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Vigamox
Classes
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Ophthalmological Anti-infectives
Administration
Tuberculosis†
Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all children as well as adolescents and adults living with HIV.[34361] [34362] [61094]
Administer with or without food.
Drink fluids liberally.
Separate the administration of products containing magnesium, aluminum, iron, or zinc, including antacids and multivitamins, sucralfate, and didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the powder for oral solution by at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after moxifloxacin administration.
If a dose is missed, it should be taken anytime but not later than 8 hours before the next scheduled dose. If less than 8 hours remain before the next dose, do not administer the missed dose and continue with the next scheduled dose. Do not take double doses to compensate for a missed dose.[28423]
In a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers, moxifloxacin tablets were crushed and administered through a nasogastric tube with water or enteral feedings. Clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin were not seen.
Extemporaneous oral suspension: Shake well before administering. Measure dosage with calibrated measuring device.
NOTE: The extemporaneous preparation of moxifloxacin is not FDA-approved.
Extemporaneous preparation of 20 mg/mL moxifloxacin oral suspension:
Using a mortar and pestle, grind three 400-mg moxifloxacin tablets to a fine powder.
Mix 30 mL of Ora-Plus and 30 mL of Ora-Sweet or Ora-Sweet SF and stir vigorously.
Levigate 30 mL of the diluent to the powder via geometric dilution until a smooth suspension is formed.
Transfer the mixture into an amber plastic bottle.
Rinse the contents of the mortar into the bottle with enough of the diluent to bring the final volume to 60 mL.
Label the bottle with 'Shake well before use'.
Storage: The oral suspension is stable for at least 90 days when stored at room temperature.
Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.[28423]
Premixed IV solution
Further dilution is not necessary.
Storage: Do not refrigerate as product precipitates upon refrigeration.[28423]
Intermittent IV Infusion
Administer over 60 minutes by direct infusion or through a Y-type IV infusion set, which may already be in place.
Avoid rapid or bolus IV infusion.
Do not add other medications to the moxifloxacin infusion solution or infuse simultaneously through the same IV line. If the same IV line or a Y-type line is used for sequential infusion of other drugs, or if the piggyback method of administration is used, flush the line before and after infusion of moxifloxacin with an infusion solution compatible with moxifloxacin as well as with other drugs administered via this common line.
Compatible IV solutions (at a ratio from 1:10 to 10:1) include 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 1 Molar Sodium Chloride Injection, 5% Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water for Injection, 10% Dextrose Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection.[28423]
Instill topically in the affected eye(s).
Do not touch the dropper tip to any surface to avoid contaminating the contents.[42161] [42598]
Adverse Reactions
coagulopathy / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
atrial fibrillation / Early / 0.1-0.9
cardiac arrest / Early / 0.1-0.9
heart failure / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
bradycardia / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
renal failure (unspecified) / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
bronchospasm / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
hepatic failure / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatic necrosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
C. difficile-associated diarrhea / Delayed / Incidence not known
pancytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
aplastic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) / Delayed / Incidence not known
hemolytic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
coma / Early / Incidence not known
increased intracranial pressure / Early / Incidence not known
seizures / Delayed / Incidence not known
suicidal ideation / Delayed / Incidence not known
myasthenia gravis / Delayed / Incidence not known
tendon rupture / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
laryngeal edema / Rapid / Incidence not known
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactic shock / Rapid / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
ventricular tachycardia / Early / Incidence not known
aortic dissection / Delayed / Incidence not known
torsade de pointes / Rapid / Incidence not known
keratitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
ocular hemorrhage / Delayed / Incidence not known
visual impairment / Early / Incidence not known
toxic anterior segment syndrome / Early / Incidence not known
serum sickness / Delayed / Incidence not known
vasculitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
interstitial nephritis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hearing loss / Delayed / Incidence not known
constipation / Delayed / 2.0-2.0
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 0.1-1.0
candidiasis / Delayed / 0-1.0
anemia / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
hypokalemia / Delayed / 1.0-1.0
dehydration / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
gastritis / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
erythema / Early / 0.1-0.9
edema / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
leukopenia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
thrombocytosis / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
neutropenia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
eosinophilia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
hyperglycemia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
hyperuricemia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
hyperlipidemia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
hyperamylasemia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
depression / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
confusion / Early / 0.1-0.9
hallucinations / Early / 0.1-0.9
hypotension / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
hypertension / Early / 0.1-0.9
angina / Early / 0.1-0.9
QT prolongation / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 0.1-0.9
palpitations / Early / 0.1-0.9
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
blurred vision / Early / 0.1-0.9
phlebitis / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
dysuria / Early / 0.1-0.9
dyspnea / Early / 0.1-0.9
wheezing / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
pseudomembranous colitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
superinfection / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoglycemia / Early / Incidence not known
psychosis / Early / Incidence not known
pseudotumor cerebri / Delayed / Incidence not known
delirium / Early / Incidence not known
neurotoxicity / Early / Incidence not known
memory impairment / Delayed / Incidence not known
peripheral neuropathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
tendinitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
pneumonitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
conjunctivitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
nausea / Early / 7.0-7.0
diarrhea / Early / 6.0-6.0
fever / Early / 1.0-4.0
rhinitis / Early / 1.0-4.0
infection / Delayed / 0.1-4.0
pharyngitis / Delayed / 1.0-4.0
rash / Early / 0.1-4.0
headache / Early / 4.0-4.0
cough / Delayed / 1.0-4.0
dizziness / Early / 3.0-3.0
abdominal pain / Early / 2.0-2.0
vomiting / Early / 2.0-2.0
insomnia / Early / 2.0-2.0
dyspepsia / Early / 1.0-1.0
gastroesophageal reflux / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
dysgeusia / Early / 0.1-0.9
flatulence / Early / 0.1-0.9
anorexia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
xerostomia / Early / 0.1-0.9
malaise / Early / 0.1-0.9
fatigue / Early / 0.1-0.9
chills / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
pruritus / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
night sweats / Early / 0.1-0.9
hyperhidrosis / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
urticaria / Rapid / 0.1-0.9
leukocytosis / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
tinnitus / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
drowsiness / Early / 0.1-0.9
vertigo / Early / 0.1-0.9
anxiety / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
agitation / Early / 0.1-0.9
lethargy / Early / 0.1-0.9
syncope / Early / 0.1-0.9
paresthesias / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
restlessness / Early / 0.1-0.9
hypoesthesia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
tremor / Early / 0.1-0.9
arthralgia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
asthenia / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
back pain / Delayed / 0.1-0.9
musculoskeletal pain / Early / 0.1-0.9
nightmares / Early / Incidence not known
paranoia / Early / Incidence not known
dysesthesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
weakness / Early / Incidence not known
arthropathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
photosensitivity / Delayed / Incidence not known
xerophthalmia / Early / Incidence not known
ocular pruritus / Rapid / Incidence not known
ocular pain / Early / Incidence not known
ocular irritation / Rapid / Incidence not known
lacrimation / Early / Incidence not known
Boxed Warning
Systemic quinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions such as tendinopathy, including tendinitis and tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability. These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting these agents in patients of any age, with or without pre-existing risk factors. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, quinolones should only be used for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or acute bacterial sinusitis in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used. Discontinue quinolones at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon. Avoid quinolone use in patients with a history of tendon disorders or tendon rupture. Tendon rupture typically involves the Achilles tendon; however, ruptures of the hand, shoulder, biceps, thumb, and other tendons have also been reported. Tendinitis and tendon rupture can occur bilaterally. Rupture can occur during therapy or up to a few months after therapy has been stopped. The risk of tendon rupture is further increased in older adults over 60 years of age, those receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy, and in organ transplant recipients (including kidney, heart, and lung transplants). Other reasons for tendon ruptures include physical activity or exercise, kidney failure, or tendon problems in the past. If patients experience tendon inflammation or pain, they should rest and refrain from exercise until the diagnosis of tendonitis or tendon rupture has been confidently excluded.
