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Quixin
Classes
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Ophthalmological Anti-infectives
Administration
Tuberculosis patients†
Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all children as well as adolescents and adults living with HIV.[34361] [34362] [61094]
If a dose is missed, take it as soon as possible anytime up to 8 hours before the next scheduled dose. If less than 8 hours remain before the next dose, wait until the next scheduled dose.
Tablets: Levofloxacin tablets can be taken with or without food; however, administer at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after any antacid, multivitamin, or other medication that contains divalent or trivalent cations.
Oral solution: Administer 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating and at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after any antacid, multivitamin, or other medication that contains divalent or trivalent cations.
Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
Vials
Dilution
Withdraw appropriate dose from vial (25 mg/mL) and dilute with a compatible intravenous solution to a concentration of 5 mg/mL.
250 mg dose: Withdraw 10 mL and dilute with 40 mL.
500 mg dose: Withdraw 20 mL and dilute with 80 mL.
750 mg dose: Withdraw 30 mL and dilute with 120 mL.
Compatible diluents include 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 5% Dextrose Injection, 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers Injection, Plasma-Lyte 56/5% Dextrose Injection, 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride and 0.15% Potassium Chloride Injection, and Sodium Lactate Injection (M/6).
If more than 1 dose is to be prepared from a single vial, withdraw the full contents of the vial at once using a single-entry procedure; prepare and store the additional dose(s) for subsequent use.
Storage: Vials are for single-dose only; discard any ununsed portion. The diluted solution may be stored for up to 72 hours when kept at or below 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) or for 14 days when stored under refrigeration at 5 degrees C (41 degrees F) in plastic containers. Solutions may be frozen for up to 6 months (-20 degrees C or -4 degrees F) in glass bottles or plastic containers. Thaw frozen solutions at room temperature (25 degrees C or 77 degrees F) or in the refrigerator (8 degrees C or 46 degrees F). Do not force thaw by microwave or water bath immersion. Do not refreeze after initial thawing.[61195]
Premixed IV Solution
No dilution is necessary.
Do not use flexible containers in series connections.[63729]
Intermittent IV infusion
Infusion time varies by dose.
250 or 500 mg dose: Infuse over 60 minutes.
750 mg dose: Infuse over 90 minutes.
Avoid shorter infusions or bolus injections because of the risk of hypotension.[61195] [63729]
Apply topically to the eye taking care to avoid contamination. For ophthalmic use only. Do not inject subconjunctivally or introduce directly into the anterior chamber of the eye.
Instruct patient on proper instillation of ophthalmic solution.
Do not touch the tip of the dropper to the eye, fingertips, or other surface.
Adverse Reactions
visual impairment / Early / 1.0-3.0
pancreatitis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
renal failure (unspecified) / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
seizures / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
cardiac arrest / Early / 0.1-1.0
ventricular tachycardia / Early / 0.1-1.0
hyperkalemia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
headache / Early / 0.2-0.3
interstitial nephritis / Delayed / Incidence not known
serum sickness / Delayed / Incidence not known
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactic shock / Rapid / Incidence not known
bronchospasm / Rapid / Incidence not known
laryngeal edema / Rapid / Incidence not known
acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
rhabdomyolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
vasculitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatic necrosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatic failure / Delayed / Incidence not known
increased intracranial pressure / Early / Incidence not known
suicidal ideation / Delayed / Incidence not known
torsade de pointes / Rapid / Incidence not known
aortic dissection / Delayed / Incidence not known
myasthenia gravis / Delayed / Incidence not known
C. difficile-associated diarrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known
tendon rupture / Delayed / Incidence not known
coma / Early / Incidence not known
pancytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hemolytic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
aplastic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
uveitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
constipation / Delayed / 3.0-3.0
photophobia / Early / 1.0-3.0
gastritis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
esophagitis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
stomatitis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
glossitis / Early / 0.1-1.0
phlebitis / Rapid / 0.1-1.0
edema / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
dyspnea / Early / 1.0-1.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
hallucinations / Early / 0.1-1.0
hypertonia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
depression / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
confusion / Early / 0.1-1.0
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 1.0-1.0
palpitations / Early / 0.1-1.0
pseudomembranous colitis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
hyperglycemia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
hypoglycemia / Early / 0.1-1.0
anemia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
candidiasis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
vaginitis / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
pneumonitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
memory impairment / Delayed / Incidence not known
neurotoxicity / Early / Incidence not known
psychosis / Early / Incidence not known
dysphonia / Delayed / Incidence not known
encephalopathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
pseudotumor cerebri / Delayed / Incidence not known
peripheral vasodilation / Rapid / Incidence not known
QT prolongation / Rapid / Incidence not known
peripheral neuropathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
superinfection / Delayed / Incidence not known
tendinitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypotension / Rapid / Incidence not known
crystalluria / Delayed / Incidence not known
prolonged bleeding time / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
eosinophilia / Delayed / Incidence not known
blurred vision / Early / Incidence not known
scotomata / Delayed / Incidence not known
dysgeusia / Early / 8.0-10.0
nausea / Early / 1.0-7.0
diarrhea / Early / 1.0-5.0
insomnia / Early / 4.0-4.0
fever / Early / 1.0-3.0
dizziness / Early / 3.0-3.0
pharyngitis / Delayed / 1.0-3.0
ocular irritation / Rapid / 1.0-3.0
ocular pain / Early / 1.0-3.0
foreign body sensation / Rapid / 1.0-3.0
abdominal pain / Early / 2.0-2.0
vomiting / Early / 2.0-2.0
dyspepsia / Early / 1.0-2.0
rash / Early / 2.0-2.0
arthralgia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
injection site reaction / Rapid / 1.0-1.0
pruritus / Rapid / 1.0-1.0
urticaria / Rapid / 0.1-1.0
hyperkinesis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
anxiety / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
vertigo / Early / 0.1-1.0
anorexia / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
nightmares / Early / 0.1-1.0
syncope / Early / 0.1-1.0
agitation / Early / 0.1-1.0
tremor / Early / 0.1-1.0
paresthesias / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
myalgia / Early / 0.1-1.0
musculoskeletal pain / Early / 0.1-1.0
epistaxis / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
xerophthalmia / Early / 0-1.0
ocular pruritus / Rapid / 0-1.0
paranoia / Early / Incidence not known
restlessness / Early / Incidence not known
parosmia / Delayed / Incidence not known
anosmia / Delayed / Incidence not known
weakness / Early / Incidence not known
hypoesthesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
dysesthesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
photosensitivity / Delayed / Incidence not known
cylindruria / Delayed / Incidence not known
diplopia / Early / Incidence not known
tinnitus / Delayed / Incidence not known
Boxed Warning
Systemic quinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions such as tendinopathy, including tendinitis and tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability. These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting these agents in patients of any age, with or without pre-existing risk factors. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, quinolones should only be used for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or acute bacterial sinusitis in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used. Discontinue quinolones at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. Avoid quinolone use in patients with a history of tendon disorders or tendon rupture. Tendon rupture typically involves the Achilles tendon; however, ruptures of the hand, shoulder, biceps, thumb, and other tendons have also been reported. Tendinitis and tendon rupture can occur bilaterally. Rupture can occur during therapy or up to a few months after therapy has been stopped. The risk of tendon rupture is increased in older adults over 60 years of age, those receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy, and in organ transplant recipients (including kidney, heart, and lung transplants). Other reasons for tendon ruptures include physical activity or exercise, kidney failure, or tendon problems in the past. If patients experience tendon inflammation or pain, they should rest and refrain from exercise until the diagnosis of tendonitis or tendon rupture has been confidently excluded.
