, or other adverse effects. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Phendimetrazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Excessive use of phendimetrazine is associated with an increased seizure risk; seizures may be more likely to occur in these patients during concurrent use of bupropion. Patients should be closely monitored if these combinations are necessary.
Phenelzine: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Phenobarbital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Phenobarbital; Hyoscyamine; Atropine; Scopolamine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when hyoscyamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when scopolamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery. (Moderate) The anticholinergic effects of atropine may be enhanced when combined with other drugs with moderate to significant anticholinergic effects including bupropion. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation. Additive drowsiness may also occur.
Phentermine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including phentermine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as stimulants including phentermine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Phenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of phenytoin as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of pimozide and bupropion is contraindicated due to the potential for increased pimozide exposure. Elevated concentrations of pimozide can lead to QT prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. The risk of seizure may also be increased as both drugs lower the seizure threshold. Bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor; pimozide is a CYP2D6 substrate. Coadministration of pimozide with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the pimozide AUC by 151%.
Pitolisant: (Major) Initiate pitolisant at 8.9 mg once daily in patients taking bupropion; increase pitolisant after 7 days to a maximum dosage of 17.8 mg once daily. If bupropion is initiated in a patient on a stable dose of pitolisant, reduce the pitolisant dose by half. Pitolisant is a CYP2D6 substrate; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Coadministration of strong CYP2D6 inhibitors increases pitolisant exposure by 2.2-fold.
Prednisolone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Prednisone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Primidone: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Prochlorperazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of prochlorperazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of prochlorperazine may result in extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, or other adverse effects.
Promethazine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as promethazine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Monitor for dextromethorphan-related side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, if concomitant use of bupropion is necessary. Concomitant use may increase dextromethorphan exposure and side effects. Dextromethorphan is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased dextromethorphan overall exposure by 2.69-fold. (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as promethazine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as promethazine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Propafenone: (Moderate) Monitor for increased propafenone toxicity if coadministered with bupropion; concurrent use may increase propafenone exposure and therefore increase the risk of proarrhythmias. Avoid simultaneous use of propafenone and bupropion with a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Propafenone is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate; bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Propantheline: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when propantheline is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Propranolol: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of propranolol-related adverse effects if bupropion and propranolol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and propranolol may result in increased plasma concentrations of propranolol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Propranolol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Propranolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of propranolol-related adverse effects if bupropion and propranolol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and propranolol may result in increased plasma concentrations of propranolol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Propranolol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Protriptyline: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Pseudoephedrine; Triprolidine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as pseudoephedrine. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Bupropion inhibits CYP2D6. Coadministration of bupropion with medications that are metabolized by CYP2D6, like ranolazine, may result in increased ranolazine plasma concentrations if bupropion is added.
Rasagiline: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs. The manufacturer of rasagiline advises against concurrent use with any antidepressant.
Rifampin: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as rifampin. Pharmacokinetic studies describe patients who developed subtherapeutic bupropion serum concentrations when enzyme-inducing agents were added. In healthy volunteers, coadministration of bupropion with rifampin reduced the mean AUC of bupropion by 3-fold and the mean half-life from 15.9 hours to 8.2 hours.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in risperidone-related adverse effects if concomitant use with bupropion is necessary and reduce risperidone dosage as appropriate based on response. For patients receiving long-acting risperidone dosage forms, an anticipatory dosage decrease may be considered prior to initiation of bupropion. Concomitant use may increase risperidone exposure. Additionally, bupropion is associated with a dose-related increase in seizures; antipsychotics may increase this risk. Risperidone is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use with other strong CYP2D6 inhibitors increased risperidone overall exposure by 2.5- to 9-fold.
Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%.
Scopolamine: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when scopolamine is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Secobarbital: (Moderate) Bupropion may interact with drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function via CYP2B6 such as the barbiturates. While not systematically studied, these drugs may induce the metabolism of bupropion and may decrease bupropion exposure. If bupropion is used concomitantly with a CYP inducer, it may be necessary to increase the dose of bupropion, but the maximum recommended dose should not be exceeded. Advise patients that until they are reasonably certain that the combination does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.