Systemic quinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious neurotoxicity, including central nervous system effects, peripheral neuropathy, or psychiatric event. These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting these agents in patients of any age, with or without pre-existing risk factors. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, use quinolones for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or acute bacterial sinusitis only in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used. Avoid quinolone use in patients who have previously experienced peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, use quinolones with caution in patients with a known or suspected CNS disorder (e.g., severe cerebrovascular disease or arteriosclerosis, seizure disorder) or in the presence of other risk factors (e.g., certain drug therapy, renal dysfunction) that may predispose to seizures or lower seizure threshold. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first signs or symptoms of neuropathy (e.g., pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness, or other alterations of sensation such as light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, and vibratory sensation, and/or motor strength), central nervous system adverse events (seizures or convulsions, increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), dizziness, or tremors), or psychiatric adverse events (toxic psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, depression, suicidal thoughts or acts, confusion, delirium, disorientation, disturbances in attention, anxiety, agitation, nervousness, insomnia, nightmares, or memory impairment).
Avoid systemic quinolones, such as moxifloxacin, in patients with a history of myasthenia gravis. Systemic quinolones may exacerbate the signs of myasthenia gravis and lead to life threatening weakness of the respiratory muscles. Serious postmarketing events, including deaths and the requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with quinolone use in patients with myasthenia gravis. Because of this risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects, quinolones should only be used for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or acute bacterial sinusitis in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
Common Brand Names
Avelox, Avelox ABC Pack, Avelox I.V., MOXEZA, Vigamox
Dea Class
Rx
Description
Ophthalmic, oral, and intravenous fluoroquinolone anti-infective
Used for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, community-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, skin and skin structure infections, and plague
Associated with disabling and potentially irreversible adverse events, including tendonitis, tendon rupture, and peripheral neuropathy
Dosage And Indications
400 mg PO once daily for 5 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, moxifloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
400 mg IV once daily for 5 days. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, moxifloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
400 mg PO once daily for 5 to 10 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, moxifloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
400 mg IV once daily for 5 to 10 days as alternative therapy in patients with beta-lactam allergy or risks for resistance, those requiring hospitalization, or patients who failed initial therapy. Due to the risk for serious and potentially permanent side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, moxifloxacin should only be used in cases where alternative treatment options cannot be used.
400 mg PO once daily for at least 5 days.[28423] [34362] [64669] Guidelines recommend moxifloxacin as monotherapy for outpatients with comorbidities or hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia and as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia. Guide treatment duration by clinical stability.[34362] [64669] FDA-approved labeling recommends a 7- to 14-day treatment course.[28423]
400 mg PO once daily for 5 to 7 days as an alternative oral therapy for infections due to M. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, or C. pneumoniae and as alternative empiric monotherapy for HIV-infected outpatients or hospitalized HIV-infected patients with nonsevere pneumonia or as part of combination therapy for hospitalized HIV-infected patients with severe pneumonia.[34362] [46963]
400 mg IV once daily for at least 5 days.[28423] [34362] [64669] Guidelines recommend moxifloxacin as monotherapy for hospitalized patients with nonsevere pneumonia and as part of combination therapy for hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia. Guide treatment duration by clinical stability.[34362] [64669] FDA-approved labeling recommends a 7- to 14-day treatment course.[28423]
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 21 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 21 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
400 mg IV every 24 hours. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days for mild infections in patients allergic or intolerant to beta-lactams or with recent antibiotic exposure or for moderate or severe infections in patients with risk factors for resistant gram-negative infections. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days for mild infections in patients allergic or intolerant to beta-lactams or with recent antibiotic exposure or for moderate or severe infections in patients with risk factors for resistant gram-negative infections. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
1 drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times daily for 7 days.
1 drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times daily for 7 days.
1 drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times daily for 7 days.
1 drop in the affected eye(s) twice daily for 7 days.
1 drop in the affected eye(s) twice daily for 7 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
6 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
6 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy is recommended for stable patients with naturally occurring plague, although dual therapy can be considered for patients with large buboes. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients, patients with severe disease, and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
6 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment of naturally occurring plague in pregnant patients, patients with severe disease, and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
6 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 10 to 14 days as an alternative therapy. Monotherapy can be considered for mild-to-moderate disease in patients with naturally occurring plague. Use dual therapy with 2 distinct classes of antimicrobials for initial treatment in patients with severe disease and patients infected after intentional release of Y. pestis.
400 mg PO every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
4 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
6 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
4 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
6 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours in combination with chloramphenicol for 10 to 14 days. If chloramphenicol is not available or not desired due to potential toxicity in young children, a nonfluoroquinolone first-line or alternative antimicrobial for treatment of septicemic plague can be substituted. For patients with secondary plague meningitis, add moxifloxacin to the existing antimicrobial regimen and continue the entire regimen for an additional 10 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients.
400 mg PO every 24 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.
4 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.
5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.
6 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours until 48 hours after the last perceived exposure as an alternative therapy.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.
4 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.
4 mg/kg/dose (Max: 200 mg/dose) PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.
5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.
6 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours for 7 days as an alternative therapy.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 days as first-line therapy in most patients and as an alternative therapy in pregnant patients. The FDA-approved duration is 10 to 14 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 5 to 14 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 5 to 14 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis and appendicitis complicated by rupture, and intraabdominal abscess.
400 mg IV as a single dose as antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
400 mg PO as a single dose as antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 21 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for at least 14 to 21 days.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy. Uncomplicated infections include acute appendicitis without perforation, abscess, or local peritonitis; traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
400 mg PO once daily plus clarithromycin or azithromycin and ethambutol. May consider addition of moxifloxacin as a third or fourth drug (or rifabutin, amikacin, streptomycin, or levofloxacin) for patients with high mycobacterial loads (more than 2 log CFU/mL of blood) or in the absence of effective antiretroviral therapy. Duration of treatment depends on clinical response but should continue for at least 12 months.[34362]
400 mg PO once daily plus clarithromycin or azithromycin and ethambutol. May consider addition of moxifloxacin as a third or fourth drug (or rifabutin, amikacin, streptomycin, or levofloxacin) for patients with high mycobacterial loads (more than 2 log CFU/mL of blood) or in the absence of effective antiretroviral therapy. Duration of treatment depends on clinical response but should continue for at least 12 months.[34362]
400 mg IV every 24 hours. For systemic infection in which meningitis can be excluded, IV treatment should continue for at least 14 days or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. For systemic infection in which meningitis cannot be excluded, IV treatment should continue for at least 2 to 3 weeks or until clinical criteria for improvement are met. Prophylaxis to complete an antimicrobial course of up to 60 days will be required in both cases. Moxifloxacin, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, is an alternative therapy for systemic anthrax infection. For systemic infection without CNS involvement, dual combination IV therapy with moxifloxacin and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., clindamycin, linezolid, doxycycline) or rifampin is recommended. For documented or suspected CNS infection, triple IV therapy with moxifloxacin, a beta-lactam, and a protein synthesis inhibitor (i.e., linezolid, clindamycin, chloramphenicol) or rifampin is recommended.