Systemic quinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious neurotoxicity, including central nervous system effects, peripheral neuropathy, or psychiatric event. These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting these agents in patients of any age, with or without pre-existing risk factors. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, use quinolones for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or acute bacterial sinusitis only in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used. Avoid quinolone use in patients who have previously experienced peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, use quinolones with caution in patients with a known or suspected CNS disorder (e.g., severe cerebrovascular disease or arteriosclerosis, seizure disorder) or in the presence of other risk factors (e.g., certain drug therapy, renal dysfunction) that may predispose to seizures or lower seizure threshold. Attempted or completed suicide has been reported, especially in patients with a history of depression, or an underlying risk factor for depression. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first signs or symptoms of neuropathy (e.g., pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness, or other alterations in sensations such as light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, and vibratory sensation, and/or motor strength), central nervous system adverse events (seizures or convulsions, increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), dizziness, or tremors), or psychiatric adverse events (toxic psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, depression, suicidal thoughts or acts, confusion, delirium, disorientation, disturbances in attention, anxiety, agitation, nervousness, insomnia, nightmares, or memory impairment).
Avoid use of systemic quinolones, such as levofloxacin, in patients with a history of myasthenia gravis. Systemic quinolones may exacerbate the signs of myasthenia gravis and lead to life threatening weakness of the respiratory muscles. Serious postmarketing events, including deaths and the requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with quinolone use in patients with myasthenia gravis. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, quinolones should only be used for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or acute bacterial sinusitis in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
Common Brand Names
Iquix, Levaquin, Levaquin Leva-Pak, Quixin
Dea Class
Rx
Description
Oral, ophthalmic, and IV quinolone antibiotic
Used for bacterial conjunctivitis, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections, UTIs, prostatitis, inhalation anthrax, and plague
Associated with disabling and potentially irreversible adverse reactions, including tendonitis, tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects
Dosage And Indications
500 mg PO once daily for 5 to 10 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. The FDA-approved dose is 500 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days or 750 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with quinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
10 to 20 mg/kg/day PO divided every 12 to 24 hours (Max: 500 mg/day) for 10 to 14 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent adverse reactions associated with quinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
500 mg IV once daily for 5 to 10 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. The FDA-approved dose is 500 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days or 750 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with quinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
10 to 20 mg/kg/day IV divided every 12 to 24 hours (Max: 500 mg/day) for 10 to 14 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent adverse reactions associated with quinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 days or 250 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 days or 250 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 days.
250 mg PO every 24 hours for 3 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
250 mg IV every 24 hours for 3 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 3 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 3 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 days.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 to 7 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 to 7 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, levofloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as a singular agent or as part of combination therapy.[61215] The FDA-approved duration is 7 to 14 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days as a singular agent or as part of combination therapy.[61215] The FDA-approved duration is 7 to 14 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for at least 5 days.[34362] [64669] Alternatively, 500 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as monotherapy for outpatients with comorbidities or hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia and as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia. Guide treatment duration by clinical stability.[34362] [64669]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO every 24 hours for 5 to 10 days.[34362] [46963] Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia, as preferred oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and as alternative oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, or C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963] For persons living with HIV, levofloxacin is recommended as monotherapy for outpatients or hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia or as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia.[34362]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO every 24 hours for 10 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia, as preferred oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and as alternative oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, or C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia, as preferred oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and as alternative oral step-down therapy for patients with penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, or C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963]
750 mg IV every 24 hours for at least 5 days.[34362] [64669] Alternatively, 500 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as monotherapy for hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia or as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia. Guide treatment duration by clinical stability.[34362] [64669]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV every 24 hours for 5 to 10 days.[34362] [46963] Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia and as an alternative for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963] For persons living with HIV, levofloxacin is recommended as monotherapy for hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia or as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia.[34362]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV every 24 hours for 10 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia and as an alternative for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963]
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 days. Guidelines recommend levofloxacin as an alternative empiric therapy for hospitalized patients with presumed bacterial or atypical pneumonia and as an alternative for patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae.[46963]
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days for mild infections in patients allergic or intolerant to beta-lactams or with recent antibiotic exposure or for moderate or severe infections in patients with risk factors for resistant gram-negative infections. Consider adding clindamycin for moderate or severe infections. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days for mild infections in patients allergic or intolerant to beta-lactams or with recent antibiotic exposure or for moderate or severe infections in patients with risk factors for resistant gram-negative infections. Consider adding clindamycin for moderate or severe infections. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
750 mg PO every 24 hours plus metronidazole for incisional surgical site infections of the axilla or perineum.
750 mg IV every 24 hours plus metronidazole for incisional surgical site infections of the intestinal or genitourinary tract or axilla or perineum.
750 mg PO every 24 hours plus an anaerobic agent. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
750 mg IV every 24 hours plus an anaerobic agent. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days.
1 to 2 drops in affected eye(s) every 2 hours while awake, up to 8 times per day on days 1 and 2. On days 3 through 7, 1 to 2 drops every 4 hours while awake, up to 4 times per day.