Selegiline: (Contraindicated) The manufacturer of bupropion contraindicates use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the risk of hypertensive crisis. At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of selegiline and initiation of treatment with bupropion. After stopping treatment with bupropion, a time period equal to 4 to 5 half-lives of bupropion or any active metabolite should elapse before starting therapy with selegiline.
Sodium Oxybate: (Major) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as sodium oxybate. The risk of seizures with bupropion is dose related and is also related to patient factors, clinical situations, and concomitant medications that lower the seizure threshold. Consider these risks before initiating treatment If used together, use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually.
Sodium Phenylbutyrate; Taurursodiol: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy and/or increased bupropion-related adverse effects if concomitant use of taurursodiol is necessary. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary. Concomitant use may alter bupropion exposure. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; taurursodiol is a weak CYP2B6 inhibitor and inducer. The net effect on bupropion exposure is unknown.
Solriamfetol: (Moderate) Monitor for dopamine-mediated effects including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tremor, and changes in moods or behaviors if solriamfetol, a central dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is administered with other dopaminergic drugs, such as bupropion. Caution is recommended since this combination has not been evaluated.
Sparsentan: (Moderate) Monitor for loss of efficacy of bupropion during coadministration of sparsentan as concurrent use may decrease bupropion exposure. A bupropion dose adjustment may be necessary; do not exceed maximum dose. Bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6; sparsentan is a weak CYP2B6 inducer. Concomitant use decreased bupropion overall exposure by 33%.
Stiripentol: (Moderate) Consider a dose adjustment of bupropion when coadministered with stiripentol. Coadministration may alter plasma concentrations of bupropion resulting in an increased risk of adverse reactions and/or decreased efficacy. Bupropion is a sensitive CYP2B6 substrate. In vitro data predicts inhibition or induction of CYP2B6 by stiripentol potentially resulting in clinically significant interactions.
Tamoxifen: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of tamoxifen if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. Tamoxifen is metabolized by CYP2D6 to endoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, both of which are minor metabolites but have 100-fold greater affinity for the estrogen receptor and 30- to 100-fold greater potency in suppressing estrogen-dependent cell proliferation than tamoxifen. Bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. In one study, the mean steady-state endoxifen plasma concentration was significantly reduced in patients taking CYP2D6 inhibitors compared to those not taking concomitant CYP2D6 inhibitors. In another study, the mean steady-state plasma concentration of endoxifen in CYP2D6 normal metabolizers who were not receiving CYP2D6 inhibitors were 3.6-fold higher compared to normal metabolizers who were receiving strong CYP2D6 inhibitors; plasma levels in CYP2D6 normal metabolizers receiving strong CYP2D6 inhibitors were similar to levels observed in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers taking no CYP2D6 inhibitors. Some studies have shown that the efficacy of tamoxifen may be reduced when concomitant drugs decrease the levels of potent active metabolites; however, others have failed to demonstrate such an effect. The clinical significance is not well established.
Tamsulosin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of bupropion with tamsulosin is necessary, especially at a tamsulosin dose higher than 0.4 mg, as the systemic exposure of tamsulosin may be increased resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions including hypotension, dizziness, and vertigo. Tamsulosin is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant treatment with another strong CYP2D6 inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of tamsulosin by a factor of 1.3 and 1.6, respectively.
Theophylline, Aminophylline: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as aminophylline. The manufacturer recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored. In addition, when bupropion is used for smoking cessation, it should be noted that cessation of smoking may result in elevated serum concentrations of some drugs that are hepatically metabolized, such as theophylline or aminophylline, due to lowered induction of hepatic oxidative microsomal enzymes (tobacco smoke induces hepatic enzymes). Downward dosage adjustments of such drugs and more frequent monitoring may be required during smoking cessation. (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as theophylline. The manufacturer recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored. In addition, when bupropion is used for smoking cessation, it should be noted that cessation of smoking may result in elevated serum concentrations of some drugs that are hepatically metabolized, such as theophylline or aminophylline, due to lowered induction of hepatic oxidative microsomal enzymes (tobacco smoke induces hepatic enzymes). Downward dosage adjustments of such drugs and more frequent monitoring may be required during smoking cessation.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 and the use of thioridazine with CYP2D6 inhibitors is contraindicated due to the possible risk of QT prolongation and subsequent arrhythmias resulting from elevated serum concentrations of thioridazine. In addition, bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines, such as thioridazine, on lowering the seizure threshold.
Thiotepa: (Moderate) The concomitant use of thiotepa and bupropion may increase the exposure of bupropion but decrease hydroxybupropion exposure; however, the clinical relevance of this interaction is unknown. Dosage adjustment of bupropion may be necessary based on clinical response. Thiotepa is a CYP2B6 inhibitor in vitro; bupropion is a sensitive substrate of CYP2B6 in vitro.
Thiothixene: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.
Ticlopidine: (Moderate) Ticlopidine is a potent inhibitor of CYP2B6. By inhibiting this isoenzyme, ticlopidine theoretically could increase the plasma concentrations of drugs that are metabolized by CYP2B6, such as bupropion. Adverse reactions of bupropion, such as tremor, nausea, dry mouth, insomnia, headache, or seizures, may be more likely to occur.