400 mg PO every 24 hours. Treat for 7 to 10 days for naturally acquired infection. For a bioterrorism-related event, treat for a total duration of 60 days.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 60 days after exposure. Moxifloxacin is recommended as an alternative therapy for postexposure prophylaxis. Preferred therapies are ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia in persons with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks in persons with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3. Follow with long-term suppressive therapy if persistent bacteremia or recurrent gastroenteritis with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for up to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days as an alternative; add an aminoglycoside and treat for at least 14 days if concurrent bacteremia. Treat for 2 to 6 weeks for recurrent infections.
1 drop to the affected eye(s) every 5 to 15 minutes for 5 doses within 1 hour before the start of the procedure. Perioperative antisepsis with povidone-iodine is recommended. Subconjunctival or intracameral antibiotics at the end of the procedure is optional. The necessity of continuing topical antimicrobials postoperatively has not been established.
400 mg IV as a single preoperative dose in combination with clindamycin or vancomycin or metronidazole for gynecologic procedures, including hysterectomy and urogynecology procedures (including those involving mesh) as an alternative to cefazolin (due to hypersensitivity). Doses should be administered within 120 minutes prior to surgery. The duration of prophylaxis should be less than 24 hours for most procedures.
400 mg PO once daily for 7 days, after doxycycline therapy, in patients who fail azithromycin therapy for M. genitalium, have resistant organisms, or when resistance testing is not available.
400 mg PO once daily for 7 days, after doxycycline therapy, in patients who fail azithromycin therapy for M. genitalium, have resistant organisms, or when resistance testing is not available.
Due to resistance, guidelines no longer recommend the use of quinolones. However, if allergy precludes the use of parenteral cephalosporin therapy, moxifloxacin 400 mg PO once daily plus metronidazole for 14 days may be considered if the community prevalence and individual risk for gonorrhea are low. Diagnostic testing for gonorrhea must be performed before starting therapy.
Due to resistance, guidelines no longer recommend the use of quinolones. However, if allergy precludes the use of parenteral cephalosporin therapy, moxifloxacin 400 mg PO once daily plus metronidazole for 14 days may be considered if the community prevalence and individual risk for gonorrhea are low. Diagnostic testing for gonorrhea must be performed before starting therapy.
400 mg PO once daily or 5 days/week.[34362] [61094] Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week.[61094] Moxifloxacin is generally recommended throughout the intensive and continuation phases of treatment as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.[61094] [65619]
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 400 mg/dose) PO once daily or 5 days/week.[61094] Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week.[61094] Moxifloxacin is generally recommended throughout the intensive and continuation phases of treatment as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.[61094] [65619]
400 mg IV once daily or 5 days/week. Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week. Moxifloxacin is generally recommended throughout the intensive and continuation phases of treatment as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 400 mg/dose) IV once daily or 5 days/week.[61094] Daily dosing is defined as 5- or 7 days/week.[61094] Moxifloxacin is generally recommended throughout the intensive and continuation phases of treatment as second-line therapy; duration is dependent on the site of involvement.[61094] [65619]
400 mg PO once daily for 17 weeks. In persons living with HIV, this regimen can be used in persons who have a CD4 count of 100 cells/mm3 or more and are receiving or planning to initiate efavirenz as part of their antiretroviral therapy in the absence of any other known drug-interactions.
400 mg PO once daily for 17 weeks. In persons living with HIV, this regimen can be used in persons who have a CD4 count of 100 cells/mm3 or more and are receiving or planning to initiate efavirenz as part of their antiretroviral therapy in the absence of any other known drug-interactions.
400 mg PO once daily. Higher doses of 600 to 800 mg PO once daily have been used in cases of ofloxacin resistance, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin dose-susceptible resistance, or malabsorption.[34362] [65465] [65620]
10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 400 mg/dose) PO once daily.
400 mg IV once daily. Higher doses of 600 to 800 mg IV once daily have been used in cases of ofloxacin resistance, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin dose-susceptible resistance, or malabsorption.[34362] [65465] [65620]
10 to 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 400 mg/dose) IV once daily.
400 mg PO every 24 hours in persons with recurrent bacteremia or gastroenteritis with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea as an alternative. Discontinuation may be considered after resolution of infection in persons with a response to antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression and CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3.
400 mg PO every 24 hours in persons with recurrent bacteremia or gastroenteritis with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 and severe diarrhea as an alternative. Discontinuation may be considered after resolution of infection in persons with a response to antiretroviral therapy with sustained viral suppression and CD4 count more than 200 cells/mm3.
400 mg PO every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative.
400 mg IV every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days as an alternative.
400 mg IV as a single dose as an alternative.
†Indicates off-label use
Dosing Considerations
No dosage adjustment is needed for patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, B, or C).
Renal ImpairmentNo dosage adjustment is needed for patients with renal impairment.[28423]
Intermittent hemodialysis
No dosage adjustment needed.[28423]
Continuous renal replacement therapy
NOTE: Various CRRT modalities include continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), continuous venovenous high-flux hemodialysis (CVVHFD), continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHDF).[42303]
No dosage adjustment needed.[34038] [42303]
Hybrid dialysis
NOTE: Hybrid treatments include prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED), slow extended daily dialysis/diafiltration (SLEDD-f), and extended daily dialysis (EDD).[65397]
No dosage adjustment needed based on a pharmacokinetic study of 10 patients receiving an 8-hour EDD session.[65426]
Peritoneal dialysis
No dosage adjustment needed.[28423]
Drug Interactions
Abarelix: (Major) Since abarelix can cause QT prolongation, abarelix should be used cautiously, if at all, with other drugs that are associated with QT prolongation inlcluding moxifloxacin.
Acarbose: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Adagrasib: (Major) Concomitant use of adagrasib and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Albuterol; Budesonide: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Alfuzosin: (Major) Concurrent use of alfuzosin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Alfuzosin also has a slight QT prolonging effect, based on electrophysiology studies performed by the manufacturer. The QT prolongation appeared less with alfuzosin 10 mg than with 40 mg.
Alogliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Aluminum Hydroxide: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain aluminum hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Carbonate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain aluminum hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide. (Major) Similar to gatifloxacin, but unlike most fluoroquinolones, no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions occur when moxifloxacin is administered concomitantly with milk or calcium carbonate. In healthy volunteers, calcium supplements had no significant effect on the AUC of moxifloxacin, however, the mean Cmax was slightly reduced and the time to Cmax was prolonged compared to moxifloxacin given alone. The oral absorption of moxifloxacin may be significantly reduced by other orally administered compounds that contain aluminum salts (like aluminum hydroxide), iron salts, magnesium salts, or zinc salts. Examples of compounds that may interfere with fluoroquinolone bioavailability include antacids (e.g., aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or combination antacids containing aluminum or magnesium); sucralfate; magnesium citrate; magnesium salicylate; iron supplements (e.g., polysaccharide-iron complex) and multivitamins that contain iron, magnesium, manganese, or zinc. It is not yet clear if bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) can interfere with fluoroquinolone bioavailability. Oral moxifloxacin should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after administration of the above agents.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain magnesium hydroxide. (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain aluminum hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain magnesium hydroxide. (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain aluminum hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Trisilicate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain aluminum hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide. (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after products that contain magnesium trisilicate. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Amiodarone: (Major) Concomitant use of amiodarone and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Due to the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, a drug interaction is possible for days to weeks after drug discontinuation.