1 to 2 drops in affected eye(s) every 2 hours while awake, up to 8 times per day on days 1 and 2. On days 3 through 7, 1 to 2 drops every 4 hours while awake, up to 4 times per day.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 60 days after exposure. Alternately, FDA-approved labeling suggests 500 mg PO every 24 hours. Safety beyond 28 days has not been studied in the adult population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose) for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 60 days after exposure. Clinical practice guidelines do not address IV prophylaxis; the recommended oral prophylaxis dose is 750 mg. Safety beyond 28 days has not been studied in the adult population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose) for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 60 days after exposure; however, safety beyond 14 days has not been studied in the pediatric population. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline. Although the clinical practice guidelines only give oral dosing recommendations for agents for postexposure prophylaxis, the IV levofloxacin dosage is the same as the oral dosage and may be used for patients unable to take PO.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg to 750 mg PO every 24 hours.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours or 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg to 750 mg IV every 24 hours.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients, patients with severe disease, and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg to 750 mg PO every 24 hours.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients, patients with severe disease, and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg to 750 mg IV every 24 hours.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
750 mg PO every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add levofloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as first-line therapy.
750 mg PO every 24 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as first-line therapy.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as first-line therapy.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as first-line therapy.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved dosage is 500 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy.
500 to 1,000 mg PO once daily or 5 days/week.[34362] [61094] Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week.[61094] [65619] Levofloxacin is generally recommended as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.[61094] [65619]
15 to 20 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1,000 mg/dose) PO once daily or 5 days/week. Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week. Levofloxacin is generally recommended as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.
500 to 1,000 mg IV once daily or 5 days/week. Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week. Levofloxacin is generally recommended as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.
15 to 20 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1,000 mg/dose) IV once daily or 5 days/week. Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week. Levofloxacin is generally recommended as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.
500 mg PO once daily plus clarithromycin or azithromycin and ethambutol. May consider addition of levofloxacin as a third or fourth drug (or rifabutin, amikacin, streptomycin, or moxifloxacin) for patients with high mycobacterial loads (more than 2 log CFU/mL of blood) or in the absence of effective antiretroviral therapy. Duration of treatment depends on clinical response but should continue for at least 12 months.[34362]
500 mg PO once daily plus clarithromycin or azithromycin and ethambutol. May consider addition of levofloxacin as a third or fourth drug (or rifabutin, amikacin, streptomycin, or moxifloxacin) for patients with high mycobacterial loads (more than 2 log CFU/mL of blood) or in the absence of effective antiretroviral therapy. Duration of treatment depends on clinical response but should continue for at least 12 months.[34362]
500 mg PO once daily in children who are old enough to receive adult dosing plus clarithromycin or azithromycin and ethambutol.[34361] Doses of 15 to 20 mg/kg/day PO divided every 12 hours have been used in children (weighing less than 50 kg) for other indications.[57108] [61095] May consider addition of levofloxacin if rifabutin cannot be administered for severe disease or if a fourth drug is needed for patients with more severe symptoms or disseminated disease. Duration of treatment depends on clinical response but should continue for at least 12 months.[34361]
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as an alternative.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days an alternative.
500 mg PO once daily for 10 days for enteric organisms; add ceftriaxone IM if likely due gonorrhea, chlamydia, or enteric organisms.
500 mg PO once daily for 10 days for enteric organisms; add ceftriaxone IM if likely due gonorrhea, chlamydia, or enteric organisms.
500 mg PO once daily for 28 days.
500 mg IV once daily for 28 days.
Due to resistance, guidelines no longer recommend the use of quinolones. However, if allergy precludes the use of parenteral cephalosporin therapy, levofloxacin 500 mg PO daily plus metronidazole for 14 days may be considered if the community prevalence and individual risk for gonorrhea are low. Diagnostic testing for gonorrhea must be performed before starting therapy.
Due to resistance, guidelines no longer recommend the use of quinolones. However, if allergy precludes the use of parenteral cephalosporin therapy, levofloxacin 500 mg PO daily plus metronidazole for 14 days may be considered if the community prevalence and individual risk for gonorrhea are low. Diagnostic testing for gonorrhea must be performed before starting therapy.
500 mg PO once daily in combination with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 10 to 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in combination with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in combination with a nitroimidazole and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 to 7 days after initial 5 to 7-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
250 mg PO once daily in combination with nitazoxanide, doxycycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg PO once daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, or tetracycline for 10 to 14 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
750 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
75
0 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.Adolescents
750 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
500 mg PO as a single dose or 500 mg PO once daily for 3 days; if symptoms are not resolved after single dose, continue treatment for up to 3 days. Antibiotic treatment is not recommended for mild cases, may be considered for moderate cases, and should be used for severe cases.
750 mg PO once daily for 48 to 72 hours or until the patient becomes afebrile. Routine use is not recommended; reserve for patients at high risk for invasive infection.
750 mg PO every 24 hours. Treat for 7 to 10 days for naturally acquired infection. For a bioterrorism-related event, treat for a total duration of 60 days.
500 mg PO every 24 hours. Treat for 7 to 10 days for naturally acquired infection. For a bioterrorism-related event, treat for a total duration of 60 days. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for cutaneous anthrax infection.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose). Treat for 7 to 10 days for naturally acquired infection. For a bioterrorism-related event, treat for a total duration of 60 days. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for cutaneous anthrax infection.
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours. Treat for 7 to 10 days for naturally acquired infection. For a bioterrorism-related event, treat for a total duration of 60 days. Levofloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for cutaneous anthrax infection.
750 mg IV every 24 hours. For systemic infection in which meningitis can be excluded, IV treatment should continue for at least 14 days or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. For systemic infection in which meningitis cannot be excluded, IV treatment should continue for at least 2 to 3 weeks or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. Prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days will be required in both cases. Levofloxacin, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is an alternative therapy for systemic anthrax infection. For systemic infection without CNS involvement, dual combination IV therapy with levofloxacin and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, linezolid, doxycycline) or rifampin is recommended. For documented or suspected CNS infection, triple IV therapy with levofloxacin, a beta-lactam/glycopeptide, and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., linezolid, clindamycin, chloramphenicol) or rifampin is recommended.