Timolol: (Minor) Monitor for an increased incidence of timolol-related adverse effects if bupropion and timolol are used concomitantly. Coadministration of bupropion and timolol may result in increased plasma concentrations of timolol. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, are inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro. Timolol is a CYP2D6 substrate.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Bupropion exhibits moderate anticholinergic effects. Clinicians should keep this in mind when using antimuscarinics and other medications with anticholinergic activity in combination with bupropion.
Tramadol: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Tramadol; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of tramadol, signs of opioid withdrawal, seizures, or serotonin syndrome if coadministration with bupropion is necessary. If bupropion is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of tramadol and frequently monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Tramadol is a CYP2D6 substrate and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Concomitant use of tramadol with CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and decrease the plasma concentration of the active metabolite M1. Since M1 is a more potent mu-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. Discontinue all serotonergic agents and initiate symptomatic treatment if serotonin syndrome occurs.
Tranylcypromine: (Contraindicated) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) intended to treat psychiatric disorders are contraindicated for use with bupropion or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with bupropion. Conversely, bupropion should not be initiated within 14 days of stopping an MAOI. There is an increased risk of hypertensive reactions when bupropion is used concurrently with other drugs that inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine or inhibit their metabolism, such as MAOIs.
Triamcinolone: (Moderate) Monitor for seizure activity during concomitant bupropion and corticosteroid use. Bupropion is associated with a dose-related seizure risk; concomitant use of other medications that lower the seizure threshold, such as systemic corticosteroids, increases the seizure risk.
Triazolam: (Moderate) Bupropion is contraindicated in patients undergoing abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines since the risk of seizures associated with bupropion may be increased. Excessive use of a benzodiazepine is associated with an increased seizure risk upon discontinuation of the drug; seizures may be more likely to occur in these patients during concurrent use of bupropion.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Trifluoperazine: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures and may have an additive effect with phenothiazines on lowering the seizure threshold. Low initial dosing and slow titration is recommended if this combination must be used. In addition, bupropion is a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Dosage reductions of trifluoperazine, a CYP2D6 substrate, may be needed during coadministration with bupropion. Increased serum concentrations of trifluoperazine may result in extrapyramidal symptoms, somnolence, or other adverse effects.
Trihexyphenidyl: (Moderate) Additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when trihexyphenidyl is used concomitantly with bupropion. Additive drowsiness may occur. Clinicians should note that antimuscarinic effects might be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function, the eye, and temperature regulation.
Trimipramine: (Moderate) Use extreme caution when coadministering bupropion with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold, such as tricyclic antidepressants. Use low initial doses of bupropion and increase the dose gradually. Monitor patients for an increase in tricyclic antidepressant-related adverse reactions and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome during concomitant use, particularly during treatment initiation and dosage increases; a dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant may be necessary. If serotonin syndrome occurs, consider discontinuation of therapy. The concomitant use of serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic antidepressants are CYP2D6 substrates and bupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Trospium: (Moderate) Depending on the specific agent, additive anticholinergic effects may be seen when drugs with antimuscarinic properties like trospium and bupropion are used concomitantly. Clinicians should note that additive antimuscarinic effects may be seen not only on GI smooth muscle, but also on bladder function and temperature regulation. While CNS-related side effects such as drowsiness and blurred vision are not typically noted with trospium, they may occur in some patients.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold. Use with caution when valproic acid and its derivatives (valproate, divalproex) are used for other purposes, as additive CNS reactions may be possible. Pharmacokinetic interactions have not been noted.
Vortioxetine: (Major) The primary isoenzyme involved in the metabolim of vortioxetine is CYP2D6; therefore, the manufacturer recommends a reduction in the vortioxetine dose by one-half during co-administration with strong inhibitors of CYP2D6 such as bupropion. The vortioxetine dose should be increased to the original level when the CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued.
Warfarin: (Moderate) When bupropion is used for smoking cessation, be aware that changes in the INR may occur in patients previously stabilized on warfarin as tobacco smoking is reduced or halted, as smoking affects CYP1A2, one of the enzymes involved in warfarin metabolism. Physiological changes resulting from smoking cessation, with or without treatment with bupropion, may alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of certain drugs (e.g.,warfarin) for which dosage adjustment may be necessary. A case report of potential interaction with warfarin and bupropion used for depression has been reported; when bupropion was abruptly halted in the patient prior to surgery, the patient's INR increased to 8.0. The authors could not discern a probable mechanism for the potential interaction, but the patient was also reducing his daily tobacco smoking status, Patients who are receiving warfarin with bupropion should be carefully monitored if the patient is also altering their smoking status.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Extreme caution is recommended during concurrent use of other drugs that may lower the seizure threshold such as antipsychotics. The manufacturer of bupropion recommends low initial dosing and slow dosage titration if this combination must be used; the patient should be closely monitored.