Amisulpride: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation when amisulpride is administered with moxifloxacin. Amisulpride causes dose- and concentration- dependent QT prolongation. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Concurrent use of clarithromycin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Anagrelide: (Major) Torsades de pointes (TdP) and ventricular tachycardia have been reported during post-marketing use of anagrelide. A cardiovascular examination, including an ECG, should be obtained in all patients prior to initiating anagrelide therapy. Monitor patients during anagrelide therapy for cardiovascular effects and evaluate as necessary. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with anagrelide include moxifloxacin.
Apomorphine: (Major) Concurrent use of apomorphine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Dose-related QTc prolongation is associated with therapeutic apomorphine exposure. Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, postmarketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Aripiprazole: (Major) Concomitant use of aripiprazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Concurrent use of arsenic trioxide and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If possible, moxifloxacin should be discontinued prior to initiating arsenic trioxide therapy. QT prolongation should be expected with the administration of arsenic trioxide. TdP and complete atrioventricular block have been reported. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Concurrent use of artemether; lumefantrine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Consider ECG monitoring if moxifloxacin must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Artemether; lumefantrine is also associated with prolongation of the QT interval.
Asenapine: (Major) Concurrent use of asenapine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Asenapine has been associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Atenolol: (Moderate) In a crossover study in healthy volunteers (n=24), the mean atenolol AUC following a single 50 mg PO atenolol dose with placebo was similar to that observed when atenolol was given with a single 400 mg PO moxifloxacin dose. The mean Cmax of a single dose atenolol decreased by about 10% following co-administration with a single dose of moxifloxacin.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) In a crossover study in healthy volunteers (n=24), the mean atenolol AUC following a single 50 mg PO atenolol dose with placebo was similar to that observed when atenolol was given with a single 400 mg PO moxifloxacin dose. The mean Cmax of a single dose atenolol decreased by about 10% following co-administration with a single dose of moxifloxacin.
Atomoxetine: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and atomoxetine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Azithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of azithromycin with moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Coadministration of bedaquiline with other QT prolonging drugs, such as moxifloxacin, may result in additive or synergistic prolongation of the QT interval and should be avoided. Prior to initiating bedaquiline, obtain serum electrolyte concentrations and a baseline ECG. An ECG should also be performed at least 2, 12, and 24 weeks after starting bedaquiline therapy. The likelihood of QTc prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Betamethasone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Budesonide: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Calcium Acetate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Famotidine; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Carbonate; Simethicone: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Chloride: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium Gluconate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Calcium; Vitamin D: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ceritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with moxifloxacin if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs and electrolytes; an interruption of ceritinib therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Ceritinib causes concentration-dependent prolongation of the QT interval. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing experience with moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Chloroquine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of chloroquine with moxifloxacin due to the increased risk of QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain an ECG at baseline to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Chloroquine is associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP); the risk of QT prolongation is increased with higher chloroquine doses. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain zinc. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Concurrent use of chlorpromazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Phenothiazines have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and/or TdP. This risk is generally higher at elevated drugs concentrations of phenothiazines. Chlorpromazine is specifically associated with an established risk of QT prolongation and TdP; case reports have included patients receiving therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine.
Chlorpropamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium salicylate. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Chromium: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Postmarketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Because of the potential for TdP, use of cisapride with moxifloxacin is contraindicated.
Citalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of citalopram and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Concurrent use of clarithromycin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Class IA Antiarrhythmics: (Major) Moxifloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Clindamycin; Tretinoin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as moxifloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Clofazimine: (Major) Concomitant use of clofazimine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clozapine: (Major) Concurrent use of clozapine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, TdP, cardiac arrest, and sudden death. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Concomitant use of promethazine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Major) Concomitant use of promethazine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Crizotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of crizotinib with moxifloxacin due to the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes. An interruption of therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary for crizotinib if QT prolongation occurs. Crizotinib has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Dasatinib: (Major) Monitor for evidence of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) during concurrent use of dasatinib and moxifloxacin. In vitro studies have shown that dasatinib has the potential to prolong the QT interval. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Deflazacort: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Degarelix: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with degarelix as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., degarelix) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Deutetrabenazine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with deutetrabenazine as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Deutetrabenazine may prolong the QT interval, but the degree of QT prolongation is not clinically significant when deutetrabenazine is administered within the recommended dosage range.
Dexamethasone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Dexmedetomidine: (Major) Concomitant use of dexmedetomidine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Moxifloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Didanosine, ddI: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after didanosine tablets or powder for oral solution. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as it can chelate with the buffering agents contained in didanosine tablets and powder. The delayed-release didanosine capsules do not contain a buffering agent and would not be expected to interact with moxifloxacin.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Disopyramide: (Major) Moxifloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Dofetilide: (Major) Coadministration of dofetilide and moxifloxacin is not recommended as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Dofetilide, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Dolasetron: (Major) Due to a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), dolasetron and moxifloxacin should be used together cautiously. Dolasetron has been associated with a dose-dependent prolongation in the QT, PR, and QRS intervals on an electrocardiogram. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Moxifloxacin should be used cautiously with other agents that may prolong the QT interval or increase the risk of TdP.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Donepezil: (Major) Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy. Donepezil is considered a drug with a known risk of TdP. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with donepezil include moxifloxacin.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Major) Case reports indicate that QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) can occur during donepezil therapy. Donepezil is considered a drug with a known risk of TdP. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with donepezil include moxifloxacin.
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) Concurrent use of dronedarone and moxifloxacin is contraindicated. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin. Dronedarone administration is associated with a dose-related increase in the QTc interval. The increase in QTc is approximately 10 milliseconds at doses of 400 mg twice daily (the FDA-approved dose) and up to 25 milliseconds at doses of 1600 mg twice daily. Although there are no studies examining the effects of dronedarone in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs, coadministration of such drugs may result in additive QT prolongation. The concomitant use of dronedarone with other drugs that prolong the QTc may induce TdP and is contraindicated.
Droperidol: (Major) Droperidol should not be used in combination with any drug known to have potential to prolong the QT interval, such as moxifloxacin. Droperidol administration is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Some cases have occurred in patients with no known risk factors for QT prolongation and some cases have been fatal. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. If coadministration cannot be avoided, use extreme caution; initiate droperidol at a low dose and increase the dose as needed to achieve the desired effect.
Drospirenone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline,
Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Efavirenz: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and moxifloxacin may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). QT prolongation has been observed with use of efavirenz. Although data are limited, the manufacturer of efavirenz recommends an alternative antiretroviral be considered for patients receiving medications with a known risk for TdP. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during post-marketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and moxifloxacin may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). QT prolongation has been observed with use of efavirenz. Although data are limited, the manufacturer of efavirenz recommends an alternative antiretroviral be considered for patients receiving medications with a known risk for TdP. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during post-marketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Coadministration of efavirenz and moxifloxacin may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). QT prolongation has been observed with use of efavirenz. Although data are limited, the manufacturer of efavirenz recommends an alternative antiretroviral be considered for patients receiving medications with a known risk for TdP. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during post-marketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Eliglustat: (Major) Eliglustat is predicted to cause PR, QRS, and/or QT prolongation at significantly elevated plasma concentrations. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with eliglustat include moxifloxacin.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Encorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and moxifloxacin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia prior to treatment. Encorafenib is associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with moxifloxacin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Entrectinib has been associated with QT prolongation. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Eribulin: (Major) Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP include eribulin. If coadministration is necessary, ECG monitoring is recommended; closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation.
Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Erythromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of erythromycin and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Escitalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and escitalopram increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Exenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ferric Maltol: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron.