500 mg IV every 24 hours. For systemic infection in which meningitis can be excluded, continue treatment for at least 14 days or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. For systemic infection in which meningitis cannot be excluded, continue treatment for at least 2 to 3 weeks or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. Prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days will be required in both cases. Levofloxacin, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is an alternative therapy for systemic anthrax infection. For systemic infection without CNS involvement, dual combination IV therapy with levofloxacin and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, linezolid, doxycycline) is recommended. For documented or suspected CNS infection, triple IV therapy with levofloxacin, a beta-lactam/glycopeptide, and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., linezolid, clindamycin) is recommended.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose) for non-CNS infection; 8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose) for documented/suspected CNS infection. For systemic infection in which meningitis can be excluded, continue treatment for at least 14 days or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. For systemic infection in which meningitis cannot be excluded, continue treatment for at least 2 to 3 weeks or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. Prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days will be required in both cases. Levofloxacin, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is an alternative therapy for systemic anthrax infection. For systemic infection without CNS involvement, dual combination IV therapy with levofloxacin and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, linezolid, doxycycline) is recommended. For documented or suspected CNS infection, triple IV therapy with levofloxacin, a beta-lactam/glycopeptide, and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., linezolid, clindamycin) is recommended.
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for non-CNS infection; 8 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for documented/suspected CNS infection. For systemic infection in which meningitis can be excluded, continue treatment for at least 14 days or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. For systemic infection in which meningitis cannot be excluded, continue treatment for at least 2 to 3 weeks or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. Prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days will be required in both cases. Levofloxacin, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is an alternative therapy for systemic anthrax infection. For systemic infection without CNS involvement, dual combination IV therapy with levofloxacin and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, linezolid, doxycycline) is recommended. For documented or suspected CNS infection, triple IV therapy with levofloxacin, a beta-lactam/glycopeptide, and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., linezolid, clindamycin) is recommended.
500 mg PO every 24 hours. Continue treatment to complete a treatment course of at least 14 days. Additional prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days may be required. Levofloxacin, in combination with a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, doxycycline, linezolid), is an alternative oral follow-up therapy for severe anthrax (non-CNS infection).
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours (Max: 250 mg/dose). Continue treatment to complete a treatment course of at least 14 days. Additional prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days may be required. Levofloxacin, in combination with a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, doxycycline, linezolid), is an alternative oral follow-up therapy for severe anthrax (non-CNS infection).
8 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours. Continue treatment to complete a treatment course of at least 14 days. Additional prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days may be required. Levofloxacin, in combination with a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, doxycycline, linezolid), is an alternative oral follow-up therapy for severe anthrax (non-CNS infection).
500 mg IV as a single preoperative dose for procedures involving lower urinary tract instrumentation or as an alternative option in beta-lactam allergic patients as part of combination therapy in gastrointestinal, transplantation, hysterectomy, urogynecology, and other urologic procedures. Doses should be administered within 120 minutes prior to the surgical incision. No redosing is recommended; the duration of prophylaxis should be less than 24 hours for most procedures.
10 mg/kg/dose IV as a single dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) within 120 minutes prior to the surgical incision. No redosing is recommended. Quinolones are not considered drugs of first choice in pediatric populations due to the incidence of adverse reactions. Quinolones may be used as an alternative option in a number of surgical procedures including several gastrointestinal procedures, urologic procedures, and transplantations. Generally, they are used as part of combination therapy except for procedures involving lower urinary tract instrumentation.
500 to 750 mg PO once daily. Levofloxacin is not routinely recommend due to the lack of well-published data to support this indication; however, levofloxacin plus amoxicillin; clavulanate may be considered for low-risk patients.
500 to 750 mg IV once daily. Levofloxacin is not routinely recommend due to the lack of well-published data to support this indication; however, fluoroquinolones may be used as an add-on to IV therapy in certain high-risk patients.
750 mg IV every 24 hours. Start within 1 hour for septic shock or within 3 hours for possible sepsis without shock. Duration of therapy is not well-defined and dependent on patient- and infection-specific factors. Assess patient daily for deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen identification and/or adequate clinical response.
250 mg PO every 24 hours for 21 to 28 days.
500 to 750 mg PO every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, intraabdominal abscess, and complicated diverticulitis .
500 mg PO every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
500 to 750 mg IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
500 mg IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
500 to 750 mg PO once as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg PO once as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 to 750 mg IV once as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg IV once as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
250 mg PO every 24 hours for at least 14 to 21 days.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 48 hours (Max: 500 mg on day 1 then 250 mg) for at least 14 to 28 days.
750 mg PO every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
750 mg IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
NOTE: Consider prophylaxis in pediatric patients with AML or relapsed ALL receiving intensive chemotherapy expected to result in severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500 cells/mm3) for at least 7 days. Routine prophylaxis is not recommended for patients receiving induction chemotherapy for newly diagnosed ALL, patients whose therapy is not expected to result in severe neutropenia for at least 7 days, or for patients undergoing HSCT.
Oral dosage Children and Adolescents 5 to 17 years
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 24 hours (Max: 750 mg/day) continued through the period of severe neutropenia (ANC less than 500 cells/mm3).
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours continued through the period of severe neutropenia (ANC less than 500 cells/mm3).
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 24 hours (Max: 750 mg/day) continued through the period of severe neutropenia (ANC less than 500 cells/mm3).
10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours continued through the period of severe neutropenia (ANC less than 500 cells/mm3).
750 to 1,000 mg PO once daily; doses up to 1,250 mg PO once daily have been used safely when needed to achieve therapeutic concentrations.[34362] [65465] [65620]
15 to 20 mg/kg/dose PO once daily. A pharmacokinetic study found that doses from 18 mg/kg/day PO for younger children, up to 40 mg/kg/day PO for older children may be required to achieve adult-equivalent exposures.
750 to 1,000 mg IV once daily; doses up to 1,250 mg IV once daily have been used safely when needed to achieve therapeutic concentrations.
15 to 20 mg/kg/dose IV once daily. A pharmacokinetic study found that doses from 18 mg/kg/day IV for younger children, up to 40 mg/kg/day IV for older children may be required to achieve adult-equivalent exposures.
750 mg PO every 24 hours in persons with recurrent bacteremia or gastroenteritis with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea as an alternative. Discontinuation may be considered after resolution of infection in persons with a response to antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression and CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3.
750 mg PO every 24 hours in persons with recurrent bacteremia or gastroenteritis with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea as an alternative. Discontinuation may be considered after resolution of infection in persons with a response to antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression and CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative.