Aplenzin/Budeprion SR/Budeprion XL/Buproban/Bupropion/Bupropion Hydrochloride/Forfivo XL/Wellbutrin SR/Wellbutrin XL/Zyban Oral Tab ER: 100mg, 150mg, 174mg, 200mg, 300mg, 348mg, 450mg, 522mg
Bupropion/Bupropion Hydrochloride/Wellbutrin Oral Tab: 75mg, 100mg

Adults

Immediate-release tablets: 450 mg/day PO, no single dose should exceed 150 mg.
Wellbutrin SR: 400 mg/day PO; no single dose should exceed 200 mg.
Zyban: 300 mg/day PO for smoking cessation; no single dose should exceed 150 mg.
Wellbutrin XL: 450 mg/day PO.
Aplenzin: 522 mg/day PO; no single dose should exceed 522 mg.
Forfivo XL: 450 mg/day PO.

Geriatric

Immediate-release tablets: 450 mg/day PO, no single dose should exceed 150 mg.
Wellbutrin SR: 400 mg/day PO; no single dose should exceed 200 mg.
Zyban: 300 mg/day PO for smoking cessation; no single dose should exceed 150 mg.
Wellbutrin XL: 450 mg/day PO.
Aplenzin: 522 mg/day PO; no single dose should exceed 522 mg.
Forfivo XL: 450 mg/day PO.

Adolescents

Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, a total daily dosage up to 300 mg/day PO for immediate-release tablets has been suggested for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); doses up to 6 mg/kg/day (not to exceed 300 or 400 mg/day) PO of the bupropion SR products have been used in studies for treatment of depression.

Children

6 to 12 years: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, a total daily dosage up to 300 mg/day PO for immediate-release tablets has been suggested for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
5 years and younger: Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Infants

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Neonates

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

The action of bupropion is not fully understood. Bupropion selectively inhibits the neuronal reuptake of dopamine and is significantly more potent than either imipramine or amitriptyline in this regard. Actions on dopaminergic systems, however, require doses higher than those needed for a clinical antidepressant effect. The blockade of norepinephrine reuptake at the neuronal membrane is weaker for bupropion than for tricyclic antidepressants. CNS-stimulant effects are dose-related. Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase or the reuptake of serotonin. Bupropion does exhibit moderate anticholinergic effects, and produces a sensation of mild local anesthesia on the oral mucosa. Antidepressant activity is usually noted within 1—3 weeks of initiation of bupropion treatment; full effects may not be seen until 4 weeks of therapy.
 