Fingolimod: (Major) Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP include fingolimod . Fingolimod initiation results in decreased heart rate and may prolong the QT interval. If coadministration is necessary, after the first fingolimod dose, overnight monitoring with continuous ECG in a medical facility is advised for patients taking QT prolonging drugs with a known risk of torsades de pointes (TdP). Fingolimod has not been studied in patients treated with drugs that prolong the QT interval, but drugs that prolong the QT interval have been associated with cases of TdP in patients with bradycardia.
Flecainide: (Major) Concomitant use of flecainide and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fluconazole: (Major) Concomitant use of fluconazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fludrocortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Fluocinolone; Hydroquinone; Tretinoin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as moxifloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Fluoxetine: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and fluoxetine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fluphenazine: (Minor) Concurrent use of fluphenazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Fluphenazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Fluvoxamine: (Major) There may be an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) during concurrent use of fluvoxamine and moxifloxacin. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Cases of QT prolongation and TdP have been reported during postmarketing use of fluvoxamine.
Folic Acid, Vitamin B9: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Foscarnet: (Major) When possible, avoid concurrent use of foscarnet with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval, such as moxifloxacin. Foscarnet has been associated with postmarketing reports of both QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. If these drugs are administered together, obtain an electrocardiogram and electrolyte concentrations before and periodically during treatment.
Fostemsavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with fostemsavir as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Supratherapeutic doses of fostemsavir (2,400 mg twice daily, four times the recommended daily dose) have been shown to cause QT prolongation. Fostemsavir causes dose-dependent QT prolongation.
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Use gemtuzumab ozogamicin and moxifloxacin together with caution due to the potential for additive QT interval prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If these agents are used together, obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes prior to the start of gemtuzumab and as needed during treatment. Although QT interval prolongation has not been reported with gemtuzumab, it has been reported with other drugs that contain calicheamicin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation andTdP. TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin.
Gilteritinib: (Major) Use caution and monitor for additive QT prolongation if concurrent use of gilteritinib and moxifloxacin is necessary. Gilteritinib has been associated with QT prolongation. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Glasdegib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of glasdegib with moxifloxacin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for increased risk of QT prolongation with increased frequency of ECG monitoring. Glasdegib therapy may result in QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glipizide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glyburide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Goserelin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with goserelin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Granisetron: (Major) Concurrent use of granisetron and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Granisetron has been associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Halobetasol; Tazarotene: (Moderate) Use tazarotene with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as moxifloxacin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Haloperidol: (Major) Concurrent use of haloperidol and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. QT prolongation and TdP have also been observed during haloperidol treatment. Excessive doses (particularly in the overdose setting) or IV administration of haloperidol may be associated with a higher risk of QT prolongation.
Histrelin: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., histrelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving moxifloxacin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Hydrocortisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of hydroxychloroquine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Hydroxyzine: (Major) Concomitant use of hydroxyzine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ibutilide: (Major) Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval. Ibutilide administration can cause QT prolongation and TdP; proarrhythmic events should be anticipated. The potential for proarrhythmic events with ibutilide increases with the coadministration of other drugs that prolong the QT interval.
Iloperidone: (Major) Concurrent use of iloperidone and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Iloperidone has also been associated with QT prolongation; however, TdP has not been reported.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of inotuzumab ozogamicin with moxifloxacin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is unavoidable, obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes prior to the start of treatment, after treatment initiation, and periodically during treatment. Both inotuzumab and moxifloxacin have been associated with QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has also been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Insulin Aspart: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Aspart; Insulin Aspart Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Degludec: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Detemir: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glargine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Glulisine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Lispro: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin Lispro; Insulin Lispro Protamine: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulin, Inhaled: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Iron Salts: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron.
Iron: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Minor) Intermittent rifampin administration during tuberculosis treatment in Indonesian patients resulted in reduced plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin. Rifampin induced phase II metabolism (glucuronide and sulfate conjugation) of moxifloxacin and prolonged the time to peak concentrations (Tmax) of moxifloxacin from 1 hour to 2 hours. The systemic exposure (AUC) and peak serum concentrations (Cmax) of moxifloxacin were reduced by 31% and 32%, respectively. In a study involving healthy volunteers, similar effects were seen on Tmax and AUC but not on Cmax. The effect of daily dosing with rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin has not been studied. Higher doses of moxifloxacin may be needed when used with rifampin, however, data assessing the efficacy and safety of these higher doses are not available.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Minor) Intermittent rifampin administration during tuberculosis treatment in Indonesian patients resulted in reduced plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin. Rifampin induced phase II metabolism (glucuronide and sulfate conjugation) of moxifloxacin and prolonged the time to peak concentrations (Tmax) of moxifloxacin from 1 hour to 2 hours. The systemic exposure (AUC) and peak serum concentrations (Cmax) of moxifloxacin were reduced by 31% and 32%, respectively. In a study involving healthy volunteers, similar effects were seen on Tmax and AUC but not on Cmax. The effect of daily dosing with rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin has not been studied. Higher doses of moxifloxacin may be needed when used with rifampin, however, data assessing the efficacy and safety of these higher doses are not available.
Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Itraconazole: (Major) Itraconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with itraconazole include moxifloxacin.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with moxifloxacin due to an increased risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. An interruption of therapy and dose reduction of ivosidenib may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Prolongation of the QTc interval and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients treated with ivosidenib. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Ketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and moxifloxacin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concurrent use of clarithromycin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Lanthanum Carbonate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after lanthanum carbonate. When oral quinolones are given for short courses, consider eliminating the lanthanum carbonate doses that would be normally scheduled near the time of quinolone intake. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Lapatinib: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes if coadministration of lapatinib with moxifloxacin is necessary; correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to treatment. Lapatinib has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation; ventricular arrhythmias and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported in postmarketing experience with lapatinib. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Lefamulin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lefamulin with moxifloxacin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor ECG during treatment. Lefamulin has a concentration dependent QTc prolongation effect. The pharmacodynamic interaction potential to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram between lefamulin and other drugs that effect cardiac conduction is unknown. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Lenvatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lenvatinib with moxifloxacin due to the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with lenvatinib therapy. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Leuprolide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving moxifloxacin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of andro gen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving moxifloxacin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levoketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and moxifloxacin due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Liraglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Lithium: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and lithium increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. (Moderate) Moderate to significant dietary sodium changes, or changes in sodium and fluid intake, may affect lithium excretion. Systemic sodium chloride administration may result in increased lithium excretion and therefore, decreased serum lithium concentrations. In addition, high fluid intake may increase lithium excretion. For patients receiving sodium-containing intravenous fluids, symptom control and lithium concentrations should be carefully monitored. It is recommended that patients taking lithium maintain consistent dietary sodium consumption and adequate fluid intake during the initial stabilization period and throughout lithium treatment. Supplemental oral sodium and fluid should be only be administered under careful medical supervision.
Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Lofexidine: (Major) Monitor ECG if lofexidine is coadministered with moxifloxacin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Lofexidine prolongs the QT interval. In addition, there are postmarketing reports of TdP. Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported with moxifloxacin during postmarketing surveillance. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Loperamide: (Major) Concomitant use of loperamide and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Major) Concomitant use of loperamide and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with moxifloxacin due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. If use together is necessary, obtain a baseline ECG to assess initial QT interval and determine frequency of subsequent ECG monitoring, avoid any non-essential QT prolonging drugs, and correct electrolyte imbalances. Lopinavir is associated with QT prolongation. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. (Moderate) Concomitant use of ritonavir with moxifloxacin may increase ritonavir adverse effects. After 3 days of ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily), ritonavir exposure was approximately 1.5 times higher than exposure that has been observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily alone. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Macimorelin: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of macimorelin with drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as moxifloxacin. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk of developing torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia. Sufficient washout time of drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval prior to administration of macimorelin is recommended. Treatment with macimorelin has been associated with an increase in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Magnesium Citrate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium citrate. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Magnesium Hydroxide: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium hydroxide. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids that contain magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium Salicylate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after magnesium salicylate. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Sulfate; Sodium Sulfate: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain magnesium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain magnesium.
Maprotiline: (Major) Concurrent use of maprotiline and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Maprotiline has also been reported to prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Cases of long QT syndrome and TdP tachycardia have been described with maprotiline use, but rarely occur when the drug is used alone in normal prescribed doses and in the absence of other known risk factors for QT prolongation.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Mefloquine: (Major) Concurrent use of mefloquine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. There is also evidence that the use of halofantrine after mefloquine causes a significant lengthening of the QTc interval. Mefloquine alone has not been reported to cause QT prolongation. However, due to the lack of clinical data, mefloquine should be used with caution in patients receiving drugs that prolong the QT interval.
Meglitinides: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Methadone: (Major) Concurrent use of methadone and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Methadone is also associated with an increased risk for QT prolongation and TdP, especially at higher doses (> 200 mg/day but averaging approximately 400 mg/day). Laboratory studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have demonstrated that methadone inhibits cardiac potassium channels and prolongs the QT interval. Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction.
Methylprednisolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Metronidazole: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Midostaurin: (Major) The concomitant use of midostaurin and moxifloxacin may lead to additive QT interval prolongation. If these drugs are used together, consider electrocardiogram monitoring. In clinical trials, QT prolongation has been reported in patients who received midostaurin as single-agent therapy or in combination with cytarabine and daunorubicin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin.
Mifepristone: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and mifepristone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Miglitol: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Mirtazapine: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and mirtazapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mobocertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of mobocertinib and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib and moxifloxacin; significant prolongation of the QT interval may occur. Sudden death and QT prolongation have been reported in patients who received nilotinib therapy. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ritonavir with moxifloxacin may increase ritonavir adverse effects. After 3 days of ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily), ritonavir exposure was approximately 1.5 times higher than exposure that has been observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily alone. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Olanzapine: (Major) Concurrent use of olanzapine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Major) Concomitant use of moxifloxacin and fluoxetine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. (Major) Concurrent use of olanzapine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Major) Concurrent use of olanzapine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Ondansetron: (Major) Concomitant use of ondansetron and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Do not exceed 16 mg of IV ondansetron in a single dose; the degree of QT prolongation associated with ondansetron significantly increases above this dose.
Oral Contraceptives: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Osilodrostat: (Major) Monitor ECGs in patients receiving osilodrostat with moxifloxacin. Osilodrostat is associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Osimertinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with osimertinib if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; an interruption of osimertinib therapy with dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Concentration-dependent QTc prolongation occurred during clinical trials of osimertinib. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with oxaliplatin as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including fatal TdP have been reported with oxaliplatin use in postmarketing experience.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Ozanimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ozanimod in patients taking moxifloxacin due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ozanimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ozanimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Pacritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of pacritinib and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Paliperidone: (Major) Concurrent use of paliperidone and moxifloxacin should be avoided if possible due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is necessary and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac disease or arrhythmias, close monitoring is essential. Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP have been reported during postmarketing use, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Paliperidone has also been associated with QT prolongation; TdP and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in the setting of overdose.
Pasireotide: (Major) According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval, such as pasireotide, as coadministration may have additive effects on the prolongation of the QT interval. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Pazopanib: (Major) Concurrent use of pazopanib and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If these drugs must be continued, closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation. Pazopanib has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Pentamidine: (Major) Concurrent use of pentamidine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Pentamidine has been associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Perphenazine: (Minor) Concurrent use of perphenazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Perphenazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Minor) Concurrent use of perphenazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Perphenazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Pimavanserin may cause QT prolongation and should generally be avoided in patients receiving other medications known to prolong the QT interval, such as moxifloxacin. Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Pimozide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Because of the potential for TdP, use of moxifloxacin with pimozide is contraindicated.
Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Pioglitazone; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including metformin, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur. (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Pitolisant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with pitolisant as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Pitolisant prolongs the QT interval.
Polycarbophil: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after calcium polycarbophil. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes; Ascorbic Acid: (Major) Administer quinolones at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of magnesium sulfate; potassium sulfate; sodium sulfate. The absorption of quinolones may be reduced by chelation with magnesium sulfate.
Polysaccharide-Iron Complex: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron.
Ponesimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate ponesimod in patients taking moxifloxacin due to the risk of additive bradycardia, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes (TdP). If treatment initiation is considered, seek advice from a cardiologist. Ponesimod initiation may result in a transient decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction delays. Ponesimod has not been studied in patients taking concurrent QT prolonging drugs; however, QT prolonging drugs have been associated with TdP in patients with bradycardia. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Porfimer: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of porfimer with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as moxifloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Posaconazole: (Major) Concurrent use of posaconazole and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Posaconazole is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including pramlintide, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Prednisolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Prednisone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Primaquine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT interval prolongation with primaquine, caution is advised with other drugs that prolong the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with primaquine include moxifloxacin.
Procainamide: (Major) Moxifloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Prochlorperazine: (Minor) Concurrent use of prochlorperazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is considered necessary, and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac disease or arrhythmia, then close monitoring is essential. Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine, have been reported to prolong the QT interval. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Promethazine: (Major) Concomitant use of promethazine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Major) Concomitant use of promethazine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Concomitant use of promethazine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Propafenone: (Major) Concomitant use of propafenone and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pyridoxine, Vitamin B6: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain calcium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include antacids and multivitamins that contain calcium.
Quetiapine: (Major) Concomitant use of quetiapine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quinapril: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after quinapril tablets, which contain magnesium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after quinapril tablets, which contain magnesium. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
Quinidine: (Major) Moxifloxacin should be avoided in combination with Class IA antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide). Class IA antiarrhythmics are associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval.
Quinine: (Major) Concurrent use of quinine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinine has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and rare cases of TdP. Prolongation of the QT interval has also been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Quizartinib: (Major) Concomitant use of quizartinib and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ranolazine: (Major) Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. According to the manufacturer, moxifloxacin should be avoided in patients taking drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP include ranolazine. Ranolazine is associated with dose- and plasma concentration-related increases in the QTc interval. The mean increase in QTc is about 6 milliseconds, measured at the tmax of the maximum dosage (1000 mg PO twice daily). However, in 5% of the population studied, increases in the QTc of at least 15 milliseconds have been reported. Although there are no studies examining the effects of ranolazine in patients receiving other QT prolonging drugs, coadministration of such drugs may result in additive QT prolongation.
Regular Insulin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Regular Insulin; Isophane Insulin (NPH): (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant insulin and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Relugolix: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with relugolix as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with relugolix as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose carefully when systemic quinolones and antidiabetic agents, including meglitinides, are coadministered. Discontinue the quinolone if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs and initiate appropriate therapy immediately. Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with quinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Hypoglycemia, sometimes resulting in coma, can occur.
Ribociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with moxifloxacin due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Ribociclib has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT prolongation.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with moxifloxacin due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Ribociclib has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT prolongation.