500 to 750 mg IV once daily for 4 to 6 weeks; use in combination with rifampin for Staphylococcal infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV once daily. Treat for 2 to 4 days or until clinically improved, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total duration of 3 to 4 weeks for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for severe or complicated infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours. Treat for 2 to 4 days or until clinically improved, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total duration of 3 to 4 weeks for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for severe or complicated infections.
500 to 750 mg PO once daily for 4 to 6 weeks; use in combination with rifampin for Staphylococcal infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily. Treat for a total duration of 3 to 4 weeks (parenteral plus oral) for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for severe or complicated infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy. Treat for a total duration of 3 to 4 weeks (parenteral plus oral) for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for severe or complicated infections.
500 to 750 mg IV once daily for 6 weeks; add rifampin for Staphylococcal infections.
500 to 750 mg PO once daily for 6 weeks; add rifampin for Staphylococcal infections.
750 mg IV once daily. Treat for 1 to 2 weeks or until clinically improved, followed by oral step-down therapy for 2 to 4 weeks.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV once daily. Treat for 2 to 4 days or until clinically improved, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total duration of 2 to 3 weeks for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for septic hip arthritis or severe or complicated infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours. Treat for 2 to 4 days or until clinically improved, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total duration of 2 to 3 weeks for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for septic hip arthritis or severe or complicated infections.
750 mg PO once daily as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy. Treat for a total duration of 3 to 6 weeks (parenteral plus oral).
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy. Treat for a total duration of 2 to 3 weeks (parenteral plus oral) for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for septic hip arthritis or severe or complicated infections.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy. Treat for a total duration of 2 to 3 weeks (parenteral plus oral) for uncomplicated cases. A longer course (i.e., 4 to 6 weeks or longer) may be needed for septic hip arthritis or severe or complicated infections.
750 mg IV once daily for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV once daily for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
750 mg PO once daily for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) PO once daily for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
8 to 10 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 2 to 3 weeks. Generally, 2 weeks is appropriate for most patients; immunocompromised patients may require a longer duration.
500 mg PO every 24 hours for 14 days.
500 mg IV every 24 hours for 14 days.
†Indicates off-label use
Dosing Considerations
No dosage adjustment needed.
Renal ImpairmentAdult patients with a usual dose of 750 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling) [63729] [65562]
CrCl 50 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl 20 to 49 mL/minute: 750 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.
CrCl 10 to 19 mL/minute: 750 mg IV or PO once, then 500 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.
Adult patients with a usual dose of 500 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling) [63729] [65562]
CrCl 50 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl 20 to 49 mL/minute: 500 mg IV or PO once, then 250 mg IV or PO every 24 hours.
CrCl 10 to 19 mL/minute: 500 mg IV or PO once, then 250 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.
Adult patients with a usual dose of 250 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling) [63729] [65562]
CrCl 20 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl 10 to 19 mL/minute: 250 mg IV or PO every 48 hours except when treating uncomplicated UTI, then no dosage adjustment needed.
Adult patients receiving therapy for tuberculosis† [61094] [65465]
CrCl 30 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl less than 30 mL/minute: 750 to 1,000 mg IV or PO 3 times weekly.
Pediatric patients† [32569]
NOTE: The following dose adjustments are based on a usual pediatric dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 12 hours for children 5 years and younger and 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 24 hours for children older than 5 years.
GFR 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 or more: No dosage adjustment necessary.
GFR 10 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m2: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 24 hours for all ages.
GFR less than 10 mL/minute/1.73 m2: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 48 hours for all ages.
Pediatric patients receiving therapy for tuberculosis† [61094] [65465]
CrCl 30 mL/minute or more: No dosage adjustment needed.
CrCl less than 30 mL/minute: 15 to 20 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1,000 mg/dose) IV or PO 3 times weekly.
Intermittent hemodialysis
NOTE: Levofloxacin is not effectively removed during hemodialysis.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 750 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
750 mg IV or PO once, then 500 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 500 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
500 mg IV or PO once, then 250 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 250 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
No information is available for dosage adjustment.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients receiving therapy for tuberculosis†
750 to 1,000 mg IV or PO 3 times weekly.[61094] [65465]
Pediatric patients†
5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 48 hours.[32569]
Pediatric patients receiving therapy for tuberculosis†
15 to 20 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1,000 mg/dose) IV or PO 3 times weekly.[61094] [65465]
Peritoneal dialysis
NOTE: Levofloxacin is not effectively removed during peritoneal dialysis.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 750 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
750 mg IV or PO once, then 500 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 500 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
500 mg IV or PO once, then 250 mg IV or PO every 48 hours.[63729] [65562]
Adult patients with a usual dose of 250 mg IV or PO every 24 hours (FDA-approved labeling)
No information is available for dosage adjustment.[63729] [65562]
Pediatric patients†
5 to 10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 48 hours.[32569]
Hybrid hemodialysis†
NOTE: Hybrid hemodialysis modalities include prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED), slow extended daily dialysis/diafiltration (SLEDD-f), and extended daily dialysis (EDD). Dosing should take into consideration patient-specific factors (e.g., intrinsic renal function), the type of infection, the duration of renal replacement therapy, the ultrafiltration rate, the dialysis flow rate, and how often dialysis sessions occur.[65397]
Adult patients
PIRRT: Levofloxacin is not recommended as empiric monotherapy for serious gram-negative infections in patients receiving PIRRT due to suboptimal efficacy; however, when used in combination with another primary antibiotic for gram-negative infections, levofloxacin 750 mg IV once, then 750 mg IV post-PIRRT is recommended. For gram-positive infections, 750 mg IV once, then 500 mg IV post-PIRRT achieved about 90% probability of target attainment with an 8-hour PIRRT session. In an in silico trial using Monte Carlo simulation, levofloxacin dosing was studied using 4 different PIRRT setting simulations over 8 to 10 hours/day.[65425]
EDD: Administer levofloxacin after EDD. In a pharmacokinetic study of 5 critical care patients receiving an 8-hour EDD session, dialysis removed 20% to 30% of levofloxacin.[65426]
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)†
NOTE: Various CRRT modalities include continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), continuous venovenous high-flux hemodialysis (CVVHFD), continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHDF). Dosing should take into consideration patient-specific factors (e.g. intrinsic renal function), type of infection, the duration of renal replacement therapy, the effluent flow rate, and the replacement solution administered.[42303]
Adult patients
In general, 500 mg IV or PO every 48 hours or 500 or 750 mg IV or PO once, then 250 or 500 mg IV every 24 has been suggested for CRRT.[32569] [65399]
CVVH: 500 or 750 mg IV or PO once, then 250 mg IV or PO every 24 hours.