The mechanism by which bupropion enhances the ability to abstain from tobacco smoking is unknown, but is probably related to inhibition of noradrenergic or dopaminergic neuronal uptake. The resultant increase in norepinephrine may attenuate nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Increased dopamine at neuronal sites may reduce nicotine cravings and the urge to smoke. Because the onset of activity is usually after 1 week of treatment, patients should start bupropion 1—2 weeks prior to their chosen smoking 'quit-day'. In smoking cessation, the ability to abstain from smoking continuously through the seventh week of bupropion therapy is associated with maintenance of long-term abstinence. Patients who have not stopped smoking by the seventh week of treatment are generally considered non-responsive to bupropion treatment.

Bupropion is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt (Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Forfivo XL) or hydrobromide salt (Aplenzin). Bupropion is a racemic mixture; however, the pharmacologic actions and pharmacokinetics of the individual enantiomers have not been evaluated. The drug readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Plasma protein binding is about 84%. Metabolism takes place in the liver, producing several metabolites; the 3 major active metabolites are hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion. CYP2B6 is involved in forming hydroxybupropion, the major metabolite, previously known as morpholinol. All active metabolites are present in higher concentrations in the plasma than the parent compound. In mice, hydroxybupropion appears to have one-half the potency of bupropion; the other metabolites are one-tenth to one-half as potent. Bupropion appears to induce its own metabolism, but this does not appear to be clinically significant. The terminal elimination half-life of immediate-release bupropion is approximately 14 hours with a range of 8 to 24 hours. The terminal elimination half-life of the sustained-release hydrochloride product and the extended-release hydrobromide product is roughly 21 hours. Half-lives for hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, and threohydroxybupropion are 20 hours, 33 hours, and 37 hours, respectively. Less than 1% is excreted unchanged in the urine. Over 60% is excreted as metabolites in the urine within 24 hours; over 80% is eliminated in 96 hours. Less than 10% of metabolites are excreted in the feces. Steady-state concentrations of bupropion and its metabolites are achieved in 5 to 8 days; however, antidepressant effects have an onset of roughly 1 to 3 weeks.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes: CYP2D6, CYP2B6, OCT2
Because of the extensive metabolism of bupropion by CYP2B6, clinically significant drug interactions are possible with drugs that are metabolized by or are inhibitors or inducers of this isoenzyme. In vitro data indicate that bupropion and hydroxybupropion are inhibitors of CYP2D6. In vitro, bupropion and its 3 metabolites are inhibitors of the renal organic transporter OCT2 to a clinically significant extent; however, in vivo drug interaction studies have not found clinically significant drug-drug interactions with OCT-2 substrates.

Oral Route

Based on animal data, the oral bioavailability is roughly 5—20%; oral bioavailability in humans has not been determined.
Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, and Wellbutrin XL: Bupropion XL has been found to be bioequivalent to the immediate-release tablet, sustained-release tablet, and extended-release hydrobromide tablet. In studies of healthy volunteers, administration with food increased Cmax and AUC by 11—35% and 16—19%, respectively. These changes are not considered clinically significant; therefore, bupropion can be taken with or without food. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within 1.5 hours after administration of immediate-release bupropion, and within 3 hours after administration of sustained-release hydrochloride formulations. Peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite hydroxybupropion occur about 3 hours after administration of immediate-release bupropion. Peak plasma concentrations of hydroxybupropion are about 10 times those of bupropion at steady state. Plasma bupropion concentrations are dose-proportional following single doses of 100 to 250 mg; however, it is not known if the proportionality between dose and plasma levels are maintained in chronic use.
Aplenzin: Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within approximately 5 hours after administration of the hydrobromide tablet. Peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite hydroxybupropion occur about 6 hours after administration. Peak plasma concentrations of hydroxybupropion are about 10 times those of bupropion at steady state.
Forfivo XL: Following a single dose of Forfivo XL, a 450 mg extended-release bupropion tablet formulation, the median time to peak plasma concentrations is about 5 hours under fasting conditions and 12 hours under fed conditions. The mean systemic exposure to bupropion is increased by 25% when taken with food. Peak plasma concentrations of hydroxybupropion occur about 10 hours after a dose of Forfivo XL under fasting conditions and 16 hours under fed conditions. The food effect is not considered clinically significant; therefore, Forfivo XL may be taken without regard to meals. In a single dose study under fasting conditions, one 450 mg dose of Forfivo XL was equivalent to a dose consisting of three 150 mg tablets of Wellbutrin XL.