Rifampin: (Minor) Intermittent rifampin administration during tuberculosis treatment in Indonesian patients resulted in reduced plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin. Rifampin induced phase II metabolism (glucuronide and sulfate conjugation) of moxifloxacin and prolonged the time to peak concentrations (Tmax) of moxifloxacin from 1 hour to 2 hours. The systemic exposure (AUC) and peak serum concentrations (Cmax) of moxifloxacin were reduced by 31% and 32%, respectively. In a study involving healthy volunteers, similar effects were seen on Tmax and AUC but not on Cmax. The effect of daily dosing with rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin has not been studied. Higher doses of moxifloxacin may be needed when used with rifampin, however, data assessing the efficacy and safety of these higher doses are not available.
Rilpivirine: (Major) Concurrent use of rilpivirine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Risperidone: (Major) Concurrent use of risperidone and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is chosen, and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac disease or arrhythmia, then the patient should be closely monitored clinically. Moxifloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded. Risperidone has also been associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and/or TdP; however, data are currently lacking to establish causality in association with TdP. Reports of QT prolongation and TdP during risperidone therapy are noted by the manufacturer, primarily in the overdosage setting.
Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concomitant use of ritonavir with moxifloxacin may increase ritonavir adverse effects. After 3 days of ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily), ritonavir exposure was approximately 1.5 times higher than exposure that has been observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily alone. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together.
Romidepsin: (Major) Concurrent use of romidepsin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If these drugs must be coadministered, appropriate cardiovascular monitoring precautions should be considered, such as the monitoring of electrolytes and ECGs at baseline and periodically during treatment. Romidepsin has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Saquinavir: (Major) Concurrent use of saquinavir boosted with ritonavir and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If no acceptable alternative therapy is available, perform a baseline ECG prior to initiation of concomitant therapy and carefully follow monitoring recommendations. Saquinavir boosted with ritonavir increases the QT interval in a dose-dependent fashion, which may increase the risk for serious arrhythmias such as TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with selpercatinib as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Monitor ECGs more frequently for QT prolongation if coadministration is necessary. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Concentration-dependent QT prolongation has been observed with selpercatinib therapy.
Semaglutide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sertraline: (Major) Concomitant use of sertraline and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. The degree of QT prolongation associated with sertraline is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 2 times the maximum recommended dose.
Sevelamer: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after sevelamer. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Siponimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate treatment with siponimod in patients receiving moxifloxacin due to the potential for QT prolongation. Consult a cardiologist regarding appropriate monitoring if siponimod use is required. Siponimod therapy prolonged the QT interval at recommended doses in a clinical study. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex; ferric pyrophosphate citrate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain iron. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain iron.
Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: (Major) Prior or concomitant use of antibiotics with sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid may reduce efficacy of the bowel preparation as conversion of sodium picosulfate to its active metabolite bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) is mediated by colonic bacteria. If possible, avoid coadministration. Certain antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines and quinolones) may chelate with the magnesium in sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution. Therefore, these antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before and not less than 6 hours after the administration of sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution.
Sodium Stibogluconate: (Major) Concomitant use of sodium stibogluconate and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Solifenacin: (Major) Concurrent use of moxifloxacin and solifenacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Solifenacin has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval; TdP has been reported during post-marketing use, although causality was not determined. Prolongation of the QT interval has also been reported with moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Sorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of sorafenib with moxifloxacin due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor electrocardiograms and correct electrolyte abnormalities. An interruption or discontinuation of sorafenib therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs. Sorafenib is associated with QTc prolongation. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Sotagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sotalol: (Major) Concomitant use of sotalol and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Moderate) Use St. John's Wort with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as moxifloxacin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Sucralfate: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after sucralfate. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with sucralfate. This interaction appears to be the result of chelation by the aluminum content of sucralfate.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Sulindac: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Sunitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with sunitinib as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Sunitinib can also prolong the QT interval.
Tacrolimus: (Major) Concurrent use of tacrolimus and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Tacrolimus causes QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Tamoxifen: (Major) Concomitant use of tamoxifen and moxiflocacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Tazarotene: (Moderate) Use tazarotene with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as moxifloxacin, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Telavancin: (Major) Concurrent use of telavancin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Telavancin has been associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Concurrent use of tetrabenazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Tetrabenazine causes a small increase in the corrected QT interval (QTc). Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant thiazolidinedione and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Thioridazine is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Thioridazine is considered contraindicated for use along with moxifloxacin which, when combined with a thioridazine, may prolong the QT interval and increase the risk of TdP, and/or cause orthostatic hypotension.
Tirzepatide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant incretin mimetic and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolazamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolbutamide: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant sulfonylurea and quinolone use. Concomitant use may cause an increased blood glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycemia.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Tolterodine: (Major) Concurrent use of moxifloxacin and tolterodine should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Tolterodine has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval, especially in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. Prolongation of the QT interval has also been reported with moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Tolvaptan: (Moderate) Coadministration of tolvaptan and hypertonic saline (e.g., 3% NaCl injection solution) is not recommended. The use of hypertonic sodium chloride in combination with tolvaptan may result in a too rapid correction of hyponatremia and increase the risk of osmotic demyelination (i.e., central pontine myelinolysis).
Toremifene: (Major) Avoid coadministration of moxifloxacin with toremifene if possible due to the risk of additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to administration of toremifene. Toremifene has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Trazodone: (Major) Concomitant use of trazodone and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Tretinoin, ATRA: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as moxifloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Tretinoin; Benzoyl Peroxide: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of tretinoin with other drugs known to cause photosensitivity, such as moxifloxacin. Concomitant use with other photosensitizing agents may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Triamcinolone: (Moderate) Quinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture requiring surgical repair or resulting in prolonged disability; this risk is further increased in those receiving concomitant corticosteroids. Discontinue quinolone therapy at the first sign of tendon inflammation or tendon pain, as these are symptoms that may precede rupture of the tendon.
Triclabendazole: (Major) Concomitant use of triclabendazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Trifluoperazine: (Minor) Concurrent use of trifluoperazine and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Trifluoperazine, a phenothiazine, is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Triptorelin: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., triptorelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving moxifloxacin. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes (TdP) has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin; these reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Androgen deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval.
Valdecoxib: (Moderate) Use quinolones and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concomitantly with caution due to potential increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures. NSAIDs in combination with very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in preclinical studies and postmarketing.
Vandetanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vandetanib with moxifloxacin due to an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and/or hypomagnesemia prior to vandetanib administration. An interruption of vandetanib therapy or dose reduction may be necessary for QT prolongation. Vandetanib can prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner; TdP and sudden death have been reported in patients receiving vandetanib. Quinolones have also been associated with a risk of QT prolongation; although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
Vardenafil: (Major) Concomitant use of vardenafil and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Concurrent use of vemurafenib and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If these drugs must be coadministered, ECG monitoring is recommended; closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation. Vemurafenib has been associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Venlafaxine: (Major) Concomitant use of venlafaxine and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of verteporfin with other photosensitizing agents, such as moxifloxacin, may increase the potential for skin photosensitivity reactions.