CVVHD: 500 or 750 mg IV or PO once, then 250 or 500 mg IV or PO every 24 hours.
CVVHDF: 500 or 750 mg IV or PO once, then 250 to 750 mg IV or PO every 24 hours.[34038] [42303]
Pediatric patients
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 750 mg/dose) IV or PO every 24 hours.[32569]
Drug Interactions
Abarelix: (Major) Since abarelix can cause QT prolongation, abarelix should be used cautiously, if at all, with other drugs that are associated with QT prolongation including levofloxacin.
Acarbose: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Adagrasib: (Major) Concomitant use of adagrasib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Albuterol; Budesonide: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Alfuzosin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and alfuzosin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Alogliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Aluminum Hydroxide: (Moderate) Administer products that contain aluminum hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Carbonate: (Moderate) Administer magnesium carbonate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) Administer products that contain aluminum hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Administer magnesium hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) Administer products that contain aluminum hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Administer magnesium hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) Administer products that contain aluminum hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Trisilicate: (Moderate) Administer products that contain aluminum hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide. (Moderate) Administer products that contain magnesium trisilicate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Amiodarone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and amiodarone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Due to the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, a drug interaction is possible for days to weeks after drug discontinuation.
Amisulpride: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and amisulpride increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Anagrelide: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and anagrelide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and apomorphine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Levofloxacin should be used cautiously with other agents that may prolong the QT interval or increase the risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin. QT prolongation has occurred during therapeutic use of aripiprazole and following overdose.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and arsenic trioxide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and artemether increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lumefantrine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Asenapine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and asenapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Atomoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and atomoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Azithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of azithromycin and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and bedaquiline increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Betamethasone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Budesonide: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Calcium Acetate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Famotidine; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Simethicone: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Chloride: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Gluconate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium; Vitamin D: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ceritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ceritinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Chloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and chloroquine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Administer oral products that contain zinc at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and chlorpromazine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Chlorpropamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Administer magnesium salicylate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Chromium: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of levofloxacin and cisapride due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Citalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and citalopram increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Class IA Antiarrhythmics: (Major) Levofloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving levofloxacin. According to the manufacturer, levofloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Clindamycin; Tretinoin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as levofloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Clofazimine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofazimine and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and clozapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Cortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Crizotinib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and crizotinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and dasatinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Deflazacort: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Degarelix: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., degarelix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Deutetrabenazine: (Moderate) Use levofloxacin with caution in patients receiving other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Levofloxacin has been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin. Deutetrabenazine may prolong the QT interval, but the degree of QT prolongation is not clinically significant when deutetrabenazine is administered within the recommended dosage range.
Dexamethasone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dexmedetomidine and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Levofloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving levofloxacin. According to the manufacturer, levofloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Didanosine, ddI: (Major) Administer didanosine tablets or powder for oral solution at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as it can chelate with the buffering agents contained in didanosine tablets and powder. The delayed-release didanosine capsules do not contain a buffering agent and would not be expected to interact with levofloxacin.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Disopyramide: (Major) Levofloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving levofloxacin. According to the manufacturer, levofloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Dofetilide: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and dofetilide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Dolasetron: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and dolasetron may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Donepezil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and donepezil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and donepezil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of levofloxacin and dronedarone due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Droperidol: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and droperidol increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Drospirenone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Eliglustat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and eliglustat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may ca
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Encorafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and encorafenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Enteral Feedings: (Major) Because many food products contain divalent or trivalent cations, these foods may significantly decrease the absorption of orally administered levofloxacin. Separate these foods or enteral feedings by at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Advise patients that dairy products and other high calcium- and iron-containing foods may affect the absorption of levofloxacin. The serum concentration of levofloxacin decreased by 61% when tablets were crushed and mixed with 240 mL of an enteral feeding formulation.
Entrectinib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and entrectinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Eribulin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and eribulin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Erythromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and erythromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and escitalopram may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Exenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ferric Maltol: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Fingolimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fingolimod may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Flecainide: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and flecainide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fluconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fluconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fludrocortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Fluocinolone; Hydroquinone; Tretinoin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as levofloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fluoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluphenazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of levofloxacin and fluphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fluvoxamine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Folic Acid, Vitamin B9: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Foscarnet: (Major) When possible, avoid concurrent use of foscarnet with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval, such as levofloxacin. Foscarnet has been associated with postmarketing reports of both QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin. If these drugs are administered together, obtain an electrocardiogram and electrolyte concentrations before and periodically during treatment.
Fostemsavir: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fostemsavir may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with fostemsavir is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 4 times the recommended daily dose.
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and gemtuzumab ozogamicin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Gilteritinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and gilteritinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Glasdegib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and glasdegib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glipizide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glyburide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Goserelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Granisetron: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and granisetron may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Halobetasol; Tazarotene: (Moderate) Use tazarotene with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as levofloxacin, due to the increased possibility of augmented phototoxicity.
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and halogenated anesthetics increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Haloperidol: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and haloperidol may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The intravenous route may carry a higher risk for haloperidol-induced QT/QTc prolongation than other routes of administration.
Histrelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., histrelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Hydrocortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of hydroxychloroquine and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Hydroxyzine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and hydroxyzine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibutilide: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ibutilide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Iloperidone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and iloperidone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and inotuzumab ozogamicin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Insulin Aspart: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Aspart; Insulin Aspart Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Degludec: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Detemir: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glargine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glulisine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Lispro: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Lispro; Insulin Lispro Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin, Inhaled: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Iron Salts: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Iron: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Itraconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and itraconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ivosidenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and levofloxacin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. Ketoconazole is associated with QT prolongation and TdP; levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia and rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lanthanum Carbonate: (Major) Administer lanthanum carbonate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. When oral quinolones are given for short courses, consider eliminating the lanthanum carbonate doses that would be normally scheduled near the time of quinolone intake. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lapatinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lefamulin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lefamulin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lenvatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lenvatinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Leuprolide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levoketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and levofloxacin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. Ketoconazole is associated with QT prolongation and TdP; levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia and rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance.
Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Lithium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lithium may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Lofexidine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and lofexidine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Loperamide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and loperamide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and loperamide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Concomitant use of lopinavir and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Macimorelin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and macimorelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Magnesium Citrate: (Moderate) Administer magnesium citrate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Magnesium Hydroxide: (Moderate) Administer magnesium hydroxide at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Administer magnesium salicylate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Sulfate; Sodium Sulfate: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain magnesium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and maprotiline may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and mefloquine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Meglitinides: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Methadone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and methadone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Methylprednisolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Metronidazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Midostaurin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and midostaurin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mifepristone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and mifepristone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Miglitol: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and mirtazapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Mobocertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of mobocertinib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Nilotinib: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and nilotinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and fluoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ondansetron: (Major) Concomitant use of ondansetron and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Oral Contraceptives: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Osilodrostat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and osilodrostat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Osimertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of osimertinib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Concomitant use of oxaliplatin and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ozanimod: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ozanimod increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Ozanimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Pacritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of pacritinib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Paliperidone: (Major) Concomitant use of paliperidone and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Panobinostat: (Major) Concomitant use of panobinostat and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pasireotide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and pasireotide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Pazopanib: (Major) Concomitant use of pazopanib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pentamidine: (Major) Concomitant use of pentamidine and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Perphenazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of levofloxacin and perphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of levofloxacin and perphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Concomitant use of pimavanserin and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of pimozide and levofloxacin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Pioglitazone; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Pitolisant: (Major) Concomitant use of pitolisant and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Polycarbophil: (Major) Administer calcium polycarbophil at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes; Ascorbic Acid: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Polysaccharide-Iron Complex: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Ponesimod: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ponesimod increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Ponesimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Porfimer: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of porfimer with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as levofloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Posaconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and posaconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including pramlintide, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Prednisolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Prednisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Primaquine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and primaquine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Procainamide: (Major) Levofloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving levofloxacin. According to the manufacturer, levofloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Prochlorperazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of levofloxacin and prochlorperazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Propafenone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and propafenone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pyridoxine, Vitamin B6: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain calcium at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Quetiapine: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and quetiapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quinapril: (Moderate) Administer quinapril tablets, which contain magnesium, at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Administer quinapril tablets, which contain magnesium, at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Quinidine: (Major) Levofloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving levofloxacin. According to the manufacturer, levofloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Quinine: (Major) Concomitant use of quinine and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quizartinib: (Major) Concomitant use of quizartinib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and ranolazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Regular Insulin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Regular Insulin; Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Relugolix: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Ribociclib: (Major) Concomitant use of ribociclib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Concomitant use of ribociclib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and risperidone may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Romidepsin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and romidepsin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Saquinavir: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and saquinavir increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of selpercatinib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Semaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and sertraline may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with sertraline is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 2 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sevelamer: (Major) Administer sevelamer at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Siponimod: (Major) Concomitant use of siponimod and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex; ferric pyrophosphate citrate: (Moderate) Administer oral products that contain iron at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: (Major) Prior or concomitant use of antibiotics with sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid may reduce efficacy of the bowel preparati on as conversion of sodium picosulfate to its active metabolite bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) is mediated by colonic bacteria. If possible, avoid coadministration. Certain antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines and quinolones) may chelate with the magnesium in sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution. Therefore, these antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before and not less than 6 hours after the administration of sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution.
Sodium Stibogluconate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sodium stibogluconate and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and solifenacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Sorafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of sorafenib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sotagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sotalol: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and sotalol increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sucralfate: (Moderate) Administer sucralfate at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with sucralfate. This interaction appears to be the result of chelation by the aluminum content of sucralfate. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sulindac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Sunitinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and sunitinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tacrolimus: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and tacrolimus may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tamoxifen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tamoxifen and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tazarotene: (Moderate) Use tazarotene with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as levofloxacin, due to the increased possibility of augmented phototoxicity.
Telavancin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and telavancin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Concomitant use of tetrabenazine and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of thioridazine and levofloxazin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Tirzepatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolazamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolbutamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Levofloxacin should be used cautiously with tolterodine as concurrent use may increase the risk for QT prolongation. Tolterodine has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval, especially in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. Levofloxacin has been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin.
Toremifene: (Major) Concomitant use of toremifene and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Trazodone: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and trazodone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Tretinoin, ATRA: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as levofloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Tretinoin; Benzoyl Peroxide: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as levofloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Triamcinolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Triclabendazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of triclabendazole and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Trifluoperazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of levofloxacin and trifluoperazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Triptorelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., triptorelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Valdecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Vandetanib: (Major) Concomitant use of vandetanib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Vardenafil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and vardenafil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of vemurafenib and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and venlafaxine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of verteporfin with other photosensitizing agents, such as levofloxacin, may increase the potential for skin photosensitivity reactions.
Voclosporin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and voclosporin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with voclosporin is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 3 times the maximum recommended dose.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and voriconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vorinostat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of levofloxacin and vorinostat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Closely monitor the INR and for evidence of bleeding if levofloxacin is administered concomitantly with warfarin. There have been postmarketing reports that levofloxacin enhances the effects of warfarin. Elevations of prothrombin time in the setting of concomitant levofloxacin and warfarin use have been associated with episodes of bleeding.
Zinc Salts: (Major) Administer oral products that contain zinc at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Zinc: (Major) Administer oral products that contain zinc at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after orally administered levofloxacin. Levofloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Chelation of divalent cations with levofloxacin is less than with other quinolones. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and levofloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
How Supplied
Iquix/Levofloxacin/Quixin Ophthalmic Sol: 0.5%, 1.5%
Levaquin/Levaquin Leva-Pak/Levofloxacin Oral Tab: 250mg, 500mg, 750mg
Levaquin/Levofloxacin Oral Sol: 1mL, 25mg
Levaquin/Levofloxacin/Levofloxacin, Dextrose Intravenous Inj Sol: 1mL, 25mg, 5-5%
Maximum Dosage
750 mg/day PO/IV; 1,250 mg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Geriatric750 mg/day PO/IV; 1,250 mg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Adolescentsweight 50 kg or more: 500 mg/day PO/IV is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Usual Max: 1,000 mg/day) have been used off-label.
weight less than 50 kg: 16 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Max: 500 mg/day or 250 mg/dose) is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Usual Max: 1,000 mg/day) have been used off-label.
weight 50 kg or more: 500 mg/day PO/IV is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Max: 1,000 mg/day) have been used off-label.
weight less than 50 kg: 16 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Max: 500 mg/day or 250 mg/dose) is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV (Max: 1,000 mg/day) have been used off-label.