Pregnancy

Use bupropion with caution during pregnancy; use during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. When treating a pregnant woman, the physician should carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment. If clinically feasible, tapering of the medication prior to labor and obstetric delivery may be considered. Pregnant smokers should be encouraged to attempt educational and behavioral interventions before pharmacologic approaches are used; nicotine has been used in pregnancy to help patients quit smoking. Smoking cessation programs in pregnancy reduce the proportion of women who continue to smoke, and reduce the risk for low birthweight and preterm birth. Data from epidemiological studies including pregnant women exposed to bupropion in the first trimester indicate no increased risk of congenital malformations. In addition, no increased risk of cardiovascular malformations during first trimester exposure to bupropion has been observed. The rate of cardiovascular malformations following 675 exposures to bupropion in the first trimester was 1.3% versus a background rate of about 1%. Data collected from the United Healthcare database and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (6,853 infants with cardiovascular malformations and 5,763 with non-cardiovascular malformations) did not show an overall increased risk from cardiovascular malformations after bupropion exposure during the first trimester. Study findings on bupropion exposure during the first trimester and risk for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) are inconsistent and do not allow conclusions regarding a possible association. The United Healthcare database lacked sufficient power to evaluate this association; the NBDPS found increased risk for LVOTO, and the Slone Epidemiology case control study did not find increased risk for LVOTO. Study findings on bupropion exposure during the first trimester and risk for ventricular septal defect (VSD) are inconsistent and do not allow conclusions regarding a possible association. The Slone Epidemiology Study found an increased risk for VSD following first trimester maternal bupropion exposure but did not find increased risk for any other cardiovascular malformations studied (including LVOTO). The NBDPS and United Healthcare database study did not find an association between first trimester maternal bupropion exposure and VSD. For the findings of LVOTO and VSD, the studies were limited by the small number of exposed cases, inconsistent findings among studies, and the potential for chance findings from multiple comparisons in case control studies. No clear evidence of teratogenic activity was found in reproductive developmental studies conducted in rats and rabbits. However, in rabbits, slightly increased incidences of fetal malformations and skeletal variations were observed at doses approximately equal to or more than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) and decreased fetal weights were seen at doses twice the MRHD and greater. There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors outcomes in pregnant patients exposed to bupropion; information about the registry can be obtained at womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry/antidepressants by calling 1-866-961-2388 or 1-844-405-6185.

Bupropion and its metabolites are excreted into human breast milk, and caution should be exercised when bupropion is administered to a breast-feeding woman.[40993] [41057] [41086] [44094] [44095] Peak breast milk concentrations of bupropion and its metabolites are present within 2 to 4 hours after an oral dose. In one lactation study (n = 10), the average daily infant exposure to bupropion and its active metabolites (assuming 150 mL/kg daily consumption) was 2% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose.[47279] One case report describes a possible seizure in a breast-fed infant during maternal use of extended-release bupropion.[47277] In two other cases, no infant-related adverse events were noted during breast-feeding.[47278] Due to individual variability in response to antidepressants, it may be prudent to continue the existing regimen if ongoing treatment for depression is deemed necessary during breast-feeding. Alternatives may be considered in some cases. Because a pooled analysis found that maternal use of sertraline, along with nortriptyline and paroxetine, usually produced undetectable or low drug concentrations in infant serum, these agents may be the preferred antidepressants when initiating antidepressant therapy in a breast-feeding mother.[45642] For smoking cessation treatment, nicotine replacement products may be considered as an alternate therapy to bupropion if non-pharmacologic interventions are inadequate. The decision of whether to use nicotine replacement therapy in a woman who is breast-feeding should be evaluated in comparison to the risks associated with exposure of the infant to nicotine and other tobacco contaminants in the breast milk as well as those of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Breast-feeding and eliminating an infant's exposure to tobacco smoke are considered important protective factors for serious pediatric health risks.