Voclosporin: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of moxifloxacin and voclosporin due to the risk of additive QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Although extremely rare, TdP has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory. Voclosporin has been associated with QT prolongation at supratherapeutic doses.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concurrent use of clarithromycin and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Clarithromycin is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and TdP. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Voriconazole: (Major) Concurrent use of moxifloxacin and voriconazole should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Voriconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and rare cases of arrhythmias, including TdP. Prolongation of the QT interval has also been reported with administration of moxifloxacin. Post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Vorinostat: (Major) Concurrent use of vorinostat and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Vorinostat therapy is associated with a risk of QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin, therefore the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Quinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives. In addition, infectious disease and its accompanying inflammatory process, age, and general status of the patient are risk factors for increased anticoagulant activity. Therefore closely monitor the prothrombin time (PT), INR, or other suitable anticoagulation tests if moxifloxacin is administered concomitantly with warfarin. Monitor for bleeding.
Zinc Salts: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain zinc. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Zinc: (Major) Administer oral moxifloxacin at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after oral products that contain zinc. Moxifloxacin absorption may be reduced as quinolone antibiotics can chelate with divalent or trivalent cations. Examples of compounds that may interfere with quinolone bioavailability include multivitamins that contain zinc.
Ziprasidone: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and moxifloxacin is contraindicated by the manufacturer of ziprasidone due to the potential for additive QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Clinical trial data indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of TdP in patients with multiple confounding factors. Quinolones have been associated with a risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although extremely rare, torsade de pointes has been reported during postmarketing surveillance of moxifloxacin. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have been contributory.
How Supplied
Avelox I.V. Intravenous Sol: 1.6-0.8%
Avelox I.V./Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride/Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, Sodium Chloride Intravenous Inj Sol: 1mL, 1.6mg, 1.6-0.8%
Avelox/Avelox ABC Pack/Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Oral Tab: 400mg
MOXEZA/Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride/Vigamox Ophthalmic Sol: 0.5%
Maximum Dosage
3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox and 2 drops/eye/day for Moxeza; 400 mg/day PO/IV is the FDA-approved maximum dosage, 800 mg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Geriatric3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox and 2 drops/eye/day for Moxeza; 400 mg/day PO/IV is the FDA-approved maximum dosage, 800 mg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Adolescents3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox and 2 drops/eye/day for Moxeza. Safety and efficacy of oral and injectable formulations have not been established; however, 15 mg/kg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Children3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox and 2 drops/eye/day for Moxeza. Safety and efficacy of oral and injectable formulations have not been established; however, 15 mg/kg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
Infants4 to 11 months: 3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox and 2 drops/eye/day for Moxeza. Safety and efficacy of oral and injectable formulations have not been established; however, 15 mg/kg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
1 to 3 months: 3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox; safety and efficacy of Moxeza has not been established. Safety and efficacy of oral and injectable formulations have not been established; however, 15 mg/kg/day PO/IV has been used off-label.
3 drops/eye/day for Vigamox; safety and efficacy of all other formulations have not been established.
Mechanism Of Action
Moxifloxacin is bactericidal via inhibition of DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), an enzyme responsible for counteracting the excessive supercoiling of DNA during replication or transcription and topoisomerase IV, an enzyme that helps separate the daughter DNA molecules. In gram-negative bacteria, the primary target is the DNA gyrase A subunit, while the primary target in gram-positive bacteria is generally topoisomerase IV. Moxifloxacin exhibits concentration-dependent pharmacodynamics where the ratio of area under the concentration curve of free drug to minimal inhibitory concentration (free AUC:MIC) appears to best correlate with antibacterial activity. Additionally, moxifloxacin and other quinolones exhibit a prolonged post-antibiotic effect (PAE) for gram-negative organisms.[28423] [34143] [55080] [55081]
The susceptibility interpretive criteria for moxifloxacin are delineated by pathogen. The MICs are defined for S. pneumoniae and Enterococcus sp. as susceptible at 1 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 2 mcg/mL, and resistant at 4 mcg/mL or more. The MICs are defined for Staphylococcus sp. as susceptible at 0.5 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 1 mcg/mL, and resistant at 2 mcg/mL or more. The MICs are defined for Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes as susceptible at 2 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 4 mcg/mL, and resistant at 8 mcg/mL or more. The MICs are defined for H. influenzae or H. parainfluenzae as susceptible at 1 mcg/mL or less. The MICs are defined for Y. pestis as susceptible at 0.25 mcg/mL or less.[63320] [63321]
Resistance to quinolones, including moxifloxacin, can occur due to multiple-step mutations in defined regions of the target bacterial enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, referred to as Quinolone-Resistance Determining Regions (QRDRs), or through altered efflux.[34162] [49843] [63728]
Pharmacokinetics
Moxifloxacin is administered orally, intravenously, and topically to the eye. Once in the systemic circulation the drug is about 30—50% bound to serum proteins, independent of concentration. Moxifloxacin is widely distributed in the body and has good penetration into respiratory tissues and fluids. It also has excellent penetration into ocular tissue. After oral or IV administration, the antibiotic has been detected in abdominal tissues and fluids, mucosa of the sinuses, nasal and bronchial secretions, saliva, skeletal muscle, skin blister fluid, and subcutaneous tissue. Tissue concentrations often exceed plasma concentrations. Elimination of moxifloxacin from the tissues generally parallels the elimination from plasma.
Moxifloxacin is metabolized through glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are not involved in moxifloxacin metabolism nor are they affected by moxifloxacin. The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates account for about 14% and 38% of an administered dose, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations of the glucuronide conjugate are approximately 40% those of the parent drug, while plasma concentrations of the sulfide conjugate are generally less than 10% those of moxifloxacin. Elimination of unchanged moxifloxacin is via the urine (about 20%) and feces (about 25%). The glucuronide metabolite is excreted exclusively in the urine and the sulfate metabolite is eliminated primarily in the feces. Approximately 97% of a total oral dose is excreted as either unchanged drug or known metabolites. The elimination half-life of moxifloxacin is approximately 12 hours.
Following oral administration, moxifloxacin is well absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 90%. In healthy volunteers, calcium supplements had no significant effect on the AUC of moxifloxacin, however, the mean Cmax was slightly reduced and the time to Cmax was prolonged compared to moxifloxacin given alone. As with other quinolones, iron and antacids significantly reduce the bioavailability of moxifloxacin. Administration with a high fat meal does not affect the absorption of moxifloxacin. Crushed tablets administered through a nasogastric tube with water or enteral feedings did not alter moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Topical RouteAfter application of bilateral topical ocular doses of the 0.5% moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution, minimal absorption occurs.
Pregnancy And Lactation
Published studies regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes with quinolone use during pregnancy have reported conflicting outcomes. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies have indicated no significant increases in rates of major malformations and adverse pregnancy outcomes for quinolone exposure during pregnancy. Some studies have demonstrated an increased risk of miscarriage or major malformations; however, some of these studies had significant methodological limitations, which could have led to a higher risk. The manufacturer states that there are no available human data establishing a drug associated risk with the use of moxifloxacin during pregnancy. Because of the minimal systemic absorption of moxifloxacin after topical ophthalmic administration, there is expected to be minimal risk of maternal and fetal toxicity when administered during pregnancy.
It is not known if moxifloxacin is present in human breast milk. Based on animal studies in rats, moxifloxacin may be excreted in human milk. The developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for moxifloxacin and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from moxifloxacin or from the underlying maternal condition. Ophthalmic use of moxifloxacin would result in minimal absorption. To minimize the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and breast milk, apply pressure over the tear duct by the corner of the eye for 1 minute after ophthalmic administration. Ceftriaxone or cefoxitin may be potential systemic alternatives to consider during breast-feeding. However, site of infection, patient factors, local susceptibility patterns, and specific microbial susceptibility should be assessed before choosing an alternative agent.