6 to 11 months: 16 mg/kg/day PO/IV is FDA-approved; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV have been used off-label.
1 to 5 months: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 20 mg/kg/day PO/IV have been used off-label.
Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Mechanism Of Action
Levofloxacin is bactericidal via inhibition of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), an enzyme responsible for counteracting the excessive supercoiling of DNA during replication or transcription and topoisomerase IV, an enzyme that helps separate the daughter DNA molecules. In gram-negative bacteria, the primary target is the DNA gyrase A subunit, while the primary target in gram-positive bacteria is generally topoisomerase IV. Levofloxacin exhibits concentration-dependent pharmacodynamics where the ratio of area under the concentration curve of free drug to minimal inhibitory concentration (free AUC:MIC) appears to best correlate with antibacterial activity. Additionally, levofloxacin and other quinolones exhibit a prolonged post-antibiotic effect (PAE) for gram-negative organisms. [34143] [55080] [55081]
The susceptibility interpretive criteria for levofloxacin are delineated by pathogen. The MICs are defined for S. pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Enterococcus sp., S. viridans group, Acinetobacter sp., B. cepacia complex, S. maltophilia, and other non-Enterobacterales as susceptible at 2 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 4 mcg/mL, and resistant at 8 mcg/mL or more. The MICs are defined for P. aeruginosa as susceptible at 1 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 2 mcg/mL, and resistant at 4 mcg/mL or more (based on a dosage of 750 mg every 24 hours). The MICs are defined for Enterobacterales (except Salmonella sp.) as susceptible at 0.5 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 1 mcg/mL, and resistant at 2 mcg/mL or more (based on a dosage of 750 mg every 24 hours). The MICs are defined for Salmonella sp. as susceptible at 0.12 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 0.25 to 1 mcg/mL, and resistant at 2 mcg/mL or more. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the FDA differ on MIC interpretation for Staphylococcus sp. The MICs are defined for MSSA by the FDA as susceptible at 2 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 4 mcg/mL, and resistant at 8 mcg/mL or more; however the MICs are defined for Staphylococcus sp. by CLSI as susceptible at 1 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 2 mcg/mL, and resistant at 4 mcg/mL or more. The MICs are defined for H. influenzae or H. parainfluenzae as susceptible at 2 mcg/mL or less. The MICs are defined for N. meningitidis as susceptible at 0.03 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 0.06 mcg/mL, and resistant at 0.12 mcg/mL or more.[63320] [63321]
Resistance to quinolones, including levofloxacin, can occur due to multiple-step mutations in defined regions of the target bacterial enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, referred to as Quinolone-Resistance Determining Regions (QRDRs), or through altered efflux.[34162] [49843] [63728]
Pharmacokinetics
Levofloxacin can be administered orally, intravenously, or ophthalmically. Levofloxacin is about 24% to 38% bound to serum proteins, primarily albumin, and is widely distributed into body tissues; lung tissue concentrations are approximately 2 to 5 times higher than plasma concentrations. Levofloxacin undergoes limited metabolism and approximately 87% of a dose is excreted unchanged in urine. Less than 4% of the dose is recovered in the feces. The only metabolites identified in humans are the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites; these inactive metabolites account for less than 5% of a dose. Renal clearance of levofloxacin is greater than glomerular filtration, suggesting active tubular secretion. The mean elimination half-life in adults is 6 to 8 hours.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: none
After oral administration, levofloxacin is rapidly absorbed and has an absolute bioavailability of about 99%. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved approximately 1 to 2 hours after an oral dose. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are linear and predictable after single and multiple oral dosing regimens. Food prolongs the time to peak by approximately 1 hour and decreases the peak concentration by approximately 14% after tablet administration and 25% after oral solution administration.
Intravenous RouteThe plasma concentration after IV administration is similar and comparable in extent of exposure (AUC) to that observed with tablet administration. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are linear and predictable after single and multiple IV dosing regimens.
Other Route(s)Ophthalmic Route
After ophthalmic administration, a small amount of levofloxacin is systemically absorbed. In a study of 15 healthy adults, the mean maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 0.94 ng/mL on day 1 to 2.15 ng/mL on day 15.
Pregnancy And Lactation
Published studies regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes with quinolone use during pregnancy have reported conflicting outcomes. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies have indicated no significant increases in rates of major malformations and adverse pregnancy outcomes for quinolone exposure during pregnancy. Some studies have demonstrated an increased risk of miscarriage or major malformations; however, some of these studies had significant methodological limitations, which could have led to a higher risk. The manufacturer states that data on levofloxacin administration during pregnancy have not identified any drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Because of the minimal systemic absorption of levofloxacin after topical ophthalmic administration, there is expected to be minimal risk of maternal and fetal toxicity when administered during pregnancy.
Levofloxacin is present in human breast milk after systemic administration. There is no information regarding the effects of levofloxacin on milk production or the breast-fed infant. Because of the potential risks of serious adverse reactions in breast-fed infants, breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment with levofloxacin and for an additional 2 days (5 half-lives) after the last dose. A lactating woman may consider pumping and discarding breast milk during treatment with levofloxacin and for an additional 2 days after the last dose.[63729] [65562] During an incident resulting in exposure to anthrax, the risk-benefit assessment of continuing breast-feeding while the mother is receiving levofloxacin may be acceptable; consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for levofloxacin and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from levofloxacin or the underlying maternal condition.[28421] In a single case report, the peak levofloxacin breast milk concentration in a woman receiving 500 mg IV was 8.2 mcg/mL at 5 hours after the dose. The estimated maximum daily dose of levofloxacin through breast-feeding that an infant fed exclusively with breast milk (approximately 900 mL/day) would receive is 5 mg (approximately 1% of the maternal daily dose).[63729] [65562] Ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, and piperacillin; tazobactam may be potential systemic alternatives to consider during breast-feeding. However, site of infection, patient factors, local susceptibility patterns, and specific microbial susceptibility should be assessed before choosing an alternative agent.[27500] [46945] [46946] [46947] Ophthalmic use of levofloxacin would result in minimal absorption. To minimize the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and breast milk, apply pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute after ophthalmic administration.[40311]